This thesis focuses on the sale of a painting titled Portrait of Edmond de Belamy, a portrait produced by an artificial intelligence, at Christie’s auction house in New York in October 2018. The piece was created by the collective Obvious Art using the AI system Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). An art piece of this genre has never before been presented at a prestigious institution such as Christie’s. The purpose of the study is to estimate the importance of this auctioning for the Art world, based on textual analysis. Firstly, the essay will consider written articles processing the event of the auctioning by using a discourse analytic method. Secondly, the thesis will place the event into a context of art concepts, where Arthur Danto’s theories of the institutional art theory and George Dickie’s reasoning about the conferred status of art are particularly important. In addition, Stephen Davies’ theory of the concept of authority is equally essential in this part of the study. This part of the thesis also considers the historical event when Marcel Duchamp presented the urinal Fountain as art in the early 1900s. Finally, Portrait of Edmond de Belamy is analyzed using Heinrich Wölfflin’s formal analytical method. In the final discussion all parts of the study are merged, and it is argued that the sale of Portrait of Edmond de Belamy may represent a milestone for the art world, the art history and, in particular, for the AI art genre. Since Christie’s has the authority to confer art status upon objects and, based on the act of doing so regarding Portrait of Edmond de Belamy, one can see a clear change in the art history when an AI art is presented as an important piece in the art scene. On the other hand, it is also argued that it is far too early to predict what impact the auctioning will have for the future of the art history as the event is still imminent.

Over the last sixty years, overtly intertextual poems with titles such as “Poem Beginning with a Line by John Ashbery” and “Poem Ending with a Line by George W. Bush” have been appearing at an increasing rate in magazines and collections. These poems wed themselves to other texts and authors in distinct ways, inviting readers to engage with poems which are, themselves, in conversation with lines from elsewhere. These poems, which I refer to as “apprompted” poems, explicitly challenge readers to investigate the intertextual conversation, and in doing so, they adopt inherent risks. My thesis will chart the various effects these poems can have for readers and the consequences they may hold for the texts from which they borrow. Literary critics such as Harold Bloom and J. H. Miller have described the act of borrowing as competitive and parasitic—“agon” is Bloom’s term for what he sees as the oedipal anxiety of poets and poets’ texts to their antecedents, but an investigation of this emerging genre in terms of linguistic pragmatics shows that apprompted poems are performing a wider range of acts in relation to their predecessors. Unlike Bloom’s theory, which interprets the impulse of poetic creation through psychoanalysis, I employ linguistic terms from Brown and Levinson’s linguistic Politeness theory to analyze apprompted poems as conversational speech events. Politeness theory provides a useful analysis of these poems by documenting the weight of threats to the positive and negative “faces” of the participants in each poetic conversation. I have documented these “face-threatening-acts” and used them to divide apprompted poems into five major speech events: satire, revision, promotion, pastiche, and ecclesiastic. Ultimately, this paper serves at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics, as I suggest a theoretical approach to the interpretation and criticism of apprompted poems by way of linguistic pragmatics.

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<p dir="ltr">The study aims to provide insight into improving the understanding and, in tandem, appreciation of a traditional art piece, the "Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" made by Georges Seurat, using virtual reality.</p>

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / It has been said that anthropology operates in “liminal spaces” which can be defined as “spaces between disciplines”. This study will explore the space where the fields of art and anthropology meet in order to discover the epistemological and representational challenges that arise from this encounter. The common ground on which art and anthropology engage can be defined in terms of their observational and knowledge producing practices. Both art and anthropology rely on observational skills and varying forms of visual literacy to collect and represent data. Anthropologists represent their data mostly in written form by means of ethnographic accounts, and artists represent their findings by means of imaginative artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, filmmaking and music. Following the so-called ‘ethnographic turn’, contemporary artists have adopted an ‘anthropological’ gaze, including methodologies, such as fieldwork, in their appropriation of other cultures. Anthropologists, on the other hand, in the wake of the ‘writing culture’ critique of the 1980s, are starting to explore new forms of visual research and representational practices that go beyond written texts.

Quais as relações entre as artes visuais e a cidade? Como isto ocorre especialmente na América Latina? Como podemos situar conceitualmente o lugar deste fenômeno artístico no panorama geral da arte contemporânea? Essas questões pontuam as preocupações basilares deste trabalho, que aborda os inúmeros aspectos da nova arte urbana a partir de um estudo comparativo entre São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Utilizando o conceito de \"cidades-suporte\", que remonta à origem do termo \"suporte\" nas artes e sua ligação com a materialidade da obra, a pesquisa está ancorada em um corpus teórico multidisciplinar. A proposta é analisar o caráter simbólico da cidade e a relação da nova arte urbana com os campos da História, da Teoria e da Crítica da Arte, e sua condição frente às problemáticas apresentadas pela arte contemporânea. Sobretudo, procura-se enfatizar que a arte realizada no suporte da cidade reafirma o caráter presencial e transformador da experiência estética. / What are the relationships between visual arts and the city? How is it like in Latin America? How can we identify conceptually the place of such artistic phenomenon in the general panorama of the contemporary art? Such issues underlie the fundamental purposes of this work which approach the countless aspects of the new urban art from a comparative study between Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires. Using the concept of \"cities-support\" which traces back the origin of the term \"support\" in the arts and its link with the materiality of the work, the research is anchored in a multidisciplinary theoretical corpus. The proposal is to analyze the symbolic character of the city and the relationship of the new urban art with the fields of History, Critical Art Theory and its condition before the problematical scenario exhibited by the contemporary art. Above all, it is intended to point out that the achieved art in the city support reaffirms the concrete character and changing of the aesthetic experience.

Inspirado em ares toscanos, inflamado por fontes antigas e cingido por ruínas romanas, Leon Battista Alberti compõe, em letras latinas, uma doutrina moderna do belo semeada nos tratados das Artes. Nela, a beleza esplende em pulchritudo e ornamentum: aquela, harmonia proporcional das partes de um corpo que não admite acréscimos ou subtrações ou alterações, é qualidade inerente; este, aderente à figura, é luz auxiliar e pulcro complemento. Evocando a Retórica de Cícero e Quintiliano, e avocando vêneras metáforas, orgânicas, a preceptiva albertiana, ao fundir noções de decorum e aptum e acomodar esteses e motivações éticas, supera a separação entre estrutura e ornamento, atenuando a idéia de uma beleza emersa tão-só de relação proporcional, a encerrar modernas oposições entre ornatus e utilitas. / Inspired in tuscan airs, inflamed by ancient sources and girded by Roman ruins, Leon Battista Alberti composes, in latin letters, a modern doctrine of beauty sowed upon the treatises on the Arts. In that, beauty glares in pulchritudo and ornamentum: the former, proportional harmony of the parts within a body that does not accepts additions or subtractions or alterations, is inherent quality; the latter, adherent to the figure, is auxiliary light and fair complement. Evoking the rhetoric of Cicero and Quintilian, and invoking comely, organic, metaphors, the albertian precepts, by fusing the notions of decorum and aptum and accommodating aesthethical principles and ethical motivations, surpasses the separation between structure and ornament, attenuating the idea of a beauty only emerged from proportional relation, ending modern oppositions between ornatus and utilitas.

Daniel Arasse pratique une histoire de l’art qui pose plusieurs problèmes de définition et de théorie. Sa réflexion méthodologique est inséparable de l’interprétation des œuvres et n’a jamais été isolée dans un écrit spécifique. Chaque œuvre est conçue comme un problème qui oriente le choix d’outils interprétatifs adéquats. Comment s’équilibrent alors, dans le regard arassien, la vision des œuvres et les savoirs de l’historien ? Notre thèse se confronte à cette question. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à la formation de l’historien qui, issu des lettres classiques, est introduit à l’histoire de l’art par André Chastel. La deuxième partie se penche sur le dialogue avec les œuvres et les artistes. La réflexion dialogique imprime sa dynamique originale sur la pratique de l’historien ; menée in vivo à l’Institut français de Florence, qu’Arasse dirige de 1982 à 1989, elle est le fil d’Ariane de ses monographies et de l’Annonciation italienne. Deux confrontations importantes participent à l’élaboration de sa démarche : celle avec l’iconologie panofskyenne et celle avec Louis Marin et Hubert Damisch sur la question de l’opacité de la peinture et l’objet théorique. La troisième et dernière partie met en évidence une théorie du regard et de l’art spécifique, à travers l’étude du Détail et du Sujet dans le tableau, ouvrages qui proposent une refonte de la discipline. La thèse se termine sur une proposition d’outils théoriques (plaisir, écart, anachronisme, écriture), de procédés et de principes de méthode (singularité, évidence, subjectivité, connaissance) qui ouvrent sur une application possible du savoir faire voir singulier et original de Daniel Arasse. / Daniel Arasse’s practice of art history raises several theoretical and terminological issues. Arasse’s methodological thinking is not the explicit subject of any of his texts; it is always inseparable from the interpretation of artworks. The latter, understood as problems to solve, dictate the choice of interpretative tools applied to them. My dissertation discusses the balance between seeing and knowing in the Arassian gaze. Its first part traces the art historian’s education, literary at first and then, following the encounter with André Chastel, more specifically art historical. The second part studies Arasse’s monographic and thematic publications from a dialogical viewpoint: indeed, exchange, dispute, discussion and dialogical thought in general are mainstays of Arasse’s work. They are at the centre of his years as director of the French Institute in Florence, from 1982 to 1989, and remain fundamental in his monographs and in L’Annonciation italienne. This section ends with the two principal discussions in which Arasse was involved and that contributed to the elaboration of his singular art historical voice: on the one hand, the confrontation with Panofskian iconology, and on the other, the discussion with Louis Marin and Hubert Damisch concerning painting’s opacity and the theoretical object. The third and last part of the dissertation singles out Arasse’s theory of art and of the act of looking, through a reading of "Le Détail" and "Le Sujet dans le tableau", two books that propose a revision of the discipline of art history and its methods. The dissertation terminates with an inventory of tools (pleasure, gaps, anachronism, ways of writing), of procedures and of methodological principles (singularity, evidence, subjectivity, knowledge) that are instrumental for any possible future implementation of Arasse’s singular savoir faire voir, the knowledge of making things come to vision.

La thèse étudie les enjeux politiques et artistiques de la scène de bataille dans la peinture monumentale au XVIe siècle en Italie, avant que la représentation de la guerre ne présente une distinction entre peinture d’histoire pour les faits anciens et peinture historique pour les faits contemporains, selon les catégories artistiques qui s’affirment au cours du XVIIe siècle. C’est pourquoi notre étude ne propose pas une histoire de la scène de bataille mais une enquête au sujet de compositions singulières, sur les problématiques politiques, idéologiques, esthétiques et culturelles qui les traversent. Si l’hétérogénéité artistique du corpus et la fragmentation politique de la péninsule ont favorisé des approches monographiques, l’apparition de contextes historiques et thématiques, où les scènes de bataille s’inscrivent dans des ambitions analogues a conduit à adopter une perspective comparée, où les œuvres sont considérées en dialogue – deux à deux, par cycle ou par typologie – autour d’enjeux politiques et formels communs. Après 1500, plusieurs commandes majeures passées par les principales puissances italiennes donnent une monumentalité nouvelle à la bataille dans l’iconographie politique. Dans le contexte d’urgence des guerres d’Italie, la peinture de l’histoire des faits passés est investie de l’espoir d’une efficace politique, à laquelle l’évolution mimétique et expressive dans laquelle est engagée la peinture italienne peut répondre. Les batailles inachevées de Léonard et Michel-Ange adoptent un traitement rhétorique de l’histoire, qui engage le spectateur dans une narration qui se déploie autour des émotions des personnages en action. Par le traitement des figures et l’intelligence de la composition d’ensemble, les batailles de Léonard de Vinci, Michel-Ange puis celles de Raphaël et Titien deviennent des exemples paradigmatiques, qui marquent les prémices de la scène de bataille comme forme politico-artistique, mettant la noblesse et l’ambition de l’art de peindre au service de l’expression du pouvoir. Les compositions ponctuelles du début du XVIe siècle laissent place dans la seconde moitié du siècle à une extension du thème militaire dans les décors palatiaux. L’orientation du programme iconographique détermine alors les problématiques politiques et iconographiques des peintures. Dans les cycles dynastiques, la corrélation entre la généalogie et l’histoire conduit à associer étroitement le récit de l’événement à l’action du personnage ; les dispositifs d’héroïsation individuelle coexistent alors avec les procédés d’historicisation de l’épisode. Dans les décors d’État, la multiplication des scènes de bataille affiche la puissance militaire comme fondement de la souveraineté de l’État moderne. À Florence et à Venise, la représentation de la guerre prend un caractère encyclopédique, venu de l’humanisme militaire, qui témoigne de la centralité de la maîtrise de ces savoirs pour le gouvernement de l’État. Un dernier temps, consacré aux représentations monumentales de la bataille de Lépante, à Venise et à Rome, envisage l’émergence de problématiques spécifiques à la représentation de la bataille contemporaine. L’actualité de l’événement impose une exigence de documentation poussée dans la représentation historique de son déroulement. Les peintres proposent alors des expérimentations dans le langage artistique employé pour figurer la bataille et introduisent parfois un dialogue avec les formes descriptives ou schématiques de représentation de la guerre, pour répondre à cette ambition documentaire. Les scènes de batailles du XVIe siècle italien s’inscrivent ainsi au croisement de l’évolution de la culture de la guerre de la Renaissance, marquée par le début de la « Révolution militaire », et de celle de la théorie artistique, où apparaît progressivement une rationalisation de la manière de raconter l’histoire. / This thesis focuses on the political and artistic dimensions of battle scenes in 16th-century Italian monumental painting, at a time when the depiction of war had yet to develop a distinction between two forms of the depiction of history, history painting treating past events and historical painting focused on contemporary events, according to artistic categories established during the 17th century. Thus this work does not offer a history of the battle scene itself, but an enquiry on specific compositions, trying to ascertain the political, ideological, aesthetic and cultural issues that inform them. Although the artistic heterogeneity of the corpus and the political fragmentation of the Italian peninsula have encouraged previous studies to follow a monographical approach, the apparition of historically and thematically similar contexts in which various battle scenes answer analogous ambitions has led us to adopt a comparative methodology, which attempts to develop a dialogue between pairs, series or types of works, linked by common political and formal objectives. Starting from 1500, a series of major orders placed by the main political powers in Italy embued battle scenes with a new monumental dimension within political iconography. In the urgency of the context of the Italian Wars, the depiction of past historical events was invested with the hope of real political efficacy, to which the mimetic and expressive evolution of Italian painting was now able to respond. The battle scenes left unfinished by Leonardo and Michelangelo adopted a rhetorical treatment of history which involved the viewer into a narrative centred around the emotions of the characters during the action. By virtue of their treatment of figures and their complex narrative articulation, Leonardo’s and Michelangelo’s battle scenes, and later Raphaël’s and Titian’s, acquired paradigmatic status, and paved the way for the establishment of the battle scene as a political-aesthetical form, making the nobility and ambition of artistic endeavour subservient to the expression of power. Sporadic compositions of the beginning of the 16th century were followed, during the second half of that century, by an extension of military themes in palace decoration. The political and iconographic objectives of paintings was therefore determined by the orientation of the iconographic programme of the whole room. In dynastic painting cycles, the correlation between genealogy and history led the artist to closely associate the depiction of the event to the actions of the character, so that devices of individual glorification coexisted with devices historicizing the episode. In state ornamentation, the multiplication of battle scenes showcased military might as the basis for the sovereignty of the modern State. In Florence and Venice, the depiction of war received from military humanism an encyclopaedic dimension which illustrated the central role played by the mastery of these forms of knowledge in the administration of the State. The last part of this study, which focuses on the monumental representations of the Battle of Lepanto in Venice and Rome, describes the emergence of problems that are specific to the depiction of contemporary battles. The immediacy of the event demanded from the historical depiction of the unfolding of the event an advanced documentary quality. The artists had to develop new experiments in the aesthetic idiom used to represent the battle, sometimes in dialogue with more descriptive or schematic depictions of warfare. 16th-century Italian battle scenes thus find themselves at a crossroad between the evolution of warfare during the Renaissance, characterised by the beginnings of the « Military Revolution », and the evolution of aesthetic theory, defined by an increasing rationalisation in the way history is depicted.

The Role of Youth Arts: Providing Opportunity and Intervention for At-Risk Populations considers the positive outcomes of arts experiences during childhood and adolescence. The benefits of arts education include cognitive, social, and emotional growth. The arts are also seen to improve student learning, achievement, and engagement on many levels. Childhood arts participation directly affects adult arts engagement in which individuals gain the cultural capital that allows for social ascent. As well as being a means for opportunity, art can be used as a means of intervention for at-risk youth populations. Through art, children and teens find meaning, belonging, and success that they lack in other areas. This work will discuss my role developing an activity for an at-risk youth program called PATROL, that partners Johnson City police officers with children from local housing authorities. The programs teaches positive actions and decision making while offering support and mentorship for the youth participants.