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The perceptions of employees in the Thabo-Mofutsanyane and Xhriep Districts with regard to the effectiveness of the performance appraisal system in the Department of Social Development.Sekese, Nkeletseng Mamaraisane 21 June 2012 (has links)
The use of performance appraisal systems for employees is far from new. It has been recognised
that performance has to be managed in order for the organisation or government department to
meet its goal effectively. The main objective of this system is to ensure that all employees or
jobholders know and understand what is expected of them. It also includes managing poor or
unacceptable performance by giving guidance where needed, while still recognising and
awarding outstanding performance. However, do employees have a clear understanding of and
information about the system and do they real benefit from the system?
The researcher conducted this study in order to explore the perceptions of employees with regard
to the effectiveness of the performance appraisal system within the Department of Social
Development in two districts. Its aim was to make recommendations for improving the system in
relation to the most important themes or aspects that the employees (appraisers and appraisees)
have highlighted.
The proposed research project adopted a qualitative research approach and was exploratory in
nature. A multiple case study research design was used. Participants consisted of employees of
the Department of Social Development from two districts in the Free State who are appraisers
and appraisees. Purposive sampling, which is a type of non-probability sampling, was used to
select appraisers, while convenience sampling was used to select appraisees. A semi-structured
interview schedule was used in one-to-one interviews to explore issues and gather information.
The main findings of the study are that Social Development employees understand the
importance of implementing a performance appraisal system in the workplace. They revealed
that they still want the system to continue in the Department. However, their main concern is the
practical implementation of the system, and they reported that it needs to be improved. They
have suggested many areas that need to be improved in order for the system to be more effective
and to achieve its main purpose within the Department.
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Real Estate Appraisal : A Study of Real Estate Appraisers in SwedenAndersson, Fredrik, Landberg, Robert January 2005 (has links)
Problem: Problemet som legat till grund för intresset och inriktningen med denna magisteruppsats är då tidigare kontorsfastigheten Skatteskrapan skulle byta ägare och användningsområde. En planerad ombyggnad ställde till problem med avseende på uppskattningen av ombyggnadskostnader. I slutändan handlar problemet om ett värderingsproblem. Detta problem tillsammans med andra ex-empel där fastigheter bytt användningsområden har väckt ett intresse att göra en ingående undersökning av det svenska fastighetsvärderingsområdet. Denna uppsats är indelad i fem olika delundersökningar. Initialt sker en presentation av svenska metoder för fastighetsvärdering. Vidare under-söks olika faktorer som har olika värdepåverkande effekter på fastighetsvärdet. Därefter genomförs en undersökning av hur nya användningssituationer kan vålla värderingsproblem samt hur ett värde fastställs i en sådan situation. Nästa steg består utav en undersökning av internationella värderingsmetoder. Studien avslutas sedan med en undersökning av nya trender som utvecklats inom fastighetsvärderingen. Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att studera fenomenet fastighetsvärdering via svenska fastighetsvärderare för att erhålla en förståelse för hur de resonerar vid valet av värderingsmetod och bestämmer det slutliga värdet. Dessutom är syftet också att belysa relationen mellan svenska och internationella värderingsmetoder för att utröna likheter och skillnader. Metod: Vi har valt en kvalitativ metod i form av åtta intervjuer. En förstudie, i form av en intervju, görs med professor Stellan Lundström, vilken ämnar till att ge en uppdaterad bild av forskningen inom området. Därefter hålls sju intervjuer med auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare. Värderarnas synpunkter analyseras sedan tillsammans med resultat från förstudien, teoretiskt ramverk samt tidigare studier. Analysen är baserad på en modifierad tankemodell som är skapad av forskaren Jan Matts-son. Genom denna modell har sedan fem viktiga nivåer, knutna till uppsatsens problemområde, analyserats. Slutsats: Vi fann att de svenska värderingsmetoderna i stort sett utgörs av tre olika metoder. Dessa är avkastningsmetod, ortsprismetod samt produktionskostnadsmetod. De viktigaste värdepåverkande faktorerna var fastighetens läge samt dess skick och standard. Även hyreskontrakten och vakanser påverker till stor del. Beslut om ny användningssituation kan tas av olika anledningar. Det största problemet relaterat till denna förändring är uppskattningen av framtida kostnader, där ombyggnadskostnader utgör den största svårigheten. De internationella värderingsmetoderna är överlag de samma som de svenska. Kulturella skillnader föreligger i vilka metoder som används i olika situationer. De viktigaste nya trenderna är effekten av de internationella redovisningsstandarderna. En annan trend är det ökade användandet av automatiska analysverktyg. / Problem: The underlying problem within this Master of Science thesis is the emanating issues from the changed owner and usage situation of the former Tax Department. A planned reconstruction led to difficulties in estimating the reconstruction costs. In the end this problem is an appraisal issue. This problem led to an interest to make a thorough investigation of the area of Swedish real estate appraisal. The thesis is constituted by five different subinvestigations. Initially an exploration is made concerning Swedish real estate appraisal methods. Further, factors affecting the real estate value are examined. This is followed by an investigation of what appraisal issues that might occur in a new usage situation and how the value is estimated in such a situation. The relation between Swedish and International appraisal methods is then illuminated. The final investigation is concerning what new trends that have occurred on the Swedish real estate appraisal market. Purpose: The purpose of this Master of Science thesis is to study the phenomenon real estate appraisal via Swedish real estate appraisers to gain an understanding of how they reason when choosing appraisal method and determine the real estate value. Additionally, the aim is also to highlight the relation between Swedish and International real estate methods to reveal differences and similarities. Method: We have chosen a qualitative method taking the form of eight interviews. A total of eight interviews are performed. The study is offset by a pre-study with a professor at RIT, Stellan Lundström. The aim with this interview is to get an updated view of the latest research within real estate appraisal. This is followed by seven interviews with certified real estate appraisers. The results from the interviews with the appraisers are analysed together with the pre-study, theoretical framework and previous studies. The analysing process is based upon a modified thought model, originally developed by the researcher Jan Mattsson. The analysing process is presented in five steps that all are connected to the modified thought model and related to the problem area of this Master of Science thesis. Conclusion: We found that the Swedish appraisal methods generally are constituted by three methods. These are the avkastnings method, the ortspris method and production cost method. The most influent factors on the real estate value are the location as well as the condition and standard. Also the rent contracts and vacancies to some extent affect the value. A rather large problem originates in the estimation of future costs, where the estimation of reconstruction costs is referred to as the largest issue. The international appraisal methods are equivalent to the Swedish methods. The largest differences are of cultural kind mostly caused by differences in legislation. New trends that are presented are the impact of the international accounting standards (IAS). Another significant trend is the increased use of automatic real estate analysis tools.
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Real Estate Appraisal : A Study of Real Estate Appraisers in SwedenAndersson, Fredrik, Landberg, Robert January 2005 (has links)
<p>Problem: Problemet som legat till grund för intresset och inriktningen med denna magisteruppsats är då tidigare kontorsfastigheten Skatteskrapan skulle byta ägare och användningsområde. En planerad ombyggnad ställde till problem med avseende på uppskattningen av ombyggnadskostnader. I slutändan handlar problemet om ett värderingsproblem. Detta problem tillsammans med andra ex-empel där fastigheter bytt användningsområden har väckt ett intresse att göra en ingående undersökning av det svenska fastighetsvärderingsområdet. Denna uppsats är indelad i fem olika delundersökningar. Initialt sker en presentation av svenska metoder för fastighetsvärdering. Vidare under-söks olika faktorer som har olika värdepåverkande effekter på fastighetsvärdet. Därefter genomförs en undersökning av hur nya användningssituationer kan vålla värderingsproblem samt hur ett värde fastställs i en sådan situation. Nästa steg består utav en undersökning av internationella värderingsmetoder. Studien avslutas sedan med en undersökning av nya trender som utvecklats inom fastighetsvärderingen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att studera fenomenet fastighetsvärdering via svenska fastighetsvärderare för att erhålla en förståelse för hur de resonerar vid valet av värderingsmetod och bestämmer det slutliga värdet. Dessutom är syftet också att belysa relationen mellan svenska och internationella värderingsmetoder för att utröna likheter och skillnader.</p><p>Metod: Vi har valt en kvalitativ metod i form av åtta intervjuer. En förstudie, i form av en intervju, görs med professor Stellan Lundström, vilken ämnar till att ge en uppdaterad bild av forskningen inom området. Därefter hålls sju intervjuer med auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare. Värderarnas synpunkter analyseras sedan tillsammans med resultat från förstudien, teoretiskt ramverk samt tidigare studier. Analysen är baserad på en modifierad tankemodell som är skapad av forskaren Jan Matts-son. Genom denna modell har sedan fem viktiga nivåer, knutna till uppsatsens problemområde, analyserats.</p><p>Slutsats: Vi fann att de svenska värderingsmetoderna i stort sett utgörs av tre olika metoder. Dessa är avkastningsmetod, ortsprismetod samt produktionskostnadsmetod. De viktigaste värdepåverkande faktorerna var fastighetens läge samt dess skick och standard. Även hyreskontrakten och vakanser påverker till stor del. Beslut om ny användningssituation kan tas av olika anledningar. Det största problemet relaterat till denna förändring är uppskattningen av framtida kostnader, där ombyggnadskostnader utgör den största svårigheten. De internationella värderingsmetoderna är överlag de samma som de svenska. Kulturella skillnader föreligger i vilka metoder som används i olika situationer. De viktigaste nya trenderna är effekten av de internationella redovisningsstandarderna. En annan trend är det ökade användandet av automatiska analysverktyg.</p> / <p>Problem: The underlying problem within this Master of Science thesis is the emanating issues from the changed owner and usage situation of the former Tax Department. A planned reconstruction led to difficulties in estimating the reconstruction costs. In the end this problem is an appraisal issue. This problem led to an interest to make a thorough investigation of the area of Swedish real estate appraisal. The thesis is constituted by five different subinvestigations. Initially an exploration is made concerning Swedish real estate appraisal methods. Further, factors affecting the real estate value are examined. This is followed by an investigation of what appraisal issues that might occur in a new usage situation and how the value is estimated in such a situation. The relation between Swedish and International appraisal methods is then illuminated. The final investigation is concerning what new trends that have occurred on the Swedish real estate appraisal market.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this Master of Science thesis is to study the phenomenon real estate appraisal via Swedish real estate appraisers to gain an understanding of how they reason when choosing appraisal method and determine the real estate value. Additionally, the aim is also to highlight the relation between Swedish and International real estate methods to reveal differences and similarities.</p><p>Method: We have chosen a qualitative method taking the form of eight interviews. A total of eight interviews are performed. The study is offset by a pre-study with a professor at RIT, Stellan Lundström. The aim with this interview is to get an updated view of the latest research within real estate appraisal. This is followed by seven interviews with certified real estate appraisers. The results from the interviews with the appraisers are analysed together with the pre-study, theoretical framework and previous studies. The analysing process is based upon a modified thought model, originally developed by the researcher Jan Mattsson. The analysing process is presented in five steps that all are connected to the modified thought model and related to the problem area of this Master of Science thesis.</p><p>Conclusion: We found that the Swedish appraisal methods generally are constituted by three methods. These are the avkastnings method, the ortspris method and production cost method. The most influent factors on the real estate value are the location as well as the condition and standard. Also the rent contracts and vacancies to some extent affect the value. A rather large problem originates in the estimation of future costs, where the estimation of reconstruction costs is referred to as the largest issue. The international appraisal methods are equivalent to the Swedish methods. The largest differences are of cultural kind mostly caused by differences in legislation. New trends that are presented are the impact of the international accounting standards (IAS). Another significant trend is the increased use of automatic real estate analysis tools.</p>
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Avaliação externa: estratégias de controle ou inclusão?Di Nallo, Rita de Cássia Zirondi [UNESP] 14 December 2010 (has links) (PDF)
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dinallo_rcz_me_prud.pdf: 1475663 bytes, checksum: 1cc6c3dfc0f16bd8b854222854f38d84 (MD5) / Esta investigação está inserida na linha de pesquisa “Políticas Públicas, Organização Escolar e Formação de Professores” com intenção de conhecer as questões relativas à elaboração das políticas de avaliação educacional. A intervenção de organismos internacionais na elaboração das reformas educacionais brasileiras, trazendo consigo seus pressupostos e conceitos educacionais. Grande parte dessas indicações e proposições está presente no documento intitulado “Educação para o Futuro” (UNESCO). Portanto, será pertinente refletir sobre as intencionalidades das avaliações externas como Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Alunos (PISA), Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB), Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), Sistema de Avaliação da Educação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo (SARESP) e Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (IDESP), como instrumentos que preconizam a melhoria da qualidade da educação ou apenas a regulação do Estado e a mercadorização da educação. Assim, pressupõe identificar as estratégias e intencionalidades da avaliação externa da educação brasileira, a necessidade do Estado em criar índices de desempenho, sob a lógica do Estado-avaliador com modelos de responsabilização dos resultados educacionais, sendo esses desenvolvidos pela política de educação do Estado de São Paulo. Esta pesquisa baseou-se numa investigação, do tipo estudo de caso, através da análise documental, com informações sobre as características significativas que estabelecem uma conexão sólida entre a avaliação da política educacional, as tendências mundiais, a política educacional brasileira e a do Estado de São Paulo... / This investigation is inserted in the research line of the Public Policies, School organization and teachers formation, with intentions to know the relative questions to politics‟ elaboration of educational evaluation. The intervention of internationals organisms in the elaboration of Brazilian educational reforms, bringing with it its assumptions and educational concepts. Most of these instructions propositions are in the document titled “Education for the Future” (UNESCO, 2001). So, it will be pertinent to reflect about the external evaluations (PISA, SAEB, ENEM, SARESP e IDESP), as instruments that recommend the improvement of education‟s quality or just the State‟s regulation and education‟s commodification. In this manner, we intend to identify the strategies and intentions of the Brazilian education‟s external evaluation, the state‟s necessity to create performance indexes, under the State-appraiser logic with accountability models of the educational results, these models been developed by the education policy of the State of São Paulo ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Empirical studies of property appraiser behaviour and of location value in office rentsNetzell, Olof January 2007 (has links)
<p>In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern.</p><p>The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other.</p><p>Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts.</p><p>The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates.</p>
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Avaliação externa : estratégias de controle ou inclusão? /Di Nallo, Rita de Cássia Zirondi. January 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Alberto Albuquerque Gomes / Banca: Claudio Roberto Brocanelli / Banca: Ana Maria da Costa Santos Menin / Resumo: Esta investigação está inserida na linha de pesquisa "Políticas Públicas, Organização Escolar e Formação de Professores" com intenção de conhecer as questões relativas à elaboração das políticas de avaliação educacional. A intervenção de organismos internacionais na elaboração das reformas educacionais brasileiras, trazendo consigo seus pressupostos e conceitos educacionais. Grande parte dessas indicações e proposições está presente no documento intitulado "Educação para o Futuro" (UNESCO). Portanto, será pertinente refletir sobre as intencionalidades das avaliações externas como Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Alunos (PISA), Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB), Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), Sistema de Avaliação da Educação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo (SARESP) e Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (IDESP), como instrumentos que preconizam a melhoria da qualidade da educação ou apenas a regulação do Estado e a mercadorização da educação. Assim, pressupõe identificar as estratégias e intencionalidades da avaliação externa da educação brasileira, a necessidade do Estado em criar índices de desempenho, sob a lógica do Estado-avaliador com modelos de responsabilização dos resultados educacionais, sendo esses desenvolvidos pela política de educação do Estado de São Paulo. Esta pesquisa baseou-se numa investigação, do tipo estudo de caso, através da análise documental, com informações sobre as características significativas que estabelecem uma conexão sólida entre a avaliação da política educacional, as tendências mundiais, a política educacional brasileira e a do Estado de São Paulo ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This investigation is inserted in the research line of the Public Policies, School organization and teachers formation, with intentions to know the relative questions to politics‟ elaboration of educational evaluation. The intervention of internationals organisms in the elaboration of Brazilian educational reforms, bringing with it its assumptions and educational concepts. Most of these instructions propositions are in the document titled "Education for the Future" (UNESCO, 2001). So, it will be pertinent to reflect about the external evaluations (PISA, SAEB, ENEM, SARESP e IDESP), as instruments that recommend the improvement of education‟s quality or just the State‟s regulation and education‟s commodification. In this manner, we intend to identify the strategies and intentions of the Brazilian education‟s external evaluation, the state‟s necessity to create performance indexes, under the State-appraiser logic with accountability models of the educational results, these models been developed by the education policy of the State of São Paulo ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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個別估價與大量估價準確性之研究 / The Study on Accuracy of Appraisers and Mass Appraisal楊依蓁, Young, I-Jan Unknown Date (has links)
隨著電腦及統計模型的發展、原本用於稅賦評估工具的大量估價逐漸受到重視。美國更利用完善的國家層級資料,將大量估價改良為自動估價模型(Automated Valuation Model, AVM)。由於估值估算快速、成本低廉及龐大的資料庫等優點,受到美國私部門的歡迎。另一方面,不動產市場仍有存在著個別估價的客觀性的質疑,而估價行為學也證實了個別估價有偏離估價程序的可能。市場上存在著兩者的支持者,但由於兩者特性迥然不同,甚難比較。
本研究以一致的資料庫及衡量標準,將交易價格做為市場價值表徵,以估值的準確性作為衡量兩者的準則,找出兩者的特性及適用範圍。實證結果顯示當勘估標的數量達到一定程度,可忽略不動產的異質性時,個別估價與大量估價準確性並沒有顯著的差異。但個別估價準確性的分配較大量估價集中、且偏誤程度也較低。個別估價較不受不動產特性的影響,適用的範圍較廣;而大量估價較易受到不動產特性影響,適用範圍視資料庫的內容而定。另一方面,個別估價的估價認知具有時間性,表示不動產估價師需更新估價認知,以保持高度的估值準確性。此說明了國內不動產市場的變化快速及國內不動產估價師的專業能力。 / With the development of computer and statistical model, the mass appraisal as assessment tool has been paid attention gradually. Americans utilize the national data to develop Automated Valuation Models (AVMs).For its advantages of faster valuation , less cost and huge database, mass appraisal is used as assessment but also appraisal tool . On the other hand, the real estate market stills have query with objectivity of individual appraisers. The study of appraisers’ behavior suggest that the possibility of deviate from standard procedure of appraising. In a matter of fact, the real state market is filled with supporters of appraisers and mass appraisals. Because of these different characteristic, it’s difficult to compare with.
This research will trade selling-prices to seek for the market value form with unanimous database and criterion, regard accuracy of valuation as and weigh the criterion of the two, and find out the characteristic of the two and scope of application .Although the result showed that the accuracy is no difference between appraiser and mass appraisal significantly when the amount of real estates is large enough to neglect heterogeneity. Compare with mass appraisal, the distribution of appraiser’s accuracy is more centralized and the standard deviation is smaller. The accuracy of appraiser is steady, and the scope of application is relatively wide. But the accuracy of mass appraisal is affected by the characteristic of real estate, and the scope of application depends on content of the database.On the other hand, the appraisal cognition has timeliness, it shows appraiser needs to upgrade the appraise cognition and the market condition , in order to keep the valuation accuracy of the height. This has stated the fast-change market and domestic the professional ability of appraisers.
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Empirical studies of property appraiser behaviour and of location value in office rentsNetzell, Olof January 2007 (has links)
In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern. The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other. Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts. The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates. / QC 20101115
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不動產估價師與買賣雙方對住宅價格影響因素認知差異分析邱信智 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價師的本質在於解釋不動產於市場上價值反應的情況,而價格係由買賣雙方透過公開市場所決定,故不動產估價師不僅在解釋不動產之價值所在,亦在說明買賣雙方於公開市場中的行為模式。然此行為模式主要根據買賣雙方對不動產價格之認知基礎,因此不動產估價師以比較法進行項目調整時,若缺乏考量買賣雙方之認知,對不動產價格的合理區間即可能無法清楚掌握。而國外過去對此議題僅著重於估價師與買方之討論,然不動產價格係由買賣雙方共同合意,故應加入賣方進行探討。
本文以台北市住宅不動產為例,透過對不動產價格影響因素的認知角度,探討不動產估價師、買方及賣方對住宅價格影響因素重要性的認知差異情形,並進一步分析不動產估價師和買賣雙方認知產生差異的可能原因。
研究根據問卷調查結果,實證顯示買賣雙方彼此間對住宅價格影響因素並無明顯認知差異,然而不同家戶屬性的買方、賣方對價格影響因素仍有不同的認知。另外,研究亦發現不動產估價師與買賣雙方之間,對價格影響因素認知存有差異,這是由於環境與制度面使然,且本研究亦證實台灣不動產估價師以區位交通因素為調整價格的首要因素,然而區位未必代表一切,研究結果顯示住宅環境對買賣雙方的重要性甚至更高。 / The real estate appraiser is not only interpreting the value range, but telling the behavior of buyer and seller. The objective of this study is to probe into the cognition differences to the variables determining residential property values between appraiser, buyer and seller. The survey was carried out within a period involved buyers and sellers which participated in the sales of residential property from June 2008 to February 2009 in Taipei City.
The results show that buyers and sellers do not have obvious cognition difference, but they do have different cognition with different household attributes. Besides, there is exactly cognition difference between appraiser, buyer and seller, and this is because of the residential property transaction environment and institution. Furthermore, the study reveals that the real estate appraisers in Taiwan take Location factors as the most important ones when they adjusting property price; however, buyers and sellers put even more attention on Residential factors.
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O papel da avaliação na constituição das identidades profissionais docentes / The role of assessment in the constitution of professional teaching identitiesBressane, Ana Carolina Rebouças 19 May 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-05-19 / The present study aims to identify possible relationships among evaluative processes developed at the school and the establishment of professional teaching identities. Specifically aims to identify evaluative practices that produce a greater degree of legitimacy and recognition by the subject teacher, which, in turn, may contribute to the processes of identity negotiation. The work of data analysis is oriented in a qualitative perspective. The data collection was done in two private institutions in the city of São Paulo. The selected institutions have formalized their practices work of institutional assessment, which has three pillars: the evaluation of the structure and school functioning, the evaluation of the performance of the educators (teachers, managers and employees) and the assessment of the student s learning. Six subjects were interviewed, with, two coordinators and four professors of Basic Education. Individual interviews with teachers and for the coordinators for later transcription were performed. The interview scripts are characterized as semi - structured and were formulated for the teachers, who put themselves in a position of reviews and coordinators, which are those that, usually, generally assume the role of appraisers. The data collection was as follows: the coordinator stated, in his opinion, two teachers from the same institution for the interview, one that was most closely identified with the school s proposal and other that was less identified with the proposed school. Six categories were used for the data collection. They are: choice of subjects, evaluation practices developed at the institution X practices that contributed to the teacher s professional growth; evaluation s criterion, criteria for the allocation of judgments; refusals and trading strategies ; legitimacy degree. The data results pointed to some aspects: the formative assessment was indicated by the teachers as the a contributor to the professional growth , the surveyed schools do not reverted the data obtained in the evaluations of teachers in their training processes , the lack of participation of the teachers in defining the evaluation criteria interfered with clarity as to what is expected by the institution as " teacher quality ", the relationship that teachers have established with the reviewer favored the acceptance of delivered judgments in situations of evaluation, a partnership established that the evaluated subject reported to the evaluator ensured greater legitimacy to the evaluation processes . This work highlights the importance of the evaluative processes of an educational nature in the constitution of professional teaching identities and the relevance of the reported link between subject and evaluator subject to processes of identity negotiation / O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar possíveis relações entre processos avaliativos desenvolvidos no espaço escolar e a constituição de identidades profissionais docentes. Tem como objetivo específico identificar práticas avaliativas que produzam maior grau de legitimidade e reconhecimento por parte do sujeito professor, o que, por sua vez, pode contribuir com os processos de negociação identitária. O trabalho de análise dos dados orienta-se em uma perspectiva qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi feita em duas instituições particulares da cidade de São Paulo. As instituições escolhidas têm formalizado em suas práticas um trabalho de avaliação institucional, que contempla três pilares: o da avaliação da estrutura e funcionamento escolar, o da avaliação de desempenho dos educadores (docentes, gestores e funcionários) e o da avaliação da aprendizagem dos alunos. Seis sujeitos foram entrevistados, sendo: dois coordenadores pedagógicos e quatro docentes da Educação Básica. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com os professores e coordenadores pedagógicos, para posterior transcrição. Os roteiros de entrevista se caracterizaram como semi-estruturados e foram formulados para os professores, que se colocaram numa posição de avaliados e para os coordenadores, que são aqueles que, nessa relação, geralmente, assumem o papel de avaliadores. O trabalho de coleta ocorreu da seguinte forma: o coordenador indicou, a seu juízo, dois professores da mesma instituição para a realização da entrevista, um que mais se identificou com a proposta da escola e outro que menos se identificou com a proposta da escola. Para o trabalho de análise dos dados foram utilizadas seis categorias. São elas: escolha dos sujeitos; práticas avaliativas desenvolvidas na instituição X práticas que contribuiram com o crescimento profissional docente; critérios de avaliação; critérios para a atribuição dos julgamentos; recusas e estratégias de negociação; grau de legitimidade. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para alguns aspectos: a avaliação de caráter formativo foi indicada pelos professores como aquela que mais contribuiu com o crescimento profissional; as escolas pesquisadas não reverteram os dados obtidos nas avaliações de professores em processos de formação; a falta de participação dos professores na definição dos critérios de avaliação interferiu na clareza dos mesmos em relação ao que é esperado pela instituição como qualidade docente ; o vínculo que os professores estabeleceram com o avaliador favoreceu a aceitação dos julgamentos proferidos em situações de avaliação; a relação de parceria que o sujeito avaliado estabeleceu com o sujeito avaliador garantiu maior legitimidade aos processos avaliativos. O presente trabalho evidencia a importância dos processos avaliativos de natureza educativa no processo de constituição das identidades profissionais docentes e a relevância do vínculo entre sujeito avaliado e sujeito avaliador para os processos de negociação identitária
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