Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The people making ceramics were considered as "artisans" (gongjiang) in traditional China. Classifying ceramics as an "art" (meishu) and potters as "artists", was a new development in the twentieth century. This thesis examines this process by comparing the experience of artisans from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, in which the imperial kilns (yuyao) were located, and from Shiwan, Guangdong province, where only civilian kilns (minyao) were found. / This thesis argues their different historical background led to the differences in their different experience. The reputation of Jingdezhen's world famous "imperial kilns" lasted into the twentieth century, and so, as Jingdezhen was subject to industrial development and technological upgrading, Jingdezhen's craftsmen came from the new technical schools which were founded to revive the ceramic industry. In Shiwan, by contrast, apprenticeship to reputable craftsmen continued to serve as artistic credential, and was made use of by patrons, commentators and publicists in promoting Shiwan's artistic tradition. / 黎麗明. / Adviser: David Faure. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-192) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Liming.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The last quarter of the twentieth century has seen a dramatic growth of interest in the preservation of historic structures. With this has developed the need to bring back many trades that had declined after World War II. Within the past twenty to thirty years these traditional building trades, which are so vitally needed to accurately restore, recreate, preserve, and adaptively reuse these structures, have become a valuable component of the preservation infrastructure. I have elected to study the careers and historically significant work of tradespersons in two selected regions of the United States, in order to illustrate the resurgence of the traditional building trades on a national level. The focus of this work centers on the careers of a group of craftsmen, from their early beginnings in the trades, to their current status as having earned an identity as a professional in their field. Themes appear from the various stages of their careers. These themes are evaluated through different literature published on this subject and through the formation of trade schools and organizations. / Department of Architecture

The main objectives of this thesis are to examine and estimate the determinants of domestic investment (public and private) in the Libyan manufacturing sector, and to investigate the impact of domestic investment on the Libyan economy. It adds to the growing literature on the issue of economic growth and econometrics by drawing attention to several issues hitherto little considered in the existing literature. In particular, the thesis blends various aspects of economic growth with models of investment to explain and define the main factors which affect domestic investment, and how domestic investment drives economic growth in the Libyan economy. It is important to recognise that economic growth has become an important aim for all countries in the world; especially less developed countries, which require greater economic efforts to be able to deal with the current international economic climate and the challenges of globalisation: domestic investment is an exemplary element to stimulate economic growth to achieve this target. The main objective of the Libyan government has been the industrialization of Libya, principally through import substitution. Various import restrictions in the form of licensing, quotas and tariffs have provided several sub-sectors of manufacturing with a high level of protection from foreign competition. The government benefits from high levels of financial return in terms of oil revenues, and the consequent easy availability of imported raw materials and capital goods. Despite government support for investment designed to encourage import substitution and export-oriented production, Libya has continued to experience low levels of investment in the domestic manufacturing sector. The stimulus to undertake this study was a desire to explore the most important determinants of fixed investment in Libya's manufacturing sector. This study aims to identify determinants of domestic investment in both the public and private manufacturing sectors in the Libyan economy during the period 1962-2008. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify the impact of domestic investment as a determinant of growth in the Libyan economy during the period 1962-2008. Cobb- Douglas Function was used to analyze the relationship between real per-capita GDP and its most important determinants. Properties of time series of the model variables have been analyzed by using several tests for determining the integration level of each time series separately. By using the Johansen-Juselius cointegration method, the results showed that private investment is strongly and adversely affected in the longer term by changes that take place in domestic public investment in the manufacturing sector, which shows the competition factor between the private and public sectors. The results of these tests revealed an equilibrium relationship between domestic investment in the private manufacturing sector and its determinants in the long and short-run. Also, the results showed the significance of the impact of annual appropriations for the manufacturing sector and imports of machinery & capital goods on domestic investment in the public manufacturing sector, the results of these tests revealed an equilibrium relationship between domestic investment in the public manufacturing sector and its determinants in the long and short-run. Moreover, the results showed the significance of the impact of investment on per-capita GDP; the results of tests revealed an equilibrium relationship between per-capita GDP and its determinants in the long and short-run. The study concludes that the elasticity of per capita GDP to changes in domestic investment is greater than the elasticity of the labour force, which appeared inelastic in the short and long-term. According to the information available, the study and approach adopted have never been undertaken before for Libya, and therefore might contribute toward advancing knowledge and enhancing investment policy, and its implementation by government and private manufacturing enterprises in Libya and other developing countries.

<p>This dissertation examines Mexico City’s material politics of print—the central actors engaged in making print, their activities and relationships, and the legal, business, and social dimensions of production—across the nineteenth century. Inside urban printshops, a socially diverse group of men ranging from manual laborers to educated editors collaborated to make the printed items that fueled political debates and partisan struggles in the new republic. By investigating how print was produced, regulated, and consumed, this dissertation argues that printers shaped some of the most pressing conflicts that marked Mexico’s first formative century: over freedom of expression, the role of religion in government, and the emergence of liberalism. Printers shaped debates not only because they issued texts that fueled elite politics but precisely because they operated at the nexus where new liberal guarantees like freedom of the press and intellectual property intersected with politics and patronage, the regulatory efforts of the emerging state, and the harsh realities of a post-colonial economy.</p><p>Historians of Mexico have typically approached print as a vehicle for texts written by elites, which they argue contributed to the development of a national public sphere or print culture in spite of low literacy levels. By shifting the focus to print’s production, my work instead reveals that a range of urban residents—from prominent printshop owners to government ministers to street vendors—produced, engaged, and deployed printed items in contests unfolding in the urban environment. As print increasingly functioned as a political weapon in the decades after independence, print production itself became an arena in struggles over the emerging contours of politics and state formation, even as printing technologies remained relatively unchanged over time.</p><p>This work examines previously unexplored archival documents, including official correspondence, legal cases, business transactions, and printshop labor records, to shed new light on Mexico City printers’ interactions with the emerging national government, and reveal the degree to which heated ideological debates emerged intertwined with the most basic concerns over the tangible practices of print. By delving into the rich social and cultural world of printing—described by intellectuals and workers alike in memoirs, fiction, caricatures and periodicals— it also considers how printers’ particular status straddling elite and working worlds led them to challenge boundaries drawn by elites that separated manual and intellectual labors. Finally, this study engages the full range of printed documents made in Mexico City printshops not just as texts but also as objects with particular visual and material qualities whose uses and meanings were shaped not only by emergent republicanism but also by powerful colonial legacies that generated ambivalent attitudes towards print’s transformative power.</p> / Dissertation

This exploratory research considers the difficulties that are associated with understanding market knowledge in a micro firm. The majority of micro firms gain their rewards from mutual beneficial exchange with their customers. The focus of this mutual exchange is often the product that is the basis of their business. The gaining of new customers is often difficult and requires a considerable degree of effort. The standard business approach is to apply cognitive rationality to this task. Some businesses succeed with this approach, but it is possible that other approaches might reveal a greater understanding of the small business situation. Research suggests that small business owners/managers develop tacit utilitarian, cognitively immediate and undetachable knowledge. In a developing business this is contingent with the entrepreneurial task. It can usefully be conjectured that this task is related to the introduction of new business areas. The entrepreneurial task can be seen as involving a qualitative introduction of new business into a market that has not existed before. The situational interplay of these two factors is investigated using a phenomenological research method and deep analysis of a small number of interviews. This research has found evidence that the development of market knowledge in a micro business can result from a leap into a new engagement. The possible grounding for such a leap is explored in the light of the philosophy of Heidegger. Heidegger's philosophy is noted for the exploration of being and time. He adopted hermeneutic and phenomenological approaches to discuss the leap into the grounding question of being. This leap into a new engagement requires a break from the content but not the methods of small business understanding and can be enabled by the developing attunement of the business owner. This is a different method of investigating the nature of market development in the small business. It is expected that this work will be found to be of value when undertaking further research in this business situation.

The aim of this research is to investigate the influencing factors of price and product policy interdependencies on a standarsided marketing mix management approach within the German foundry industry. The analysis of knowlege of marketing mix management and its processes show that these, despite their benefits, are lacking and have not yet reached marketers' acceptance despite their proven usefulness (Kotler 2009). Scientific discussion is still far from reaching a common agreement on a theoretical model for the management of price and product interdependencies within a standardised marketing mix management approach. Based on a literature review of past empirical work, the author derived factors influencing standardised marketing mix management, discussed their applicability in the case of the German foundry industry and developed a model for standardising the marketing mix management and its price and product policy interdependencies.

This essay brings new knowledge about the terms and conditions for the artisans in the swedish armament industry in Sweden during the 1800th-century. It was a time of opportunity for entrepreneurs and a time when the social and economic standing for the artistans where under pressure. This led to conflicts, and this study shows that the artisans did use multiple strategies in order to maintain their social and economic position in a changing world. The purpose of this essay is to examine conflicts regarding the social organization of the work at the gun manufactory in Söderhamn between 1749 and 1796. During this period the ownership of the facility shifted from state owned to private and back. The main sources examined in this essay are documents regarding the Söderhamns gun manufactory, found in the archive of the artilleridepartement at krigskollegium. Other sources are protocols from the the local council, the magistrat, and church records. A marxist method of analyzing the social organization of work is used. By using a model of the whole of the production process the areas of conflicts are analysed. The theoretical approach is influenced by Marx and Foucault's theories of power. The essay shows that the governmental objectives in mid 1800-th century was to rationalize the production and privatize the swedish arm manufactories in order to gain a lower prize for muskets used by the armed forces. The new organization of the production led to resistance among the artisans. The guild was the organizer of the protests, and the artisans acted strategic. They cooperated with different parties to put pressure behind their demands. Several times this was a fruitful strategy. In spite of the mercantilistic visions of their superiors, the majority of the artisans had their own workshops and where able to maintain a substantial production for the private market during the whole time. During the Seven year war the production of the infantry musket where stopped at the same time as the workers in Jönköping where stiking for better payment. Four of five facilities had problems delivering armament in 1761. When krigskollegium regained the ownership of the manufactory in 1778 the artisans lost influence. The division of labour progressed during the crown´s management.

A ampla utilização da pedra-sabão na arquitetura em Minas Gerais no período colonial relegou às panelas pedra-sabão um lugar marginal, vistos como objetos mundanos e comuns, oriundos dos trabalhos manuais e ofícios banais que existiam e, no caso dos artesãos paneleiros, permanecem até hoje. Atualmente, além da produção e comércio, esses artefatos se encontram em museus, coleções particulares e sítios arqueológicos da região. De uma maneira geral, as panelas, sua produção e seus produtores são associados a uma identidade regional e nacional, vinculada às artes, ao Barroco mineiro e a Aleijadinho. As panelas são consideradas majoritariamente como contentoras de significados porem, não recebem a devida atenção no que se refere às agencias, nuances e gradações de suas relações. Essas associações diretas acabam por desconsiderar ou reduzir a participação de outros agentes ou seres, como é o caso dos artesãos paneleiros e das próprias panelas. O exercício central consiste na construção da história de vida dessa população de artefatos, partindo de suas materialidades e abordando a permuta de propriedades entre pessoas humanas e coisas. Assim, surgiram apontamentos sobre as maneiras como elas ressoam e compõem o coletivo, entendido como alargamento do termo social e aplicado aos diferentes contextos e situações espaço-temporais. Partindo da confluência de etnografias, que envolvem a análise de coleções arqueológicas, a vivência e acompanhamento na comunidade de artesãos de Cachoeira do Brumado (Mariana) e na Feira de pedra-sabão de Ouro Preto, os processos de musealização e patrimonialização, entre outros, foi possível redefinir de maneira equânime os lugares e as participações desses agentes (artesãos e artefatos). Também vieram à tona relações de constituição mútua vividas no cotidiano, das quais as materialidades são tessituras associadas às tecnologias e mobilidades compartilhadas entre pessoas e coisas. Os modos de vida e existência e os gestos e técnicas presentes nos eventos e processos de constituição desses artefatos se manifestam coletivamente e sugerem dinâmicas das quais participam seres humanos diversos. Percebida dessa maneira, a abordagem construída segue na contramão das informações oficializadas e difundidas sobre esses artefatos, as quais historicamente vêm contribuindo com a institucionalização e naturalização de perspectivas simplistas e excludentes que têm impacto direto na vida dos seres e coletivos nas múltiplas temporalidades. A partir de perspectivas simétricas criticamente aplicadas à Arqueologia, apontamos para um abandono ontológico destes objetos - panelas de pedra-sabão - que transpassam os seres e coletivos, justificados e percebidos por meio de uma série de estigmas, tais como a desabilidade dos gestos e a inferioridade do trabalho manual. Por fim, torna-se possível refletir sobre o potencial de posições teóricas que se opõem à ditadura das ontologias binárias, além de uma aproximação da dinâmica das relações artesãos-artefatos para o contexto de produção do conhecimento científico, colocando as oficinas em patamar análogo aos laboratórios, museus e instituições de pesquisa. / The widespread use of soapstone in the Minas Gerais architecture during the colonial period relegated the soapstone pots to a marginal spot. Seen as mundane and common objects, they were handmade and trivially crafted workpieces that remain until the present day, such as the case of artisans. Nowadays, besides the production and trade, these artifacts are found in museums, private collections, and archeological sites of the region. In general, the pots, their production and makers are associated to a national and local identity linked to the arts, to the Minas Gerais Baroque, and to Aleijadinho. The pots are mostly considered holders of meaning, but they do not receive the due attention regarding the agencies, nuances and gradations of their relations. These direct associations end up disregarding or reducing the participation of other agents or beings, such as the case of artisans and pots. The central exercise consists on constructing the life history of this population of artifacts, starting from their materialities up to the exchange of properties between human beings and things. Thus, notes have emerged on the ways in which they resonate and compose the collective, seen as extensors of the social term and applied to different contexts and space-time situations. Starting from a confluence of ethnographies, which involve the analysis of archaeological collections, the experience and accompaniment in the artisan community of Cachoeira do Brumado (Mariana) and in the soapstone fair of Ouro Preto, the processes of musealization and patrimonialization, among others, it was possible to redefine in an equitable way the places and the participation of these agents (artisans and artifacts). Also, relationships of mutual constitution experienced in everyday life emerged, in which materialities are tessituras associated with technologies and mobilities shared between people and things. The ways of life and existence, and the gestures and techniques present in the events and processes of elaboration of these artifacts are manifested collectively and suggest dynamics in which a diversity of human beings participates. In this sense, the approach built goes against the official and disseminated information surrounding these artifacts, which have been historically contributing to the institutionalization and naturalization of simplistic and exclusive perspectives that have a direct impact on the lives of beings and collective in the multiple temporalities. From the symmetrical perspectives critically applied to Archaeology, it leads to an ontological abandonment of these objects - soapstone pots - that transcend beings and collectives, justified and seen through a series of stigmas, such as the disability of gestures and the inferiority of handicraft. Lastly, it is possible to reflect on the potential of theoretical positions that oppose the dictatorship of binary ontologies, as well as an approximation of the dynamics of artisan-artifact relations to the context of the production of scientific knowledge, placing workshops at a similar level than laboratories, museums, and research institutions.