Theodor Adorno’s view of Arnold Schoenberg can be seen in light of his criticism of Immanuel Kant. Critiquing Kant’s concept of Enlightenment and his dualist philosophy, Adorno also critiques common misconceptions about Kant's work in bourgeois society. Similarly, in Schoenberg's oeuvre Adorno finds radical musical creation but also a reversion to formulaic composition in its reception by Richard Hill among others. In both Kant and Schoenberg, Adorno identifies a tripartite movement: (1) A radical work (philosophical or musical) is created by a member of bourgeois society. (2) The work adopts the function of a societal critique. (3) However, bourgeois society is incapable of understanding the work as critique and erases its radical nature. Seen in light of Adorno's thought, the thesis explores the transactional nature of idea production and reception in society.

Composition for Arnold Schoenberg is a comprehensible presentation of a musical idea (musikalische Gedanke); the totality of a piece represents the idea. For tonal works, he defines Gedanke as a process of resolving the "tonal relation" or "tonal problem." Contrary to the numerous tonal examples illustrating the notion of Gedanke, Schoenberg hardly expounds on the Gedanke principle for his atonal and twelve-tone repertoires. This study reevaluates Schoenberg's compositional philosophy and aesthetics including Gedanke, comprehensibility, Grundgestalt, and developing variation in light of his compositional practices in Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielszene, Op. 34. Although Schoenberg denies the existence of a tonal problem and hierarchy among pitches in twelve-tone compositions, the registral placement found in Op. 34 indicates certain functionality assigned to each pitch-class, producing a sense of "departure and return." The approach here elucidates the "idea" of Op. 34, in which the large-scale formal organization unfolds through contextually emphasized tonal relations. This study also explores Schoenberg's concept of the multi-dimensional presentation of a musical idea. Even though Schoenberg's discussion of musical coherence is usually limited to the immediate musical surface, I believe that he was also aware of an extended realization of foreground motives in the sense of Heinrich Schenker's "concealed motivic repetition." This analysis of Op. 34 demonstrates how the enlargement of a surface motive facilitates an understanding of the relation between the parts and the whole, which is perceived as the totality of Gedanke.

This dissertation investigates how German-language critics articulated and publicly negotiated ideas about music and expressionism in the first five years after World War I. A close reading of largely unexplored primary sources reveals that "musical expressionism" was originally conceived as an intrinsically musical matter rather than as a stylistic analog to expressionism in other art forms, and thus as especially relevant to purely instrumental rather than vocal and stage genres. By focusing on critical reception of an unlikely group of instrumental chamber works, I elucidate how the acts of performing, listening to, and evaluating "expressionist" music were enmeshed in the complexities of a politicized public concert life in the immediate postwar period. The opening chapters establish broad music-aesthetic and sociopolitical contexts for critics' postwar discussions of "musical expressionism." After the first, introductory chapter, Chapter 2 traces how art and literary critics came to position music as the most expressionist of the arts based on nineteenth-century ideas about the apparently unique ontology of music. Chapter 3 considers how this conception of expressionism led progressive-minded music critics to interpret expressionist music as the next step in the historical development of absolute music. These critics strategically—and controversially—portrayed Schoenberg's "atonal" polyphony as a legitimate revival of "linear" polyphony in fugues by Bach and late Beethoven. Chapter 4 then situates critical debates about the musical and cultural value of expressionism within broader struggles to construct narratives that would explain Germany's traumatic defeat in the Great War and abrupt restructuring as a fragile democratic republic. Against this backdrop, the later chapters explore critics' responses to public performances of specific "expressionist" chamber works. Chapter 5 traces reactions to a provocative performance of Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, op. 9 (1906) at the Berlin Volksbühne in February 1920. Chapter 6 examines the interplay of musical-aesthetic and sociopolitical issues in critical reception of several postwar concerts that juxtaposed Schoenberg's "expressionist" Chamber Symphony with Franz Schreker's "impressionist" Chamber Symphony (1916). Chapter 7 considers how critics situated performances of Alexander Zemlinsky's Second String Quartet, op. 15 (1916) in relation to ideas about "expressionism" in music. Finally, Chapter 8 considers critical reception of performances of Béla Bartók's Second String Quartet, op. 17 (1917) in the context of two concert series sponsored by "expressionist" journals: the Anbruch-Abende in Vienna (1918) and the Melos-Abende in Berlin (1922 and 1923). Each of these final chapters uses contemporary criticism as a vehicle for a close reading of the relevant musical work, resulting in a portrait of "expressionist" music that is both contextually and musically nuanced.

Johann Nepomuk Davids Variationen über ein Werk von Johann Sebastian Bach, Werk 29a, werden auf ihre formale Disposition, auf die Variationstechnik und die spezielle Modulationstechnik hin untersucht. Das Werk wird vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen analysiert, die der Komponist aus seiner Begegnung mit innovativen musikalischen Erfindungen in der Zeit um 1920 gewonnen hatte.

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Arbetets fokus är på atonalitet och tonalitet och hur dessa tonspråk påverkar fyra individer med en musikutbildning känslomässigt. Frågeställningens bakgrund består av tre grundparametrar som belyser känslor, tonal och atonal musik samt hur olika tonspråk tolkas till visuell media. En audiovisuell artefakt har skapats bestående av två olika kompositioner; en atonal och en tonal komposition som sedan har synkroniserats med en egen producerad kortfilm. Undersökningen har sedan genomförts med ett test där fyra respondenter fick lyssna och titta på den audivisuella artefakten. Detta test följdes sedan upp med en semi-strukturerad intervju som behandlade de fyra respondenternas upplevda känslor och deras förhållande till känslospektrumet; ångest, spänning och oförmågan av att slappna av. Utifrån resultatet av undersökningen påvisades en skillnad i upplevda känslospektrum mellan den respondent som besatt en erfarenhet och en vana av atonal musik och de övriga respondenterna. Det intressanta i denna upptäckt handlar om möjligheten att det inte är utbildning i sig som är avgörande för hur olika individer tolkar olika tonspråk, utan att en väg för att uppskatta atonal musik är en kombination av erfarenhet, vana och utbildning, för att kunna skapa en förmåga att se bortom generella stereotyper för musik. I en framtida och mer omfattande undersökning skulle ett fokus kunna läggas på de centrala begreppen erfarenhet och vana inom målgruppen utbildade; för att undersöka närmare om dessa upptäckter stämmer eller om det är tillfälligheter för denna studies resultat. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

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Examensarbetets syfte är att undersöka vad Kultur på recept för långtidssjukskrivna personer kan betyda för individen och samhället, samt vilken kultursyn som genomsyrar projektidén. Frågeställningarna diskuteras via två kanaler: ljud och akademisk text. Ljudproduktionen, som bör lyssnas på innan uppsatsen läses, är nyfiket undrande medan den akademiska uppsatsen är mer kritiskt analyserande. De båda är lika ”sanningsbärande” trots att de ska förmedla olika känslor, insikter och frågor hos mottagaren. Examensarbetets kvalitativa forskningsansats är grundad på reflexiva intervjuer, resultat från befintlig forskning samt kulturvetenskapliga litteraturstudier. Examensarbetets slutsatser är att många kan dra fördelar av Kultur på recept, inte minst staten, vården, individen och kultursektorn. ”Kulturuppfostran” sker i kulturelitens diskurs, kulturpedagogerna ger deltagarna ”rätt” analysverktyg. Kvalitetsbegreppets existens har flyttats från varan till sättet att konsumera. Kulturhegemonin skulle kunna ruckas en aning, men projektet signalerar att nyttiga kulturaktiviteter är de som leds av kulturpedagoger på kulturkodade platser (ej hemma). Kultur på recept är främst Livsstil på recept. / This thesis’ aim is to investigate the meanings that Culture on prescription for long-term sick-listed persons may have for individuals and society as well as to take a look at the perspective taken on culture shored up by the project idea. This is done in two ways: sound and academic text. The sound production, which should be listen to before reading the thesis, is curiously wondering, whilst the academic thesis takes a more critical analytical stance. Both constitute equally valid perspectives, despite them conveying different feelings, insights and questions. The thesis’ qualitative point of departure is rooted in reflexive interviews, results of the extant research on the topic as well as in a literature review within the field of Culture Studies. The thesis’ conclusions are that many stakeholders may benefit from Culture on Prescription, not least the state, the health sector, the individual, and the cultural sector. Cultural breeding takes place within a discourse of the cultural élite, with cultural pedagogues providing participants with the ‘right’ analytical tools. The meaning of quality has moved from the product to the way of consume the product. The cultural hegemony could partly be superseded, but the project signals that beneficial cultural activities are this which are led by cultural pedagogues and in culture-coded places (not at home). Culture on prescription is mainly Lifestyle on prescription.

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