En tant que phénomène urbain, la flânerie apparaît une fois avec les bouleversements socio-économiques du XIXe siècle. Bien qu’associée à une déambulation gratuite et désœuvrée, elle institue cependant une approche nouvelle et fragmentaire de la ville. Le changement de perspective sur la rue entraîne aussi un changement de perspective sur l’art et la littérature. Ainsi, un Balzac ou un Baudelaire se montre particulièrement intéressé par la figure paradoxale et flottante du flâneur. Dans une possible généalogie du concept se place aussi la création hétéroclite et inclassable de Guillaume Apollinaire. La passion de l’écrivain pour la brocante et les faits divers, pour les histoires insolites et les personnages exceptionnels détermine la critique littéraire à lui appliquer l’étiquette péjorative de flâneur. En partant de ce cliché de la réception, notre thèse se propose de démontrer que la flânerie, chez Apollinaire, ne représente pas seulement un rapport à l’espace, mais aussi une manière d’être et de penser. À travers une analyse formelle, thématique et poétique de l’oeuvre théorique et littéraire de l’écrivain, nous envisageons donc de montrer que la flânerie constitue un thème, une méthode et un principe esthétique valides. Sans être négative, la flânerie se veut plutôt la métaphore d’une œuvre en perpétuelle métamorphose où le décentrement, la discontinuité et l’hétérogénéité ne représentent pas de notions dépréciatives, mais de vrais piliers esthétiques. / As urban phenomenon, “flânerie” appears together with socio-economic changes of the nineteenth century. Although associated with a factice wandering, it introduces a new and fragmented approach of the city. The change of perspective on the street also leads to a change of perspective on art and literature. Thus, a Balzac or a Baudelaire is particularly interested in the paradoxical and floating figure of the “flâneur”. In a possible genealogy of the concept, a special place is taken by the diverse and unclassifiable creation of Guillaume Apollinaire. The writer’s passion for “brocanteurs” and trivia as for unusual stories and exceptional characters determines literary criticism to apply him the pejorative label of “flâneur”. Based on this cliché of the critical reception, our thesis is to demonstrate that “flânerie”, for Apollinaire, defines not only a relation to space, but also a way of being and thinking. Through formal, thematic and poetic analysis of the writer’s literary and theoretical work, we plan to prove that “flânerie” is a theme, a method and a valid aesthetic principle. Without being negative, “flânerie” is rather the metaphor of a work in perpetual metamorphosis where collage, discontinuity and heterogeneity are not derogatory concepts, but true aesthetic pillars.

André Malraux is a prolific French writer, adventurer, art historian, statesman, and Minister of Cultural Affairs for 11 years (1958-1969). Malraux was a man of action in the service of noble causes. In 1933, one of Malraux's most famous novels, La Condition humaine (Man's Fate), was published. It won the Goncourt Prize and established his international reputation. Born on November 3, 1901 in Paris, he was a son of the 20th century. A witness to the history of his century, he left to the future generations a literary heritage of great importance. His main preoccupation was the “mystery of man” and art. The notion of man and his destiny is at the core of Malraux’s prolific work. The original and essential part of his literary work is the reflection on art. In my dissertation: La modernité esthétique chez André Malraux: La quête du “primitif,” I explore the enigmatic nature of the concept of the “primitive” in art history context and according to Malraux’s writing. My approach is to examine and analyze the multiple facets of the metamorphosis in time and space of the “primitive,” according to Malraux’s writing, and to find how his “essential man” fits with the idea of “primitive” art. Through later research, I hope to deepen the theme of the “primitive” in Malraux’s writing and end up with a comprehensive study of Malraux and modern artists like Braque, Chagall, and Picasso, among other artists, examining their relation with Malraux and his relation to modern art, always analyzing his thoughts regarding the “primitive”.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Litt. et civilisation françaises--Paris 3, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 331-354.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_tg_me_arafcl.pdf: 3516141 bytes, checksum: 81e4472936f273103d68636949bd47c2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Secretaria de Educação / Os bestiários modernos, de um modo geral, são textos líricos em que os animais são vistos como seres providos de inteligência e sensibilidade, projetam sentimentos e conflitos humanos, às vezes parodiando o estilo moralizador e o conteúdo ingenuamente maravilhoso dos bestiários medievais e produzem efeitos sutilmente humorísticos. Guillaume Apollinaire, leitor de obras medievais, cria suas “histórias”, recheia-as de lendas e mitos, e os recria mais uma vez, já que estes também não passam de histórias recontadas. Sua estrutura básica é constituída de um título, geralmente o nome do animal, uma imagem feita em xilogravura e o poema. Apollinaire escolheu um gênero literário tradicional, ao qual pertence o bestiário. Esse gênero vem acompanhado das ilustrações que fazem parte de uma longa tradição. É no que consiste o bestiário medieval: ele explica de maneira alegórica a criação e o poder de Deus apresentando as criaturas e interpretando-as, e devido a isso, é considerado um gênero didático. Apollinaire vivenciou em seu bestiário, intitulado Le Bestiaire ou cortège d’Orphée e publicado em 1911, a constante dualidade entre o antigo e o moderno, a narrativa e a poesia, o caráter mítico e simbólico, os elementos autobiográficos, a identificação do poeta com a imagem de Orfeu e os temas universais. O fio condutor dos poemas é a figura de Orphée, que é uma espécie de porta-voz do poeta que une os poemas e seus significados são enriquecidos com as gravuras de Raoul Dufy, muitas vezes sem nexo aparente entre elas. As possíveis analogias que se estabelecem entre os animais e suas respectivas lendas e simbologias harmonizam-se com a poesia e as inovações líricas trazidas pelo poeta moderno, dando-lhe, portanto um caráter narrativo. / Les bestiaires modernes sont généralement des textes lyriques où les animaux sont vus comme des êtres pourvus d’intelligence et de sensibilité, ils projettent des sentiments et des conflits humains, parodient parfois le style moralisateur et le contenu naïvement merveilleux des bestiaires médiévaux en produisant des effets subtilement humoristiques. Guillaume Apollinaire, lecteur d’oeuvres médiévales crée ses histoires les émaille de légendes et de mythes, et les recrée encore une fois, puisque ceux-ci ne sont que des histoires racontées à nouveau. Sa structure de base est constituée d’un titre, en général le nom de l’animal, une image faite en xylogravure et le poème lui-même. Apollinaire a choisi un genre littéraire traditionnel auquel appartient le bestiaire. Ce genre, est composé d´illustrations qui font partie d’une longue tradition. Le bestiaire médiéval consiste à expliquer de façon allégorique la création et le pouvoir de Dieu, en présentant les créatures et en les interprétant, c’est pourquoi, il est considéré un genre didactique. Apollinaire a éprouvé dans son bestiaire intitulé Le Bestiaire ou cortège d’Orphée, publié en 1911, la constante dualité entre l’ancien et le moderne, le récit et la poésie, le caractère mythique et symbolique, les éléments autobiographiques, l’identification du poète avec l’image d’Orphée et les thèmes universels. Le fil conducteur des poèmes est la figure d’Orphée une sorte de porte-parole du poète qui les unit et leur signification est enrichie par les gravures de Raoul Dufy, plusieurs fois n’ayant pas de liaison apparente entre elles.

Durant toute sa carrière, Guillaume Apollinaire n’a cessé de jeter des ponts entre la poésie et les arts. Nés de cette volonté de rapprochement, les livres de dialogue - L’Enchanteur pourrissant, Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d’Orphée et Vitam impendere amori, réalisés avec André Derain, Raoul Dufy et André Rouveyre - en constituent le résultat le plus abouti. De L’Enchanteur à Vitam, cette recherche d’échange apparaît permanente et croissante ; pourtant, il semble que la critique se soit concentrée soit sur l’aspect littéraire, soit sur l’aspect artistique de ces oeuvres. C’est pourquoi, grâce à l’éclairage apporté par la littérature, l’art, l’histoire et l’histoire du livre, nous tenterons de montrer le rôle central du livre de dialogue dans le processus de création chez Apollinaire. La première partie a pour but d’expliciter les valeurs attachées au livre illustré à la fin du XIX° siècle et de présenter le contexte dans lequel est né le livre de dialogue. La seconde partie démontre que la triple collaboration Apollinaire-Derain-Kahnweiler est au coeur du dialogue qui s’engage entre les gravures et le texte de L’Enchanteur, et que ce premier ouvrage constitue le prototype de l’oeuvre illustrée à venir du poète. La troisième partie, qui étudie Le Bestiaire, montre de quelle façon il constitue une étape dans l’évolution d’Apollinaire et dans sa conception du dialogue entre les arts. La dernière partie est centrée autour du recueil méconnu Vitam Impendere amori qui constitue l’apogée de la collaboration entre le poète et l’artiste puisqu’il témoigne, après la grande rupture que constitue la Première Guerre mondiale, de la primauté de l’oeuvre sur les vicissitudes humaines. / During his entire career, Guillaume Apollinaire did not stop establishing relations between poetry and the other arts. Born of this will of linking, the “livres de dialogue” - L’Enchanteur pourrissant, Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d’Orphée and Vitam impendere amori, made with André Derain, Raoul Dufy and André Rouveyre - are the most accomplished results. From L’Enchanteur to Vitam, this will for exchange is permanent and increasing; nevertheless, it seems that the critic concentrates either on the literary aspect, or on the artistic aspect of these works. That is why, thanks to the light brought by literature, art, history and book history, we shall try to show the central role of the “livre de dialogue” in Apollinaire’s process of creation. The first part aims at clarifying the values attached to the illustrated book in the end of nineteenth century and at presenting the context in which was born the “livre de dialogue”. The second part demonstrates that the triple collaboration between Apollinaire, Derain and Kahnweiler is the core of the dialogue which develops between wood engravings and text of L’Enchanteur, and that this first work constitutes the prototype of the future illustrated works of the poet. The third part, which studies Le Bestiaire, shows how it represents a milestone in Apollinaire’s evolution and in his conception of the dialogue between the arts. The last part is focused on the underestimated work Vitam impendere amori which represents the top of the collaboration between the poet and the artist: after the First World War big break, it gives evidence of the superiority of the work on trials and tribulations of human life.

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S'appuyant sur les paradoxes traditionnels que la théologie définissait à partir d'une essence angélique, le XXe siècle poétique éprouve une fascination universelle pour l'ange. Cet engouement apparaît d'autant plus curieux qu'il s'exerce sur l'ensemble des sensibilités poétiques. En outre, ces usages apparaissent si divers et si contradictoires que l'apparition angélique acquiert la propriété radicalement originale de pouvoir supporter indifféremment toute intention d'auteur, et celle plus curieuse encore d'échapper aux intentions premières d'un poète pour développer un sous-discours indépendant. L'ange marque un régime de discours par lequel les différentes instances du discours poétique coexistent dans une relation encore indivisée ; le messager angélique désigne très précisément l'instant où le chaos intime d'un sujet se métamorphose en langage articulé. Cette exploration du phénomène angélique est divisée en trois étapes, consacrées chacune à un corpus différent. L'étude de l'ange comme figure explore les nombreuses variations d'une apparition à l'autre, motivées par des hésitations d'ordre religieux, temporel, civilisationnel, politique et esthétique dans les œuvres de Guillaume Apollinaire pour le domaine français, et d'Odysseus Elytis pour le domaine grec. L'analyse de l'ange en tant que support d'une relation intime du sujet à lui-même interroge de façon plus large les expériences poétiques austro-allemande d'une part, mexicaine d'autre part. Sont enfin envisagées dans le domaine français deux tentatives de constitution d'un langage angélique en poésie, à travers les œuvres majeures de Patrice de La Tour du Pin et de Christian Gabriel/le Guez-Ricord. / Relying on traditional paradoxes that theology defined from an angelic essence, the poetry of the twentieth century expresses a universal fascination towards angels. This attraction appears all the more curious as it applies to all observable poetic sensibilities. In addition, these practices turn out to be so diverse and contradictory that angelic appearance acquire a radically original property to withstand any intention of the author, and the even more curious one to escape the immediate intentions of a poet, developing a secondary speech of its own. The angel marks a way of speech in which different instances of poetic discourse coexist in a still unindividuated relation. The angelic messenger indicates the precise moment when the inner chaos of a subject is transformed into articulate language . This exploration of the angelic phenomenon will be divided into three steps, each dedicated to a different corpus. The study of the angel as a visual figure will explore the many variations from an apparition to another, motivated by hesitations of religious, temporal, civilizational, political and aesthetic kind, as they appear in the poetic works of Guillaume Apollinaire for the French literature, and those of Odysseus Elytis in the Greek linguistic area. The analysis of the angel as a support of an intimate relationship of the subject to itself more broadly interrogate the Austro-German poetic experiences on the one hand, the Mexican on the other hand. Eventually, two attempts to form an angelic language in French poetry will be considered, through the respective major works of Patrice de La Tour du Pin and Christian Gabriel/le Guez-Ricord.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo tratar de uma parte pouco conhecida da obra de Guillaume Apollinaire: a sua crítica de artes. A partir da análise dos textos que o autor publicou neste domínio, evidencia-se a elaboração de uma série de conceitos que lhe possibilitam pensar a pintura e se posicionar no debate artístico francês dos anos iniciais do século XX. Considerando tais conceitos, mostra-se como estes podem ser relacionados com a reflexão do autor sobre a poesia de sua época e, em particular, com a sua própria. O encontro de suas ideias sobre a pintura e sobre a poesia traduz-se em um projeto estético em sentido amplo que, por isso mesmo, produz efeitos em sua obra poética. Com a finalidade de evidenciá-los, analiso alguns poemas para mostrar como a reflexão artística de Apollinaire importa para a compreensão da obra poética. / The present work aims to deal with the little known part of Guillaume Apollinaires work: his critique of arts. From the analysis of the texts that the author published in this field, it is evident the elaboration of a series of concepts that allow him to think about paintings and position himself in the French artistic debate of the early year of the Twentieth Century. Considering theses artistic concepts, it is shown how they can also be related to the authors views of poetry of his time and, in particular, with his own. From this communication of artistic ideas, it is exposed how it translates into na aesthetic project in the broad sense and that, for this very reason, produces effects in his poetic work. With the purpose of showing this, poems are analysed to express Apollinaires artistic views matters for the understanding of his poetic work.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo tratar de uma parte pouco conhecida da obra de Guillaume Apollinaire: a sua crítica de artes. A partir da análise dos textos que o autor publicou neste domínio, evidencia-se a elaboração de uma série de conceitos que lhe possibilitam pensar a pintura e se posicionar no debate artístico francês dos anos iniciais do século XX. Considerando tais conceitos, mostra-se como estes podem ser relacionados com a reflexão do autor sobre a poesia de sua época e, em particular, com a sua própria. O encontro de suas ideias sobre a pintura e sobre a poesia traduz-se em um projeto estético em sentido amplo que, por isso mesmo, produz efeitos em sua obra poética. Com a finalidade de evidenciá-los, analiso alguns poemas para mostrar como a reflexão artística de Apollinaire importa para a compreensão da obra poética. / The present work aims to deal with the little known part of Guillaume Apollinaires work: his critique of arts. From the analysis of the texts that the author published in this field, it is evident the elaboration of a series of concepts that allow him to think about paintings and position himself in the French artistic debate of the early year of the Twentieth Century. Considering theses artistic concepts, it is shown how they can also be related to the authors views of poetry of his time and, in particular, with his own. From this communication of artistic ideas, it is exposed how it translates into na aesthetic project in the broad sense and that, for this very reason, produces effects in his poetic work. With the purpose of showing this, poems are analysed to express Apollinaires artistic views matters for the understanding of his poetic work.