Copyright contractual law consist of rules that regulate contracts within copyright law. One of the main characteristics of copyright contracts is that they are often characterised by differences in bargaining power between the parties. The weak position of authors has therefore become the subject of mandatory legislation in various respects. Recently, Article 20 of the Directive (EU) 2019/790 (DSM-Directive) incorporated such a rule. This article provides authors with a right to additional, appropriate and fair remuneratiom after the conclusion of the contract if their remuneration proves to be disproportionately low. That is, a right to obtain post-contractual remuneration through mandatory legislation. It is in theory possible to also achieve similar results by applying Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act. This paper will examine both of these rules. This constitutes an interesting area of law, but the detailed applications of the rules are still understudied. This paper therefore aims to take a holistic approach to the possibility for authors to obtain additional post-contractual remuneration through mandatory legislation. The study identifies several problems and ambiguities in the application and proposes solutions to these issues. The conclusion was that the requirements for applying Article 20 are generally to be seen as lower than Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act, while in theory it should also lead to higher remuneration for authors. However, Section 36 of the Copyright Act can be applied to a wider range of cases and to some extent addresses other circumstances. The addition of article 20 has either way improved authors right to remuneration as well as bargaining power. However, some of the other issues that authors face during the contract negotiations were not solved through the directive.

AFRIKAANS : Artikel 30 (1) van die Suid-Afrikaanse Skolewet (Wet 84 van 1996) bepaal dat skoolbeheerliggame van openbare skole die reg het om finansiële komitees in die lewe te roep wat die daaglikse bestuur van finansies in hul skole behartig. Individue wat dien op finansiële komitees van skoolbeheerliggame moet waarskynlik finansieël kundig wees om skoolfonds korrek te kan bestuur. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer met die doel om die volgende vrae te beantwoord: hoe bevoeg is finansiële komitees ten opsigte van finansiële vaardighede; op watter kennis steun finansiële komitees in hul finansiële besluitneming; en watter verband is daar tussen die skole se finansiële posisie en die finansiële kennis / opleiding van die finansiële komitees? Ten einde bogenoemde vrae te beantwoord het ek gebruik gemaak van ’n kombinasie van kwantitatiewe- en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes om data te verkwantifiseer en te vergelyk, sowel as om kwalitatiewe interpretasies te maak. ’n Semi-gestruktureerde vraelys is vir hierdie doel ontwerp en versprei onder die respondente van 20 openbare skole in die Ekurhuleni–Noord Distrik ( Gauteng). ENGLISH : Section 30 (1) of the South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996) state that School Governing Body of a public school do have the right to establish a Finance Committee to assist the school in managing it’s finances on a daily basis. It is surely recommended that individuals serving on these committees must have some form of financial knowledge or background. This study was conducted in order to get answers to the following questions: how equipped are Finance Committees with regard to financial skills; on what type of knowledge do Finance Committee members rely in their decision making; is there a connection between the financial state of the school and the financial knowledge / training of the Finance Committee? A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to gather quantitative and qualitative data from 20 public schools in the Ekurhuleni North District (Gauteng) in this regard. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

As a company is a juristic person it can only act through human agency. A question that arises because of this fact is under what circumstances a company can be held to a contract by a third party where its representative was unauthorised to enter into such contract. There should be a careful weighing and balancing of the interests of the shareholders and the company on the one hand and the contracting third party on the other. It is further important to have legal certainty on the validity and enforceability of contracts concluded by and with companies as the absence of certainty can hamper business dealings with companies which would have an impact on the economy. The common-law principles of agency form the foundation upon which representation within the context of company law takes place. The law of agency has been adapted in the context of company law to satisfy the unique needs that have originated in this regard. One such adaptation is the creation of the Turquand rule by the English courts which rule was taken over by the South African courts. One of the primary reasons for creating the Turquand rule was due to the harsh effect that the common-law doctrine of constructive notice had on third parties dealing with a company. In this study an examination of the current legal position regarding representation of a company in South Africa was undertaken. The history and development of the common-law principles of agency and doctrines that are unique to representation in a company law context are analysed and the relevant sections of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are discussed. The integration of the common-law principles with the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is considered and recommendations are made in respect thereof. In support of the analysis, a comparative study was undertaken of the history and development of this subject matter in England. It was concluded that South African company law, with all its shortcomings and uncertainties is still to be preferred above the position in England. / Aangesien ‘n maatskappy ‘n regspersoon is, kan dit slegs deur middel van natuurlike persone as agente optree. ‘n Vraag wat as gevolg van hierdie feit ontstaan is onder watter omstandighede ‘n maatskappy deur ‘n derde party gebonde gehou kan word aan ‘n kontrak waar die maatskappy se verteenwoordiger nie gemagtig was om die kontrak aan te gaan nie. Daar behoort ‘n versigtige afweging te wees tussen die belange van die maatskappy en sy aandeelhouers aan die een kant en ‘n derde party wat met die maatskappy kontrakteer aan die ander kant. Dit is verder belangrik om regsekerheid te hê oor die geldigheid en afdwingbaarheid van kontrakte wat met maatskappye aangegaan word aangesien die afwesigheid daarvan besigheidsverkeer met maatskappye kan kortwiek wat ‘n impak op die ekonomie tot gevolg sal hê. Die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging vorm die basis waarop verteenwoordiging binne die konteks van maatskappyereg plaasvind. Verteenwoordigingsreg is aangepas binne die konteks van maatskappye om voorsiening te maak vir die unieke behoeftes wat in hierdie verband ontstaan het. Een sodanige aanpassing is die skepping van die Turquand reël deur die Engelse howe, welke reël deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe oorgeneem is. Een van die hoofredes vir die skepping van die Turquand reël is die onregverdige uitwerking wat die gemeenregtelike leerstuk van toegerekende kennis op derde partye gehad het wat met ‘n maatskappy onderhandel. ‘n Studie van die huidige regsposisie rakende verteenwoordiging van ‘n maatskappy in Suid-Afrika is hierin gedoen. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging en leerstukke eie aan verteenwoordiging in die konteks van maatskappyereg is geanaliseer. Die betrokke artikels van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word bespreek. Die integrasie van hierdie gemeenregtelike beginsels met die betrokke bepalings van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 is oorweeg en aanbevelings in verband daarmee gemaak. Ter ondersteuning van die analise is ‘n vergelykende studie van die gekiedenis en ontwikkeling van hierdie onderwerp in Engeland onderneem. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg, met al sy tekortkominge en onsekerhede nogsteeds bo die posisie in Engeland te verkies is. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.