No cenário da pesca artesanal nacional, a garantia de acesso aos territórios pesqueiros e a construção de cadeias produtivas que valorizem ao mesmo tempo o pescado e o pescador são condições que podem ser atingidas através da organização cooperativa da produção e das comunidades. O presente trabalho se pautou nas abordagens teórico-metodológicas da ação coletiva e da gestão compartilhada dos recursos de uso comum para analisar a trajetória de duas cooperativas em comunidades tradicionais pesqueiras no Brasil: a Cooperativa dos Pescadores Artesanais de Carutapera, no litoral das reentrâncias no Maranhão, e a Cooperativa dos Produtores de Ostra de Cananéia, no litoral sul de São Paulo. Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento de dados secundários, observação direta dos fatos e fenômenos, contato com atores chave para fornecer dados e análise contextual dos estudos de caso. Os territórios onde se encontram cada uma das cooperativas foram descritos de acordo com os aspectos demográficos, sociais, econômicos e ambientais, servindo como ponto de partida para a compreensão do estado atual das áreas de estudo. As trajetórias das ações coletivas que levaram à criação das cooperativas foram sistematizadas em uma perspectiva histórica, separadas por fases e elencados os principais acontecimentos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do cooperativismo local. A análise desses dados permitiu inferir quais foram as dinâmicas chave na promoção da ação conjunta e coordenada entre os indivíduos. As cadeias produtivas locais foram descritas e as relações sociais de produção que regem os aspectos de mercado nessas cooperativas foram identificadas, assim como as bases de conhecimento tradicionais e ecológicos em que ocorre a produção nos sistemas pesqueiros. Por fim, descreveram-se as áreas de uso comum utilizadas pela pesca e maricultura artesanal e o funcionamento dos regimes de propriedade empregados na gestão desses territórios. A realização dessa pesquisa possibilitou a contraposição entre os dados de ambos estudos de casos em uma perspectiva de identificação de padrões semelhantes e divergentes entre as cooperativas estudadas. As principais contribuições foram no sentido de que é preciso atentar-se ao contexto que impulsiona o empreendimento das ações coletivas que almejam melhores condições de vida para as comunidades, buscando identificar as lideranças em potencial, os motivos que fazem com que as pessoas cooperem entre si e os mecanismos que mantêm a confiança entre os indivíduos, que por sua vez leva à retroalimentação desse ciclo solidário tecido nos atributos socioecológicos e em valores como a reciprocidade. / In the context of the Brazilian artisanal fishery, the assurance of access to fishing territories and the development of value chains that consider both fish and fisherman are conditions that can be achieved through cooperative organization of production and communities. This work is based on the theoretical-methodological approaches of the collective actions and the shared management of common-use resources, especially marine resources. That background was used to analyze the historical trajectory of two cooperatives in traditional fishing communities in Brazil: the Cooperative of Artisanal Fishermen of Carutapera, in the indentation of the coastline in Maranhão State, and the Cooperative of Oyster Producers of Cananeia, in the South coastline of São Paulo State. The following methodological proceedings were carried: literature review, secondary data collection, direct observation of facts and phenomena, contact with stakeholders for the provision of data and analysis of the study cases context. The territories where each cooperative are located were described according to demographical, social, economical and environmental aspects, as a starter for the understanding of the current state of the study areas. The trajectory of the collective action that had led to the creation of the cooperatives were organized in a historical perspective, separated by phases, and it was listed/organized according by the main events that had contributed to the development of local cooperatives. The analysis of the data allowed the inference of what were the facts and key phenomena in promoting of the joint and coordinated action among individuals. The local value chain was described, and the social relations of production that deal with the market aspects in these cooperatives, were also identified as well as the traditional and ecological knowledge in what had occurred the production in the fishery systems. Finally, it was described the common areas used for fishing and artisanal mariculture, and how the property regimes employed works in the management of these territories. The realization of this research allowed the opposition between the data from both case studies in an identification prospect of similar and divergent patterns between the studied cooperatives. The main contributions were to the effect that it is necessary to pay attention to the context that drives the development of collective actions. When aimed to better living conditions for the communities, it needs to identify potential leaders, the reasons that make people cooperate with each other and the mechanisms that maintain trust between individuals, which in turn leads to feedback that solidarity cycle fabric on values such as reciprocity.

O queijo Minas artesanal, produzido a partir de leite cru, oferece riscos à saúde do consumidor quando não são adotados procedimentos que garantem a segurança do alimento na sua cadeia de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar aspectos culturais e higiênico-sanitários envolvidos na produção do queijo Minas artesanal produzido na região da Serra da Canastra, a fim de verificar a compatibilidade entre conceitos técnico-científicos e valores culturais na fabricação desse alimento. A avaliação do cumprimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação foi realizada em dezoito estabelecimentos produtores de queijo Canastra, avaliados por meio de Lista de Verificação elaborada com base nos atos normativos vigentes no momento do estudo. A fim de complementar os resultados obtidos, amostras de queijos recém-fabricados foram coletadas em dezessete estabelecimentos, sendo realizadas análises para contagem de Coliformes a 35 ºC e Escherichia coli. A avaliação dos aspectos culturais envolvidos na produção foi realizada a partir de entrevista semi-estruturada com os produtores. A porcentagem de adequação aos atos normativos vigentes, referentes à produção de queijo Minas artesanal, variou de 29,3 a 83,0% entre as dezoito propriedades, sendo que 66,7% das unidades de produção se enquadraram na faixa de 0-50%. Os módulos da Lista de Verificação nos quais foram observados maiores índices de não conformidades foram: Controle Sanitário do Rebanho, Obtenção da matéria-prima, Higiene do estabelecimento e Higiene pessoal, indicando falta de conhecimento no que diz respeito às Boas Práticas de Fabricação. Detectou-se a presença de Coliformes a 35 ºC e E. coli em 94,1% e 82,3% das amostras, respectivamente, indicando falhas higiênico-sanitárias durante o processo. A tradição ligada ao queijo Canastra, apesar de se manter viva, corre riscos de desaparecimento, pois a maior parte dos filhos dos produtores não se interessa pela continuação da atividade. Além disso, a maturação, etapa que faz parte do saber-fazer tradicional, não é respeitada por 100% dos produtores, por motivos de interesse econômico e falta de conhecimento do consumidor. Em 72,2% das unidades produtoras, o queijo branco, não maturado, era o produto mais vendido. Observou-se que 94,4% dos estabelecimentos vendiam o produto para um intermediário, que determinava o valor do quilograma, impossibilitando a estipulação de preços mais rentáveis por parte do produtor. Ainda, o queijo representava o sustento de 94,4% das famílias entrevistadas. Concluiu-se que algumas exigências dos atos normativos vigentes não são compatíveis com a realidade dos produtores, além de trabalhos científicos relacionados ao tema não serem claros quanto aos parâmetros de segurança do processo. Para que os aspectos culturais e higiênico-sanitários sejam compatíveis na produção do queijo Canastra, torna-se necessária a integração entre o poder público, a ciência e os saberes e realidade locais. Os resultados obtidos servirão como incentivo e subsídio para a implementação de programas que visem à educação de todos os envolvidos na cadeia de produção desse alimento e a definição de alguns parâmetros do processo, para a garantia de um produto seguro, competitivo e valorizado por suas características tradicionais. / The artisanal Minas cheese, produced from raw milk, may present risks for human health when the procedures that guarantee food safety are not adopted along the food chain. The objective of this study was to analyze cultural and hygienic-sanitary aspects involved in the production process of an artisanal Minas cheese produced at Serra da Canastra region, in order to check if the technical-scientific and cultural values of its production can be matched. The evaluation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) was executed in eighteen establishments and performed by means of a Check-List based on the current normative acts. Aiming at complementing this evaluation, cheese samples which were recent-manufactured were collected in 17 establishments. Coliforms (35 ºC) and Escherichia coli were evaluated. The cultural aspects were analyzed with semi-structured interviews. The establishments\' adequacy levels to the procedures varied from 29.3 to 83.0%. The majority (66.7%) ranged from 0 to 50%. The modules of the Check-List in which there was a higher rate of unconformities were: Sanitary control of the herd, Obtaining the raw material, Hygiene of the establishment and Personal hygiene, indicating lack of knowledge regarding GMP. Coliforms (35 ºC) and E. coli were detected in 94.1 and 82.3% of the samples, respectively, indicating failures during the process. The Canastra cheese tradition, despite its presence, is in danger of disappearing, since most of the descendants are not interested in continuing the activity. Furthermore, the ripeness, an essential aspect of the traditional know-how, cannot be considered a respected procedure in 100% of the cases, for economic reasons and consumers\' ignorance. In 72.2% of the establishments, the raw cheese was the best selling product. It was noticed that 94.4% sold the cheese for the middleman, who determined the price of the kilogram, preventing the stipulation of better prices by the producer. Moreover, cheese manufacturing was the main income activity for 94.4% of the families that were interviewed. We concluded that some normative acts requirements are not compatible with the reality of the producers, besides, scientific studies related are not clear about the parameters of food safety. Therefore, public power, science and local know-how are necessary to conciliate the cultural and hygienic-sanitary aspects of this artisanal cheese. The results of this research may be an incentive and may support the deployment of programs focused on educating the personnel involved in the food chain and determining the process parameters, in order to guarantee a safe and competitive food, aside from being valorized for its traditional characteristics.

Worldwide, coral reefs are recognized as highly valuable ecosystems offering numerous environmental and economic services. In Saudi Arabia, the primary ecosystem service derived from coral reefs is the support of reef-based fisheries, accounting for ~75% of total fisheries landing in the kingdom. Saudi Arabian reefs experienced high fishing pressure for decades due to the growing population and associated fishing pressure. Despite the importance of the provisioning service there are limited ecosystem services valuations for this region. In the wake of a 2015 mass bleaching event, we quantified the effect of habitat degradation on the potential fisheries revenue in the central southern Red Sea. We conducted in situ reef fish surveys in 2014 and 2015 before the bleaching event and in 2019, nearly four years after the bleaching event. Using species-specific prices collected from local fish markets, we calculated values per hectare from multiple reefs in this region, to assess how the reef-based fishery was impacted by the bleaching event. A loss in live hard and soft coral cover was recorded after the bleaching event with associated shifts in the dominance of commercially important fish species. Notably, prior to bleaching, a larger proportion of the high value carnivorous species (70% carnivores, 25% herbivores) dominated the fish assemblage whereas post-bleaching reefs had a higher dominance of lower-valued herbivorous species (25% carnivores, 50% herbivores). While the total revenue was not significantly different before (7,913 USD/hectare) to after the bleaching event (6,814 USD/hectare), the loss of high value species observed suggests that if reefs continue to degrade there are potential negative flow-on effects impacting fisheries provisioning with time. Overall, an increasing percentage of live hard coral cover was positively correlated with fisheries revenue per reef, further providing evidence for the potential loss of revenue in degraded reef ecosystems in the region.

In considering how women navigate the complexity and gendered aspects of the artisanal mining industry, this study seeks to unpack women's labour at step one of the global supply chain of coltan, in the post-conflict context of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Female miners are largely excluded from mine work by blurry regulatory frameworks, gendered social norms and financial disparities, however they manage to remain active labourers in the artisanal mining industry. Within a broader socio-political context of poverty, political instability and rural livelihoods, women maintain access to mine work through strategies, often premised on a gendered solidarity, such as organizing into collectives, engaging in small group collaborations and employing creative ruses to maintain the secrecy of their labour. This thesis seeks to analyze women's exclusions from mine work and the subsequent strategies they employ to circumvent those exclusions and maintain work in the mines. Based on three months of ethnographic fieldwork at artisanal coltan mine sites in Masisi Territory in the province of North Kivu, this study employs ethnographic observations, focus group and interview methodologies.

This thesis examines how individuals and households of Kao and Liqhobong villages in Lesotho responded to economic challenges resulting from, amongst other factors, the implementation of structural adjustment policies; a decline in work opportunities for Basotho migrants in South Africa; the wider collapse of the regional mining complex, and; continued failure in developing agricultural production. More specifically, the study focuses on individuals and households implicated in unrecognised and unlicensed artisanal diamond mining and who use such mining, in the midst of these economic challenges, as a supplementary means of income or livelihood diversification. Artisanal diamond mining in Lesotho is a livelihood for rural households that is masked by the dominant representation of Lesotho as a labour reserve. Making use of the 'moral economy' and 'human economy' approaches, the thesis explores how artisanal miners in Lesotho engage in diamond digging and selling. It also investigates the constraints they face in a sector that was heavily regulated historically and remains so in post-independence Lesotho, a state which is itself constrained by a regional and global context that makes it difficult to raise the living standards of its citizens. In order to understand the responses of individuals and households in the implicated villages, the thesis combines an historical with an ethnographic approach. As such it examines the conditions artisanal diamond miners have operated under from the 1950s to 2014 when fieldwork for this thesis was conducted. It looks at how artisanal miners and artisanal mining collectives with their own moral economies negotiated the contestation over natural resources with the Lesotho state and international commercial mining companies. In doing so it investigates how the artisanal miners positioned themselves in relation to the law; claims to ownership over land; the international market for diamonds; and society. As an economic activity artisanal diamond mining is viewed in relation to the larger social processes in which it is embedded and from which it derives meaning. As such this thesis tells a story of conflict, violence and resistance; a story that remains pertinent, given the current debates about economic democracy in contexts of natural resource wealth. In my analysis, I pay particular attention to the role of women in ASM in Lesotho. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Anthropology and Archaeology / PhD / Unrestricted

Le suivi scientifique dans les AMPs est la clé pour le recueil information fiable dans les future AMPs de la Tunisie, où des restrictions d’usages et des plans de gestion sont en cours de mise en place. Cette étape cruciale le long des côtes tunisiennes viens avec le besoin en méthodes, métriques et indicateurs appropriés pour le suivi des paramètres utiles pour évaluer leurs efficacités. Le but de ce travail est de sélectionner, adapter, tester et proposer des méthodes et des indicateurs de suivi des assemblages de poissons et des activités de pêche, afin de proposer une stratégie de suivi pour quatre futures AMPs tunisiennes. La sélection des méthodes et des indicateurs de la bibliographie a été réalisée en fonction de leur faisabilité, de leur rentabilité et de leur adéquation avec les objectifs des futures des AMPs. Par conséquent, les données sur l'assemblage de poissons et les activités de pêche ont été recueillies en utilisant cinq méthodes : (1) Transects à largeur variable (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires et suivi des débarquements; (4) pêche expérimentale; (5) photo-surveillance. Les résultats des suivis réalisées entre 2014 et 2016, ont été pris en compte lors de proposition de la stratégie de suivi, notamment: (1) l'utilité d'adopter des modèles d'échantillonnage appropriés, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), en utilisant la méthode standard des UVC, pour tester des hypothèses liées à l'efficacité des AMP futures, (2) les valeurs faibles de la biomasse dans toutes les AMPs étudiés par rapport à celles méditerranéennes (3) le potentiel des sciences participatives pour les suivi des assemblages de poissons en utilisant une méthode FAST, après avoir testé sa cohérence avec la méthode standard , (4) un pourcentage élevé de pratique de pêche illégale (pêcheurs récréatifs qui commercialisent leurs captures), (5) la compétition de la pêche récréative et illégale avec la pêche artisanale, sur les espèces vulnérables et de valeurs économiques élevées, et (6) des biomasses faibles, proportions de carnivores, grande proportion de poisson dans la capture des pêcheurs artisanaux, en utilisant la méthode de pêche expérimentale. Par conséquent, la dite stratégie proposée pour le suivi dans les futures AMPs tunisiennes repose sur la collaboration entre les scientifiques, les parties prenantes (pêcheurs, plongeurs récréatifs) et les gestionnaires, ce qui peut être utile pour assurer un certain niveau d'acceptation des AMPs, surtout quand il s’agit de créer un réseau tunisien d'AMPs / Scientific monitoring is the key to reliable information in Tunisian future MPAs, where management plans are being established. This crucial step comes with the need to choose appropriate methods, metrics and indicators for monitoring parameter that are important to assess MPAs effectivness. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript is to select, adapt, test and propose fish assemblage and fishing monitoring methods and indicators in order to propose a monitoring strategy for four Tunisian future MPAs (locations). Selection of methods and indicators from literature was made according to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness and suitability with future MPAs objectives. Therefore, data on fish assemblage and fishing activities were collected using five methods: (1) Transects with variable width (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires and landing catch monitoring; (4) Experimental fishing; (5) photo-surveillance method. Results shows some highlights that were considered for proposing the monitoring strategy: (1) the usefulness of adopting appropriate sampling models, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), using standard TVW, to test hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the future MPAs, (2) the relatively low values of biomass in all studied locations in comparison with other Mediterranean MPAs (3) the high potential of citizen science for fish monitoring in Tunisia using easy-to-use FAST method, after testing its coherence with standard TVW method, (4) a high percentage of illegal fishing practice (recreational fishers that commercialize their catch), in the studied locations, (5) the competition of recreational and illegal fishing with commercial-small scale (CSS) one, on vulnerable and high economic value species, and (6) low biomasses, carnivores proportions, large fish proportion in catch of CSS using experimental fishing method. Therefore, the proposed strategy for fish and fishing monitoring for Tunisian future MPAs is based on the collaboration between scientists, stakeholders (fishermen, recreational divers) and managers, which can be useful to implement high compliance and MPAs acceptance levels, especially when it comes to creating a future MPAs network.

[pt] O foco desta dissertação recai sobre os múltiplos usos e apropriações de um espaço - o barracão de pesca - através de uma situação específica: o conflito envolvendo pescadores que exercem diferentes artes de pesca e barraqueiros, na Praia de Piratininga, em Niterói (RJ). Primeiramente, a partir do trabalho de campo, descrevo a localidade e os atores envolvidos, assim como as disputas que ocorrem na praia, sobretudo com a aproximação do verão. Em um segundo momento, tento responder, com o auxílio de conceitos e teorias, as questões suscitadas pela pesquisa empírica, que dizem respeito à noção de espaço público no Brasil, as representações sobre a praia, os interesses em jogo e os sentidos atribuídos a esse lugar. Finalizo com uma análise interpretativa do conflito que permeia a estrutura política do grupo e dos mecanismos utilizados para administrá-lo. / [en] The focus of this master thesis lies on the multiple uses and appropriations regarding a space - the fishing shed - through a specific situation: the conflict involving fishermen who practice different fishing gear and barraqueiros, in Piratininga Beach, Niterói, RJ. Firstly, from the fieldwork, I describe the locality and the actors involved, as well as the disputes that occur on the beach, especially as summer approaches. Posteriorly, I try to answer, through concepts and theories, the questions raised by empirical research, regarding the notion of public space in Brazil, the representations about the beach, the interests at stake and the meanings attributed to that place. Finally, I conclude with an interpretive analysis of the conflict that is present in the political structure of the group and the mechanisms used to manage it.

Children engage in paid and unpaid work that is damaging to them daily all around the world. They are categorized as child laborers, however when they are either too young to work or are engaged in dangerous activities that may jeopardize their physical, mental, social or educational development (Unicef 2021). The topic of Child labour relates to the broader area of peace and development due to child labour being a development issue. The theoretical frameworks selected for this thesis are Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ theory. The aim with this field study is to recognize the strategies of NGO’s combat against child labour and their challenges as well as their improvements. To gain an understanding of child labour in relation to hazardous environments and their impacts on a local level in Mwanza, with the help of key informant interviews and stakeholders. Indirect data was chosen rather than direct data, because it would be unethical to interview children. The fact that children suffer makes child labor a touchy subject. It is impossible for me to discuss every aspect of child labor because the subject is so vast and sensitive. I therefore only have knowledge that is applicable to my research. I have come to the conclusion that the factor of child labour is mainly poverty. The strategies of the NGOs to prevent child labour differs from one another, but many of them use awareness as a strategy. Their challenges are lack of resources and the community’s perception.

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