Inaug. _ Diss.: Rechts-und wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät: Bern: 1971. _ Bibliogr. p. V à VI.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Géographie. Espaces, Sociétés rurales et logiques économiques : Toulouse, INPT : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 459 réf.

L’inclusion des mesures de protection des indications géographiques dans les nouveaux accords de l’Union Européenne est un phénomène assez récent qui nécessite une attention particulière. C’est pourquoi notre étude se propose de vérifier jusqu’à quel point la protection des indications géographiques dans ces accords dits de « nouvelle génération »pourraient contribuer à augmenter (ou à diminuer) les exportations de fromages des pays en général et de l’Union Européenne en particulier. En regardant au-delà des baisses de tarifs, des baisses des barrières non tarifaires engendrées par la signature de l’accord et l’élargissement des contingents, nos résultats démontrent que l’accroissement des échanges commerciaux de fromage est dominé par les baisses de barrières non-tarifaires pour les exportateurs non-européens. Pour les exportateurs européens, les élargissements de contingents ont un effet important tandis que la protection des indications géographiques n’a pas d’effet significatif. Cet effet semble plus grand pour les petits pays. L’effet associé de la protection des indications géographiques et l’élargissement de contingent dans un même accord offre des gains encore plus importants au commerce de fromage de l’UE. À travers cette étude, nous apportons une contribution à la fois empirique et méthodologique à la littérature. L’étude est également pertinente du point de vue politique en ce sens que l’Union Européenne pourrait diriger ses prochains accords vers des élargissements de contingents pour obtenir encore plus de gains possibles. Les pays comme le Canada qui ne détiennent pas de fromages protégés devraient prioriser des accords sans contingent tarifaire, ni protection des indications géographiques pour leur commerce de fromage ; à moins de protéger certains de leurs fromages locaux auprès de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle, ce qui leurs offrirait une plus-value sur le marché européen dont les tendances pour les produits sous indications géographiques sont plus encrées dans les habitudes culturelles des consommateurs. / The inclusion of GI protection measures in the new European Union agreements is a fairly recent phenomen on that requires special attention. This study therefore proposes to verify to what extent the protection of geographical indications in these so-called "new generation" agreements could contribute to increasing (or decreasing) cheese exportsfrom countries in general and the European Union in particular. Looking beyond tariff reductions, reductions in non-tariff barriers generated by the signing of the agreement andthe expansion of quotas, our results show that the increase in cheese trade is dominated by reductions in non-tariff barriers for non-EU exporters. For European exporters, quota expansions have a significant effect, while GI protection has no significant effect. This effect appears to be greater for small countries. The combined effect of GI protection andquota expansion in the same agreement offers even greater gains to EU cheese trade. Through this study, we make both an empirical and methodological contribution to theliterature. The study is also politically relevant in that the European Union may direct its future agreements toward quota expansions to achieve even greater potential gains.Countries such as Canada, which do not have protected cheeses, should prioritize agreements without tariff quotas or GI protection for their cheese trade, unless they protect some of their local cheeses at the World Intellectual Property Organization, whichwould offer them added value in the European market, where trends for GI products aremore deeply rooted in consumer cultural habits.

L’objet de cette thèse de doctorat est l’étude systématique des mentions, des appellations et des titres des femmes de la dynastie Julio-Claudienne, dans les sources littéraires et épigraphiques. L’étude des appellations des femmes impériales durant la première époque du Principat s’insère dans l’axe de la recherche contemporaine qui vise à définir les espaces et les modalités d’action des femmes pendant l’antiquité classique, et en particulier pendant la phase délicate de transition entre la République romaine et le Principat. En effet, le passage entre la République et la nouvelle forme de gouvernement a également marqué un changement important dans la situation des femmes, car les modalités d’action des femmes, jusqu’alors confinées dans une sphère domestique et privée, évoluèrent. Cette thèse est organisée en deux parties : une première partie dédiée à l’étude et à l’analyse des appellations des femmes impériales et une deuxième partie, intitulée annexe, qui recueille et organise systématiquement tous les témoignages littéraires et épigraphiques pour chaque femme de la famille Julio-Claudienne. Notre but a été, par notre recherche doctorale sur les appellations des femmes de la dynastie Julio-Claudienne, d’avancer dans la définition des espaces d’action de ces femmes au début de l’Empire ainsi que dans la connaissance du rôle des femmes au sein de la cour impériale ; cette étude permet d’analyser en détail les rapports de parenté complexes qui lient les figures féminines concernées aux personnages masculins de la domus impériale ou à des figures qui s’y rapportent / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the appellations, names and titles of the women of Julio-Claudian family in literary and epigraphic sources. The analysis and study of the appellations of these imperial women during the first period of the Roman Empire, is part of the contemporary research that seeks to define the spaces and action modalities of women during the time of classical antiquity and in particular, the period of transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. In fact, the passage of the Roman Republic to a new form of government marked a significant change in the situation of women, especially for the women of the imperial domus. Women, who until then were normally confined to a domestic and private sphere, acquired and exercised new action modalities within new spheres of action. This thesis is organized in two sections: the first part of the study analyses the names, appellations and titles of imperial women and the second part collates and organizes all the literary and epigraphic evidences of each woman of the Julio-Claudian family. The purpose of this research on the appellations and names of the women of Julio-Claudian dynasty has been to advance the study of feminine spaces at the beginning of the Roman Empire and to illuminate of the new actions modalities for the imperial women during this period. Furthermore, this doctoral research contributes to deepening our understanding of the changes of the role and status of imperial women and the complex relative relationships of these women to the men of imperial family, such as the emperors and other male figures in Julio-Claudian dynasty, or to eminent personages in the Roman imperial society

No atual contexto econômico da empresa agrária, em que os produtos da atividade econômica, sejam eles animais ou vegetais, são tratados como verdadeiras commodities, ou seja, bens absolutamente fungíveis, cujo valor de comercialização é determinado em bolsas de mercadorias & futuro, as indicações geográficas ganham cada vez mais importância econômica quanto ao empresário rural, por tratar-se de uma importante ferramenta de diferenciação no mercado, permitindo que se agregue valor aos produtos agrícolas. A presente dissertação visa o estudo dos principais aspectos relativos às indicações geográficas, como a sua natureza jurídica, titularidade, extensão da proteção, procedimento de registro, comparando-as a institutos análogos, especialmente as marcas coletivas e de certificação, como maneira de permitir uma melhor compreensão do instituto e de ressaltar a possibilidade do seu uso como instrumento de desenvolvimento agrário no Brasil. Para tanto, pretende-se fazer um estudo sobre a evolução história do instituto, especialmente sobre a crescente proteção das indicações geográficas, através dos acordos internacionais, iniciados com a Convenção da União de Paris CUP, passando pelos Acordos de Madrid, Lisboa e acordo TRIPS (sigla em inglês da expressão Aspectos dos Direitos da Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio). Estuda-se, com este trabalho, a evolução da proteção às indicações geográficas no país, culminando com a proteção prevista na Lei nº 9.279/96 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial), e os procedimentos para o registro destas perante o Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial INPI. Visa-se, ainda, tecer algumas críticas que se fazem necessárias à falta de uma melhor normatização das indicações geográficas na Lei da Propriedade Industrial. Por fim, o trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a consolidação da proteção e divulgação da importância das indicações geográficas no atual contexto brasileiro, permitindo e incentivando seu desenvolvimento pelos produtores brasileiros. / The products of the present day agricultural enterprise, be they animal or crops are traded on the world markets like any other commodity, that is to say, they are fungible goods whose value is determined solely on the world commodity exchanges and futures markets. In this context, the geographical indications take on an increasing significance to the agrarian businessman in that they allow those agricultural products to be distinguished from the standard commodities and thus enable them to command a premium price. This dissertation aims the study the main aspects of the geographical indications, such as their legal nature, where ownership lies, the extent of their legal protection, registration procedures, and to compare them with similar concepts, such as: collective trademarks and certification marks. The objective being to understand the importance of the principle better and demonstrate its possible use as a means of further agricultural development in Brazil. The intention is to study the historical evolution of the concept of geographical indications, particularly regarding the growing protection of geographical indications through international treaties such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid and Lisbon agreements and the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) accord. The evolution of Brazilian legislation protecting geographical indications will be considered, this legislation culminating with the protection embodied in Law No. 9279/96 (Industrial Property Law) and the procedures for registration of geographical indications with the National Institute for Industrial Property Rights. It is also my intention to analyse critically the lack of more precise rules governing geographical indications within the Industrial Property Law. Finally, this paper tries to contribute to the understanding of the importance of geographical indications to Brazil at present and to consolidate a means of protecting their integrity, in this way allowing and encouraging the development of new geographical indications for Brazilian producers.

No atual contexto econômico da empresa agrária, em que os produtos da atividade econômica, sejam eles animais ou vegetais, são tratados como verdadeiras commodities, ou seja, bens absolutamente fungíveis, cujo valor de comercialização é determinado em bolsas de mercadorias & futuro, as indicações geográficas ganham cada vez mais importância econômica quanto ao empresário rural, por tratar-se de uma importante ferramenta de diferenciação no mercado, permitindo que se agregue valor aos produtos agrícolas. A presente dissertação visa o estudo dos principais aspectos relativos às indicações geográficas, como a sua natureza jurídica, titularidade, extensão da proteção, procedimento de registro, comparando-as a institutos análogos, especialmente as marcas coletivas e de certificação, como maneira de permitir uma melhor compreensão do instituto e de ressaltar a possibilidade do seu uso como instrumento de desenvolvimento agrário no Brasil. Para tanto, pretende-se fazer um estudo sobre a evolução história do instituto, especialmente sobre a crescente proteção das indicações geográficas, através dos acordos internacionais, iniciados com a Convenção da União de Paris CUP, passando pelos Acordos de Madrid, Lisboa e acordo TRIPS (sigla em inglês da expressão Aspectos dos Direitos da Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio). Estuda-se, com este trabalho, a evolução da proteção às indicações geográficas no país, culminando com a proteção prevista na Lei nº 9.279/96 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial), e os procedimentos para o registro destas perante o Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial INPI. Visa-se, ainda, tecer algumas críticas que se fazem necessárias à falta de uma melhor normatização das indicações geográficas na Lei da Propriedade Industrial. Por fim, o trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a consolidação da proteção e divulgação da importância das indicações geográficas no atual contexto brasileiro, permitindo e incentivando seu desenvolvimento pelos produtores brasileiros. / The products of the present day agricultural enterprise, be they animal or crops are traded on the world markets like any other commodity, that is to say, they are fungible goods whose value is determined solely on the world commodity exchanges and futures markets. In this context, the geographical indications take on an increasing significance to the agrarian businessman in that they allow those agricultural products to be distinguished from the standard commodities and thus enable them to command a premium price. This dissertation aims the study the main aspects of the geographical indications, such as their legal nature, where ownership lies, the extent of their legal protection, registration procedures, and to compare them with similar concepts, such as: collective trademarks and certification marks. The objective being to understand the importance of the principle better and demonstrate its possible use as a means of further agricultural development in Brazil. The intention is to study the historical evolution of the concept of geographical indications, particularly regarding the growing protection of geographical indications through international treaties such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid and Lisbon agreements and the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) accord. The evolution of Brazilian legislation protecting geographical indications will be considered, this legislation culminating with the protection embodied in Law No. 9279/96 (Industrial Property Law) and the procedures for registration of geographical indications with the National Institute for Industrial Property Rights. It is also my intention to analyse critically the lack of more precise rules governing geographical indications within the Industrial Property Law. Finally, this paper tries to contribute to the understanding of the importance of geographical indications to Brazil at present and to consolidate a means of protecting their integrity, in this way allowing and encouraging the development of new geographical indications for Brazilian producers.

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

La protection des dénominations géographiques (DG) est un enjeu controversé, autant à l’OMC que dans les accords bilatéraux, tel que constaté lors de l’accord de libre-échange Canada et l’UE. En général, les pays nord-américains protègent les DG comme des marques de commerce. Ces gouvernements considèrent qu’il est possible de répliquer dans un pays autre que leur lieu d’origine les méthodes de production associées aux marques. Par exemple, du fromage « Parmesan » et du jambon « de Parme » sont fabriqués et commercialisés au Canada sous ces désignations. L’UE privilégie une approche de terroir, appliquant une protection sui generis, qui soutient que seuls les producteurs localisés dans une région donnée peuvent se prévaloir du terme géographique associé à cette région pour désigner leurs produits. Mais, plus de 20 ans après l’adoption de son premier règlement sur les DG en 1992, l’usage du système DG par les États membres de l’Union s’avère mitigée. La présente thèse tente de comprendre les facteurs qui expliquent cette situation, et analyse les implications des DG sur les échanges intra-européens. Nos recherches sur les facteurs explicatifs font ressortir deux points essentiels liés à la conception du droit européen sur les DG : la question des conflits potentiels entre les marques géographiques et les AOP/IGP, et celle de la dégénérescence des DG. En plus, elles notent une relative confusion des consommateurs entre produits DG et produits biologiques, et un faible intérêt des petits producteurs étant donné les coûts assez dissuasifs de la mise en place et le suivi-contrôle des DG. Nos résultats sur les implications de la protection européenne indiquent que le commerce entre pays détenant des produits protégés par une DG s’accroît de 0,76%, après avoir contrôlé les effets des autres déterminants pouvant influencer le commerce. Toutefois, des effets de détournement de commerce sont aussi constatés lorsque le pays importateur ne produit pas de DG. De plus, on observe que le système européen de protection des DG a un effet de renforcement des frontières nationales dans l’Union. Une approche par produit confirme que la protection de certains produits-DG aurait plus d’implications commerciales que dans d’autres. / The protection of geographical indications (GIs) is a very controversial subject at the World Trade Organization as well as in the negotiations of bilateral trade agreements like the Canada/European Union Trade Agreement (CETA). This is mainly because different countries have very different views on how to go about protecting GIs. North American countries favor trademarks because they believe that the “know-how” can be transferred across geographical boundaries and that it is possible to replicate or even improve on ancestral production processes developed in a given region. “Parmesan” cheese and “Parma” ham are examples of products manufactured and marketed under these names in Canada. The European Union (EU) promotes a « terroir » approach, applying a sui generis protection, which grants a monopoly of the GI to producers located in a specific region. The first European regulation of GIs was adopted in 1992. But more than 20 years later, the effectiveness of GIs in the EU Member States appears mixed. Our thesis attempts to explain reasons for this situation and analyzes the trade-impact of GI protection considering trade within the European Union. Our research on reasons highlights two key issues related to the European GI regulation: potential conflicts between geographical marks (containing geographical names or terms) and sign of GIs (IGP/PDO), and the degeneration of GIs. In addition, we note that consumers are comparatively confused between GIs products and organic products, and small potential producers are rather deterred by the costs of GIs implementation, monitoring and control. Our findings suggest that the protection of GIs creates trade when the importing and exporting countries have GI-protected products. Trade increased by 0.76% when both exporting and importing countries have protected products, after controlling for the effects of others determinants of trade. There is also empirical evidence regarding a trade-diverting effect when the importing country does not have GIs. In addition, our results note a border enlargement effect arising from European GI-protection. An analysis by sector of production indicates that the trade-impact of protecting GIs in some sectors is more important than other sectors.

La Commission sur l'avenir de l'agriculture et de l'agroalimentaire du Québec (CAAAQ) qui a eu pour mandat de dresser un diagnostic de la crise affectant le secteur agricole du Québec et ses défis à venir souligna, dans son rapport final déposé en février 2008, le besoin d'ouvrir les cadres réglementaires québécois en place afin que ceux-ci favorisent davantage le développement de produits de niche et du terroir, de même que ceux issus de la production biologique. Nous tenterons de voir si la Loi sur les appellations réservées et les termes valorisants, en permettant la certification d'aliments et produits différenciés du Québec, pourrait être un outil juridique du gouvernement québécois qui, conformément au droit international économique de l 'OMC, contribuerait à installer la vision d'avenir du secteur agricole et agroalimentaire québécois dégagée par la CAAAQ.

L’étude de la genèse parlementaire de la législation vinicole française sous la Troisième République est une approche fondamentale afin de comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants de l’ensemble du droit positif vinicole. C’est, en effet, entre les années 1880 et 1930 que l’ensemble du droit que nous connaissons aujourd’hui se met en place. L’analyse de la démarche entreprise par le législateur met alors en avant la volonté de mettre en place une politique d’envergure permettant de protéger une production souffrant, de manière récurrente durant cette période, d’une crise de mévente liée à un marché structurellement déséquilibré. La fraude, tant sur la composition du vin, que sur son origine, macule les relations commerciales entretenues, durant les dernières années du XIXe siècle et les premières du XXe, sur un marché dévoyé par la concurrence déloyale et la perte de repères du consommateur. La surproduction endémique de la viticulture française durant la première moitié du XXe siècle, la concurrence des vins étrangers, ainsi que la restriction des débouchés tant nationaux, qu’internationaux, poussent dès lors le législateur à protéger la viticulture nationale par un ensemble de mesures propres à redéfinir les comportements du commerce et de la production, le tout dans un esprit de promotion de la qualité vinicole et de régulation du marché. Protectionnisme et agrarisme triomphent alors au sein du Parlement et des gouvernements afin de protéger le produit phare de l’économie française de la Troisième République. / The study of the genesis of French law surrounding the wine trade under the Third French Republic is essential to understand the ins and outs of French present wine law. Actually, almost the whole present wine law appears between the eighties of the nineteenth century and the thirties of the twentieth century. The analysis of the French legislator’s approach displays the determination to set up a large-scale policy in order to protect a production enduring, during this period, a structural slump crisis. The fraud on the composition of the wine and on its origin, during the last years of the nineteenth century, characterizes the market of the wine. This one is led astray by unfair competition and the loss of consumer’s landmark. Endemic overproduction of French viticulture during the first part of the twentieth century, competition of foreign wines, and restriction of French and international outlets, push legislator into protecting national viticulture by several measures for redefining behavior of the trade and the production. French legislator tries, at the same time, to push for quality and controlling market. Protectionist and agrarian policy triumph in the French Parliament and government to protect this flagship of the French agricultural production in the Third French Republic.