A infecção pelo Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) ocorre em ruminantes domésticos e selvagens, preferencialmente, ovinos, bovinos e caprinos em regiões tropicais e temperadas onde há o vetor, mosquito do gênero Culicoides. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever os aspectos clínicos e anatomopatológicos de sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, confirmados pelo isolamento viral e teste da RT-PCR. De janeiro a outubro de 2014 foram diagnosticados sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com histórico de mortalidade de ovinos nos municípios de Taquara (Propriedade A), Fazenda Vilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedades C e F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D e E) e Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Os achados clínicos relacionavam-se com o sistema respiratório e locomotor. A taxa de mortalidade variou de 1,7 (4/230 ovinos) a 56% (28/50 ovinos). Realizou-se a necropsia de 10 ovinos e de um feto abortado por um dos ovinos submetidos à necropsia. As principais alterações observadas nos ovinos foram: hiperemia e conteúdo alimentar na cavidade nasal (7/10), pulmões aumentados de tamanho com intenso edema (6/10), consolidação pulmonar antero-ventral (5/10), hemorragias no coração (5/10), hemorragia da artéria pulmonar (4/10) e discreta dilatação e flacidez do esôfago (4/10). Os achados histológicos caracterizaram pneumonia aspirativa (3/10), rinite purulenta (1/10), necrose muscular do esôfago (8/10), hemorragias no coração (3/10), necrose de cardiomiócitos (2/10) e necrose do músculo serrátil cervical ventral (8/10). O feto não apresentou alterações macroscópicas e histológicas. Para confirmar a suspeita foram coletadas 20 amostras de sangue de ovinos doentes e recuperados, e de um bovino. A partir do teste da RT-PCR e isolamento viral confirmou-se o diagnóstico de infecção pelo vírus da língua azul nos sete surtos ocorridos em 2014 no Rio Grande do Sul. E, pela análise filogenética comprovou-se a participação do sorotipo 4 nas Propriedades D e B. / The infection by Bluetongue Virus (BTV) occurs in domestic and wild ruminants, including sheep, cattle and goats in the tropical and temperate regions where the vector is present Culicoides. The objective is describe the clinical and pathological aspects of seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in Rio Grande do Sul, confirmed by viral isolation and RT-PCR test. From January to October 2014 were diagnosed seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in sheep in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of sheep mortality in the cities of Taquara (Propriedade A), FazendaVilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedade C and F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D and E) and Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Clinical findings were related to the respiratory and locomotor system. The sheep mortality ranged from 1.7 to 56%. At necropsy the main changes observed in sheep were hyperemia and food content in the nasal cavity (7/10), increased lung size with marked edema (6/10), anterior-ventral pulmonary consolidation (5/10), bleeding heart (5 / 10), bleeding from the pulmonary artery (4/10) and mild swelling and sagging of the esophagus (4/10). Histological findings included aspiration pneumonia (3/10), purulent rhinitis (1/10), muscle necrosis of the esophagus (8/10), bleeding heart (3/10), cardiomyocyte necrosis (2/10) and cervical ventral serratus muscle necrosis (8/10). The fetus showed no macroscopic and histological changes. To confirm the suspicion were collected 20 blood samples from sick and recovered and sheep, and one cow. The RT-PCR test and virus isolation confirmed infection with bluetongue. For phylogenetic analysis of the virus serotype 4 was identified in the Propriedade B and D.

A infecção pelo Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) ocorre em ruminantes domésticos e selvagens, preferencialmente, ovinos, bovinos e caprinos em regiões tropicais e temperadas onde há o vetor, mosquito do gênero Culicoides. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever os aspectos clínicos e anatomopatológicos de sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, confirmados pelo isolamento viral e teste da RT-PCR. De janeiro a outubro de 2014 foram diagnosticados sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com histórico de mortalidade de ovinos nos municípios de Taquara (Propriedade A), Fazenda Vilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedades C e F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D e E) e Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Os achados clínicos relacionavam-se com o sistema respiratório e locomotor. A taxa de mortalidade variou de 1,7 (4/230 ovinos) a 56% (28/50 ovinos). Realizou-se a necropsia de 10 ovinos e de um feto abortado por um dos ovinos submetidos à necropsia. As principais alterações observadas nos ovinos foram: hiperemia e conteúdo alimentar na cavidade nasal (7/10), pulmões aumentados de tamanho com intenso edema (6/10), consolidação pulmonar antero-ventral (5/10), hemorragias no coração (5/10), hemorragia da artéria pulmonar (4/10) e discreta dilatação e flacidez do esôfago (4/10). Os achados histológicos caracterizaram pneumonia aspirativa (3/10), rinite purulenta (1/10), necrose muscular do esôfago (8/10), hemorragias no coração (3/10), necrose de cardiomiócitos (2/10) e necrose do músculo serrátil cervical ventral (8/10). O feto não apresentou alterações macroscópicas e histológicas. Para confirmar a suspeita foram coletadas 20 amostras de sangue de ovinos doentes e recuperados, e de um bovino. A partir do teste da RT-PCR e isolamento viral confirmou-se o diagnóstico de infecção pelo vírus da língua azul nos sete surtos ocorridos em 2014 no Rio Grande do Sul. E, pela análise filogenética comprovou-se a participação do sorotipo 4 nas Propriedades D e B. / The infection by Bluetongue Virus (BTV) occurs in domestic and wild ruminants, including sheep, cattle and goats in the tropical and temperate regions where the vector is present Culicoides. The objective is describe the clinical and pathological aspects of seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in Rio Grande do Sul, confirmed by viral isolation and RT-PCR test. From January to October 2014 were diagnosed seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in sheep in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of sheep mortality in the cities of Taquara (Propriedade A), FazendaVilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedade C and F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D and E) and Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Clinical findings were related to the respiratory and locomotor system. The sheep mortality ranged from 1.7 to 56%. At necropsy the main changes observed in sheep were hyperemia and food content in the nasal cavity (7/10), increased lung size with marked edema (6/10), anterior-ventral pulmonary consolidation (5/10), bleeding heart (5 / 10), bleeding from the pulmonary artery (4/10) and mild swelling and sagging of the esophagus (4/10). Histological findings included aspiration pneumonia (3/10), purulent rhinitis (1/10), muscle necrosis of the esophagus (8/10), bleeding heart (3/10), cardiomyocyte necrosis (2/10) and cervical ventral serratus muscle necrosis (8/10). The fetus showed no macroscopic and histological changes. To confirm the suspicion were collected 20 blood samples from sick and recovered and sheep, and one cow. The RT-PCR test and virus isolation confirmed infection with bluetongue. For phylogenetic analysis of the virus serotype 4 was identified in the Propriedade B and D.

Abstract Patients with acute drug poisonings are common in emergency departments and hospitals. Patients typically ingest medical products, most commonly psychotropic drugs that lead to intoxication. The outcome is usually good and hospital stays are short, even among patients requiring intensive care. Complications such as aspiration pneumonia can prolong hospital stays. Acute mortality is low (usually less than 5%) but repetition of self-harm is common and long-term mortality is high. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of drug poisoned patients and the factors associated with unfavourable outcome, including morbidity, length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, repetition of drug poisonings, and mortality. The study population consisted of patients treated in Oulu University Hospital due to acute drug poisoning between 1985–2006 and drug poisoned patients in the data base of the Finnish Consortium intensive Care Data. In the first part of the study 276 hospitalised self-poisoned adolescents were examined retrospectively from the patient records for acute contributing risk factors before the intake. Patients with such risk factors had higher rates of depression, non-ethanol poisonings and repetition of self-poisoning within one year. The second part of the study included 257 acute drug-poisoned adult patients requiring intensive care. The factors associated to aspiration pneumonia were evaluated retrospectively. Of these, 28.4% had aspiration pneumonia. Pre-hospital intubation of the comatose patients was associated with lower number of aspiration pneumonias. The third study evaluated 2755 drug-poisoned patients requiring intensive care for risk factors for prolonged ICU length of stay (LOS) using national intensive care database. Factors associated with prolonged stay were respiratory failure, renal dysfunction and lowered platelet count on admission. The hospital mortality in these studies ranged from 0 to 1.6%. The fourth study evaluated the long-term mortality and causes of deaths of 3709 patients admitted to Oulu University Hospital due to acute drug poisoning between 1985 and 2000. The all-cause mortality was recorded at the end 2009 and patients were compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Mortality among the study population was 30.6% compared to 13.6% for the controls. In conclusion, patients admitted to hospital due to acute drug poisoning have good short-term outcomes. Factors associated with prolonged ICU LOS were aspiration pneumonia, respiratory failure on admission, lowered platelet count on admission and renal dysfunction on admission. Impulsive self-poisonings among adolescents are associated with psychopathology and repetitions. Patients with acute drug poisonings have high long-term mortality. / Tiivistelmä Myrkytyspotilaat ovat yleinen potilasryhmä päivystyksissä ja sairaaloissa. Sairaalahoitoisen, akuutin lääkeainemyrkytyksen ennuste on hyvä ja jopa tehohoitoa vaativat potilaat selviävät lyhyellä sairaalahoitojaksolla. Komplikaatiot, kuten mahan sisällön hengitysteihin joutumisesta aiheutuva keuhkokuume (aspiraatiokeuhkokuume) pitkittävät hoitoa. Kuolleisuus hoitojakson aikana on yleensä alle 5 %, mutta pitkäaikaiskuolleisuus näillä potilailla on merkittävä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää akuutin lääkeainemyrkytyspotilaan ennustetta ja ennusteeseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä tutkittiin 276 nuoren myrkytyspotilaan myrkytystapahtumaan vaikuttaneita akuutteja riskitekijöitä. Potilaat, joilla oli riskitekijöitä, olivat useammin masentuneita ja heillä oli enemmän uusintakäyntejä myrkytysten vuoksi vuoden sisällä. Toisessa osatyössä selvitettiin aspiraatiokeuhkokuumeen yleisyyttä 257 tehohoitoa tarvinneella lääkemyrkytyspotilaalla. Potilaista 28,4 % sai aspiraatiokeuhkokuumeen. Ennen sairaalaan tuloa suoritettu hengitysteiden varmistaminen hengitysputkella (intubaatio) pienensi aspiraatiokeuhkokuumeen riskiä merkittävästi verrattuna niihin, jotka intuboitiin vasta sairaalassa. Kolmannessa osatyössä tutkittiin 2755 myrkytyspotilaan riskitekijöitä pitkittyneeseen tehohoitoon. Hengitysvajaus, munuaisten toiminnan vajaus ja matala veren verihiutalearvo sairaalaan tullessa olivat pitkittyneen hoidon riskitekijöitä. Kuolleisuus hoitojakson aikana oli näissä kolmessa tutkimuksessa 0–1.6 %. Neljännessä osatyössä tutkittiin 1985–2000 OYS:ssa hoidettujen myrkytyspotilaiden pitkäaikaisennustetta ja kuolinsyitä. Kuolleisuus vuoden 2009 loppuun mennessä oli 3709 potilaan joukossa 30,4 %, kun vastaava kuolleisuus ikä- ja sukupuolivakioitujen verrokkien keskuudessa oli 13,6 %. Kaikki kuolinsyyt olivat yleisempiä tutkimusjoukossa verrattuna verrokkeihin. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta että akuuttien myrkytyspotilaiden ennuste on hyvä akuutissa vaiheessa. Aspiraatiokeuhkokuume on yleinen komplikaatio myrkytyspotilailla ja se on osittain vältettävissä hengitystien varhaisella varmistamisella. Impulsiivinen käytös nuorella myrkytyspotilaalla assosioituu psykopatologiaan ja uusintamyrkytyksiin. Myrkytyspotilaan pitkäaikaisennuste on huono. Kuolleisuus ennaltaehkäistäviin syihin, kuten itsemurhiin sekä sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin, on huomattava.

Normally swallowing occurs completely without effort. Should the act of swallowing for some reason be impaired, it becomes difficult to eat and drink. Dysphagia is the medical term for eating and swallowing disorders. Dysphagia is common in people with dementia, but the prevalence is not yet fully evaluated. The most common cause of death in people with dementia is aspiration pneumonia, which can be caused by dysphagia. In Sweden investigation and treatment of dysphagia are performed by speech and language pathologists (SLPs) but few of them work with dementia care. This study aims to identify the prevalence of dysphagia in people with dementia, living in a nursing home. The screening methods SSA-S and LtL were used to test the swallowing of 38 participants between 68-96 years of age (M = 86 years). To examine the participants’ oral health the risk assessment tool ROAG was used. When tested with the water swallowing test SSA-S 71,1% of the participants showed signs of aspiration, 36,8% had an oral transit time over 5 seconds, measured with LtL and 92% of the participants had an affected oral health, showing one or more symptoms of severity grade 2 according to ROAG. When adding up the results from the two screening tests a total of 86,8% of the participants showed signs of some kind of swallowing difficulty. Correlation analysis did not show any statistically significant correlations between SSA-S, oral transit time, oral health, or age. The present study found that there is a great need for interventions from speech and language pathologists in people with dementia. / Normalt sker sväljning helt utan ansträngning. Skulle sväljningen av någon anledning inte fungera som den ska, blir det svårt att äta och dricka. Den medicinska termen för ät- och sväljsvårigheter är dysfagi. Dysfagi är vanligt hos personer med demens men det är ännu inte helt kartlagt hur vanligt det är. Hos personer med demens är den vanligaste dödsorsaken aspirationspneumoni, vilket kan orsakas av dysfagi. I Sverige är det logopeder som utreder och behandlar dysfagi men det är få som är verksamma inom demensvården. Den här studien syftar till att kartlägga förekomst av dysfagi hos personer med demenssjukdom boende på ett vård- och omsorgsboende. Med screeningmetoderna SSA-S och LtL genomfördes undersökningar av sväljförmågan hos 38 personer mellan 68-96 års ålder (M = 86 år). För att undersöka deltagarnas munhälsa användes riskbedömningsverktyget ROAG. Av deltagarna fick 71,1 % utslag på vattensväljningstestet SSA-S, 36,8 % hade en oral transporttid över 5 sekunder, mätt med LtL och 92 % av deltagarna hade en nedsatt munhälsa med ett eller flera symptom av grad 2 i munhålan, enligt ROAG. Vid sammanräkning av resultaten från de två screeningtesten uppvisade totalt 86,8 % av deltagarna tecken på någon form av sväljsvårighet. Korrelationsberäkningar visade inga statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan resultat på SSA-S, oral transporttid, munhälsa eller ålder. Studien visar på ett stort behov av logopediska insatser hos gruppen personer med demenssjukdom.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)