Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2773968 bytes, checksum: 6b8997dcef820b32745c2b65a6663619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis aims to analyze the aspects of working at home and family relations in the production of clothes made of jeans in the city of Toritama PE, as well as to learn about the duties and responsibilities that men and women have played in the domestic production process, emphasizing the social relations that are outlined in this space. The scenario of recent socioeconomic changes associated with globalization and the spread of forms of flexible production has caused changes in the world of work, the emergence of new forms of production organization, as well as the reediting of others which were considered archaic, but are adapted to the current dynamics of capital which is the case of working at home even when they rise far from this process, as the case of the Region of Jeans Clothes Manufacturers in the city of Toritama PE, locus of this research. This is a qualitative study and documentary research, semi-structured interviews as well as participant observation were used as methodological resources, focusing on a critical analysis of the objective and subjective elements that permeate the reality of families linked to the process of working at home. It was found that, despite the apparent exuberance and modernization that comes through the region with the expansion of the jeans industry, the assumption that this dynamic organization of home work could be providing more egalitarian ways of access to activities, the exchange of knowledge, control of the production process as well as the relations between men and women within the family was not thoroughly confirmed. However, there was confirmation in relation to the assumption that the economic dynamics experienced by these production units at home changed family relationships, causing a greater emotional distance among its members as a result of assignments in production, both in relation to smaller children and older children who were more directly involved in the production process. / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as configurações do trabalho a domicílio e as relações familiares nas confecções de roupas de jeans no município de Toritama-PE, bem como apreender as atribuições e competências que homens e mulheres têm desempenhado no âmbito do processo produtivo e doméstico, enfatizando as relações sociais que se delineiam nesse espaço. O cenário das recentes transformações socioeconômicas associadas ao processo de globalização e a disseminação de formas de produção flexíveis têm suscitado mudanças no mundo do trabalho, o aparecer de novas formas de organização da produção, bem como a reedição de outras, consideradas arcaicas, mas que são adaptadas à atual dinâmica do capital, caso do trabalho a domicílio, mesmo quando surgem ao largo desse processo maior, como o caso do Polo de confecções de roupas de Jeans de Toritama PE, lócus desta pesquisa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que foram utilizadas, como recursos metodológicos, a pesquisa documental, a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante, privilegiando uma análise crítica dos elementos objetivos e subjetivos que permeiam a realidade das famílias vinculadas ao trabalho a domicílio. Foi constatado que apesar da exuberância e da aparente modernização por que vem passando a região com a expansão da indústria de confecção de jeans, a suposição de que diante esta dinâmica a organização do trabalho a domicílio pudesse estar proporcionando formas mais igualitárias de acesso às atividades, à troca de saberes, ao controle do processo produtivo, bem como nas relações entre homens e mulheres no âmbito familiar, não se confirmou completamente. Entretanto, houve confirmação em relação à suposição de que a dinâmica econômica vivenciada por essas unidades produtivas a domicílio teria alterado as relações familiares, provocando um maior distanciamento afetivo entre seus membros, em decorrência das atribuições na produção, tanto no que se refere aos filhos menores como aos filhos maiores que estavam envolvidos diretamente no processo produtivo.

nÃo hà / O uso do perÃxido de carbamida a 10% em moldeiras para o clareamento caseiro por 2 a 8 horas diÃrias, de 2 a 6 semanas pode resultar em grande satisfaÃÃo do paciente. A associaÃÃo de dentes brancos a um aumento da autoestima do indivÃduo promoveu o aparecimento de agentes clareadores disponÃveis para a compra sem, necessariamente, passar pela supervisÃo do dentista. Como consequÃncia, podem surgir efeitos adversos na estrutura dental. Baseado nesse contexto, o presente estudo avaliou a microdureza do esmalte apÃs a utilizaÃÃo de agentes clareadores. 70 amostras de esmalte humano, com 4x4mm, foram divididas em sete grupos (G1 a G7). Cada grupo recebeu trÃs tratamentos por 28 dias: G1: pasta nÃo clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel placebo; G2: pasta clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel placebo; G3: pasta nÃo clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel placebo; G4: pasta nÃo clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G5: pasta clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G6: pasta nÃo clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G7: pasta clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%. A microdureza foi aferida antes dos tratamentos, com 14 dias e no 28Âdia. AtravÃs da anÃlise de variÃncia ANOVA verificou-se diferenÃa entre os tipos de tratamento. Para os nÃveis de tempo, o teste de Tukey mostrou diferenÃas significativas nas medidas antes, apÃs 14 e 28 dias. O G2 se comportou estatisticamente semelhante ao G1. O G3 e G6 se mostraram estÃveis durante todo o tratamento. O G4 e G5 nÃo mostraram diferenÃa significativa entre si. O Ãnico grupo que desmineralizou significativamente entre os trÃs nÃveis de tempo foi o G7. Logo, demonstra-se que a reduÃÃo da microdureza ocorreu de forma mais intensa pelo uso coletivo de agentes clareadores durante o tratamento.

Abstract The associations between home ergonomics and falls among the elderly were studied with the aid of an event theory system model. The subjects comprised 76 persons receiving home nursing services and their 71 homes. The study consisted of observation and measurements of the homes, interviews and charting mobility and functional ability. Ergonomic shortcomings were commonly observed both in home structures, fixed furnishing and loose furniture. In over half of the cases lighting capacity fell short of recommended levels. There were fewer ergonomic shortcomings in sheltered housing than in privately owned homes. In private homes, more ergonomic shortcomings were classified in houses than in link houses or flats. The association between individual factors predisposing to falls and ergonomic features of the home was shown to be minor, although ergonomic shortcomings of furnishing and equipment did occur less often in the homes of elderly persons with both significant proneness to falls and significantly impaired mobility and balance. During the one-year follow-up, 30% of the subjects reported a fall at home. However, no significant differences in ergonomic shortcomings were observed between the homes of fallers and non-fallers. When the fall events were studied within the system, it was shown that ergonomic features were closely associated with the falls. In general, ergonomic factors had a positive impact on falls. The study failed to show a connection between classification of ergonomic factors and falls. Significant propensity to falls as well as significantly impaired mobility and balance increased the risk for falls and the occurrence of repeated falls. Significantly impaired vision did not, however, increase the occurrence of falls. A more individual approach towards evaluation of ergonomics is called for. Looking at the fall event systems indicated that the underlying reasons behind falls among the elderly were more often intrinsic, apparent failures in risk recognition, rather than ergonomic shortcomings. The study provides a good starting point for further work, because by looking at the fall event systems it is already easier than before to spot things that need improvement in home ergonomics, and to recognise persons in need of safety solutions, improved risk recognition or other measures promoting functional ability. / Tiivistelmä Kodin ergonomian yhteyksiä ikääntyneiden kaatumisiin tarkasteltiin tutkimuksessa tapaturmateoreettisen systeemimallin avulla. Tutkimusjoukoksi valittiin 76 kotisairaanhoidonpiiriin kuuluvaa itsenäisesti asuvaa ja liikkuvaa ikääntynyttä ja heidän 71 kotiaan. Tutkimus koostui kotien havainnoinneista ja mittauksista, ikääntyneiden haastatteluista, liikunta- ja toimintakyvyn kartoituksista sekä kahdesta puhelimitse puolen vuoden välein toteutetusta seurantahaastattelusta. Ikääntyneiden kodeissa todettiin yleisesti ergonomiapuutteita niin rakenteissa, kiintokalustuksessa kuin irtokalustamisessakin. Tilojen valaistus luokiteltiin usein riittämättömäksi, ja yli puolet valaistusvoimakkuuksista jäi valaistussuositusten tasosta. Palveluasunnoissa ergonomiapuutteita oli vähemmän kuin omistus- ja vuokra-asunnoissa. Yksityisasunnoista omakotien ergonomiatekijöissä luokiteltiin enemmän puutteita kuin rivi- ja kerrostaloissa. Yksilöllisten kaatumiseen altistavien vaarojen yhteydet kodin ergonomisiin olosuhteisiin todettiin vähäisiksi. Kalustuksen ja varustuksen ergonomiapuutteita oli kylläkin vähemmän sellaisten ikääntyneiden asunnoissa, joilla oli sekä merkittävä kaatumisalttius että merkittävästi heikentynyt liikuntakyky ja tasapaino. Seurantavuoden aikana 30 % ikääntyneistä ilmoitti kaatuneensa kotona. Kaatuneiden ja kaatumattomien kodeissa ei kuitenkaan todettu merkitseviä eroja ergonomiapuutteissa. Kaatumistapahtumien tarkastelu systeemissä tosin osoitti, että ergonomiatekijät olivat kiinteästi läsnä kaatumisissa, vaikkakin niiden vaikutukset kaatumistapahtumissa vaihtelivat huomattavasti. Yleensä ergonomiatekijä kuitenkin myötävaikutti kaatumiseen. Yksittäisten ergonomiatekijöiden ergonomialuokitusten yhteys kaatumisiin jäi tutkimuksessa osoittamatta. Yksilöllisistä kaatumiseen altistavista vaaroista merkittävä kaatumisalttius sekä merkittävästi heikentynyt liikuntakyky ja tasapaino lisäsivät kaatumisriskiä ja toistuvien kaatumisten ilmaantumista. Merkittävästi alentunut näkökyky ei kuitenkaan lisännyt kaatumisten ilmaantuvuutta, eikä kyseisen vaaraluokituksen käyttö nykymuodossaan ole perusteltua. Kodin ergonomian tarkastelu tiloittain tilankäytön ja järjestyksen, kulkualustojen, kalustuksen ja varustuksen sekä valaistuksen suhteen selkeytti ja laajensi ergonomiatietämystä ikääntyneen kodista. Silti ergonomiaa olisi kyettävä jatkossa arvioimaan yksilöllisemmin. Kaatumistapahtumien systeemien tarkastelu viittasi myös siihen, että ikääntyneen kaatumisen perussyinä olivatkin ergonomiapuutteita useammin ikääntyneen ns. sisäiset syyt ja ilmeiset riskintunnistuksen häiriöt. Kehitetty arviointimenetelmä ei kuitenkaan sovi tällaisenaan laajempaan käyttöön, vaikkakin jo nyt kaatumistapahtuman systeemin tarkastelulla on aiempaa helpompi havaita kodin ergonomian korjauskohteita sekä löytää ikääntyneet, joille ergonomiset ja geronteknologiset turvaratkaisut, riskintunnistuksen kohentaminen tai toimintakykyä muutoin tukevat toimenpiteet ovat tarpeen.

This thesis describes a concept of telework, its background, diffusion and penetration, the European Framework Agreement on Telework and provides a detailed analysis of home office as one form of telework in Czech Republic and Germany during the financial crisis. Evaluating the impacts of the financial crisis on using this form of flexible working is based on statistical data, researches and case studies from both countries and on interviews with representatives of two companies located in Czech Republic and two companies located in Germany which practice home office. The research is completed with an interview with a telework service provider.

This research is a case study focusing on a group of Chinese teachers working in a senior high school in northern China. It seeks to explore their experiences and perceptions of gender roles, both in the workplace and at home. It aims to discover the impact of cultural values and beliefs on them as well as on their teaching practice, and to explore how they deal with the potential contradictions. There are three questions being addressed in this research: (1) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at the workplace? (2) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at home? (3) How do their experiences and perceptions of gender roles influence their teaching practice? The results show that both modernization and communism have positive influences on gender equality. However, tradition and stereotype impose men and women with specific roles and qualities. They influence participants’ domestic life to different extents: decision-making, housework division, attitudes toward marriage, premarital sex and gender preference of their children. Whether caring or paternalistic, parents play a very important role in the family. It also can be seen that women are trying to take an active role in household finance management. At the workplace, the ongoing work-family conflict and stereotype about gender roles hinder women’s career development. The participation and the percentage of female representation in management positions are rather low, even though they are encouraged to take an active role. When seeking employment, women face more frustration than men. In the classroom setting, gender difference can be seen when teachers give criticism and assign legwork. Students are expected to develop different qualities: male students with “male characteristics” and female students with “female characteristics”, as a result of social pressure.

As traditional family roles change and circumstances at home become increasingly varied in contemporary society, the experiences of children also undergo change. For instance, when fathers take on primary caregiving responsibilities, those differing circumstances also impact their children. Therefore, it is important for researchers to study how changing parental roles affect children in the home. Through the use of qualitative research design, this research focuses on how the experiences of children within the home may be impacted when fathers are the primary caregiver. Although previous research has examined several aspects of family dynamics with so-called stay-at-home fathers, research has not yet evaluated how full-time fathering in the home may impact children's educational and school experiences. This thesis describes six fathers' and six mothers' perspectives about their children's school experiences when the father provides childcare in the home while the mother works full-time outside the home. Results suggest that division of roles in a family can affect some areas of children's experiences and responses implied there are multiple interacting variables that contribute to the parental influences on children. Mothers focus on the social experiences of their children as components of overall school experience. Fathers more frequently talked about the emotional and behavioral components of school experience. The results inform the disciplines of family science, teacher education, and school psychology of key considerations when working with children in this nontraditional family arrangement.

This thesis examines how individuals and households of Kao and Liqhobong villages in Lesotho responded to economic challenges resulting from, amongst other factors, the implementation of structural adjustment policies; a decline in work opportunities for Basotho migrants in South Africa; the wider collapse of the regional mining complex, and; continued failure in developing agricultural production. More specifically, the study focuses on individuals and households implicated in unrecognised and unlicensed artisanal diamond mining and who use such mining, in the midst of these economic challenges, as a supplementary means of income or livelihood diversification. Artisanal diamond mining in Lesotho is a livelihood for rural households that is masked by the dominant representation of Lesotho as a labour reserve. Making use of the 'moral economy' and 'human economy' approaches, the thesis explores how artisanal miners in Lesotho engage in diamond digging and selling. It also investigates the constraints they face in a sector that was heavily regulated historically and remains so in post-independence Lesotho, a state which is itself constrained by a regional and global context that makes it difficult to raise the living standards of its citizens. In order to understand the responses of individuals and households in the implicated villages, the thesis combines an historical with an ethnographic approach. As such it examines the conditions artisanal diamond miners have operated under from the 1950s to 2014 when fieldwork for this thesis was conducted. It looks at how artisanal miners and artisanal mining collectives with their own moral economies negotiated the contestation over natural resources with the Lesotho state and international commercial mining companies. In doing so it investigates how the artisanal miners positioned themselves in relation to the law; claims to ownership over land; the international market for diamonds; and society. As an economic activity artisanal diamond mining is viewed in relation to the larger social processes in which it is embedded and from which it derives meaning. As such this thesis tells a story of conflict, violence and resistance; a story that remains pertinent, given the current debates about economic democracy in contexts of natural resource wealth. In my analysis, I pay particular attention to the role of women in ASM in Lesotho. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Anthropology and Archaeology / PhD / Unrestricted

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how stay-at-home fathers view their role as the primary caregiver, and how they encounter opposing masculinity issues. This is explored through discussion about daily life, the decision to stay home, and household labor, a particularly interesting reflection of gender roles and equality. The two research questions used to explore this included: How do stay-at-home fathers understand their masculinity and social role? How does talk about the negotiation of household labor in stay-at-home father/career mother families illustrate masculinity issues? Through an analysis of interviews of eight present or past stay-at-home fathers, I capture the ways that these fathers describe and discuss the stay-at-home parent role. By looking at how these men define and interpret the specific challenges they face while in this role, I help tell the stories of stay-at-home father/career mother families, and understand whether these families, too, experience Hochschild's "stalled revolution."

Physical activity is a well-known protective factor against poorer mental health outcomes. Feelings of depression, social isolation, and stress have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures implemented to mitigate the spread of the virus have had some unintended consequences on older adults’ physical and mental health. Researchers and government officials recommend physical activity to minimize the negative psychological and physiological impacts of COVID-19. However, older adults have generally shown less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and positive behavioural adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a need for physical activity programs and strategies targeted for older adults. Filling this gap, the current study developed and implemented a remote exercise training program for older adults. Employing a measurement burst design with repeated ecological momentary assessments, the current longitudinal randomized control study examined the dynamic relationships of physical activity, depressive symptoms, social isolation, and COVID-19 related stress in older adults. The results from multilevel model analyses showed: (1) the exercise training program was effective in increasing physical activity; (2) sex, age, and group assignment were significant predictors of physical activity; (3) physical activity did not reduce depressive symptoms over time; (4) social isolation is directly associated with depressive symptoms; and (5) COVID-19 stress is inversely associated with depressive symptoms. At-home physical activity programming could be an effective way to increase physical activity among older adults; thus, more research into at-home physical activity programs is needed. / Graduate

Lead and copper in drinking water are known to pose aesthetic and health concerns for humans and pets. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) set 90th percentile action levels for lead (15 ppb) and copper (1.3 mg/L), above which utilities must implement systemwide corrosion control. However, gaps in the US EPA LCR leave at least 10% of residents using municipal water and all private well users vulnerable to elevated lead and copper in their drinking water. To help address these gaps in the LCR, this dissertation 1) Evaluates accuracy of at-home lead in water test kits to help residents identify lead problems, 2) Refines orthophosphate corrosion control guidance to help reduce cuprosolvency, 3) Identifies challenges to mitigating cuprosolvency by raising pH, and 4) Develops guidance that can help residents assess and address cuprosolvency problems. Lead in drinking water can pose a variety of health concerns, particularly for young children. The revised LCR will still leave many residents unprotected from elevated lead in their drinking water and potentially wondering what to do about it. Many consumers concerned about lead may choose to purchase at-home lead in water test kits, but there is no certification authority to ensure their accuracy. Most off-the-shelf tests purchased in this work (12 of 16) were not able to detect dissolved or particulate lead at levels of concern in drinking water (i.e. near the lead action level of 15 ppb) due to high detection limits (5,000-20,000 ppb). Binary type tests, which indicate the presence or absence of lead based on a trigger threshold of 15 ppb, were often effective at detecting dissolved lead, but they failed to detect the presence of leaded particles that often cause high lead exposures in drinking water problems. Some of these problems detecting particles could be reduced using simple at-home acid dissolution with weak household acids such a vinegar or lemon juice. Our analysis points out the strengths and weaknesses of various types of at-home lead in water tests, which could be particularly important considering potential distrust in official results in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis. Elevated cuprosolvency, or copper release into drinking water, can be an aesthetic concern due to fixture staining, blue water, and green hair and can pose health concerns for residents and pets. In addition to the general gaps in the LCR described above, compliance sampling in the LCR focuses on older homes at highest risk of elevated lead, rather than the newer homes at highest risk of elevated copper. Problems with elevated copper can sometimes go undetected as a result. Guidance was developed to help proactive utilities address cuprosolvency issues through the addition of orthophosphate corrosion inhibitors or pH adjustment as a function of a water's alkalinity. Linear regressions developed from pipe cuprosolvency tests (R2>0.98) determined a "minimum" orthophosphate dose or a "minimum" pH for a given alkalinity that was expected to almost always reduce copper below the 1.3 mg/L EPA action level in a reasonable length of time. The subjective nature of the terms "almost always" and "reasonable length of time" were quantitatively discussed based on laboratory and field data. Orthophosphate addition was generally very effective at cuprosolvency control. Orthophosphate treatment in copper tube cuprosolvency tests produced cuprosolvency below the action level within the first week of treatment. As expected, orthophosphate treated waters sometimes resulted in higher long-term cuprosolvency than the same waters without orthophosphate corrosion control treatment. This is consistent with the formation of phosphate scales which have an intermediate solubility between the cupric hydroxide in new pipes and the malachite or tenorite scales expected in pipe aging without orthophosphate. A linear regression (R2>0.98) was used to determine the orthophosphate dose needed for a given alkalinity to yield copper below the 1.3 mg/L action level in the pipe segments with the highest, 2nd highest, 3rd highest copper concentrations (100th, 95th, or 90th percentile, n=20 replicates, five each from four manufacturers) after 4 or 22 weeks of pipe aging. This regression was generally in good agreement with a bin approach put forth in the 2015 Consensus Statement from the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, but in some cases the regression predicted that higher orthophosphate doses would be needed. In contrast, due to the greater complexity of the reactions involved, a similar simplistic approach for pH adjustment is not widely applicable. A linear regression predicted that higher "minimum" pH values would be needed to control cuprosolvency compared to those suggested by the 2015 National Drinking Water Advisory Consensus Statement. Results indicate that factors such as the potential for calcite precipitation, pipe age, and significant variability in cuprosolvency from pipes of different manufacturers may warrant further research. Field LCR monitoring data indicated that 90th percentile copper concentrations continued to decline over a period of years or decades when orthophosphate is not used, and our laboratory results demonstrate a few cases where copper levels even increased with time. Consideration of confounding effects from other water quality parameters such as natural organic matter, silica, and sulfate would be necessary before the "minimum" pH criteria could be broadly applied. Guidance was then developed to help address cuprosolvency issues on a single building or single home basis for residents with private wells or those with high copper in municipal systems meeting the LCR. A hierarchy of costs and considerations for various interventions are discussed including replumbing with alternative materials, using bottled water or point use pitcher, tap, or reverse osmosis filters to reduce copper consumption, and using whole house interventions like more conventional orthophosphate addition and pH adjustment, or unproven strategies like granular activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis treatment, and ion exchange treatment. Laboratory and citizen science testing demonstrated that some inexpensive at-home tests for pH and copper, were accurate enough to serve as inputs for this guidance and could empower consumers to diagnose their problems and consider possible solutions. Citizen science field testing and companion laboratory studies of potential interventions indicate that short-term (<36 weeks) use of pH adjustment, granular activated carbon, anion exchange and reverse osmosis treated water were not effective at forming a protective scale for the resident's water tested. In this case-study, cuprosolvency problems were ultimately related to water chemistry and linked to variability in influent water pH. Overall, this work highlighted weaknesses in the current US EPA Lead and Copper Rule. It attempted to close some of these gaps by assessing the accuracy of at-home citizen science tests for lead and copper detection and developing guidance to support voluntary interventions by utilities or consumers. Ideally, local authorities (utilities, health departments, cooperative extension programs) could adapt this guidance to account for local water quality considerations and support consumers in resolving cuprosolvency issues. This guidance may also serve as a citizen science approach that some consumers could use to make decisions on their own. Future work could extend and improve on these initial efforts. / Doctor of Philosophy / Lead or copper in drinking water can come from corrosion of plumbing materials. Elevated levels of these metals can cause aesthetic concerns like blue water and fixture staining, as well as health concerns for humans and pets. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is designed to address system wide lead and copper corrosion problems in municipal water supplies. According to the LCR, utilities must notify consumers and implement corrosion control if more than 10% of homes sampled have lead above 15 ppb or copper above 1.3 mg/L. However, gaps in the US EPA LCR leave at least 10% of residents using municipal water and all private well users vulnerable to elevated lead and copper in their drinking water. To help address these gaps in the LCR, this dissertation 1) Evaluates how accurate residential at-home tests are at detecting lead in water, 2) Refines orthophosphate corrosion control guidance to help address elevated cuprosolvency (i.e. copper release to water), 3) Identifies challenges addressing cuprosolvency issues by raising the pH, and 4) Develops guidance to help residents detect and address cuprosolvency problems. Lead in drinking water can come from corrosion of lead bearing plumbing such as lead service lines and lead solder. Lead can pose a variety of health concerns, particularly for young children. In spite of recent revisions, the LCR will still leave many residents unprotected from elevated lead in their drinking water and potentially wondering what to do about it. Many consumers concerned about lead may choose to purchase at-home lead in water test kits, but there is no certification authority to ensure that they are accurate. Most off- the-shelf tests purchased in this work (12 of 16) were not able to detect dissolved lead or lead from particulate at concentrations expected to occur in drinking water due to high detection limits (5,000-20,000 ppb). Binary type tests, which indicate the presence or absence of lead based on a trigger threshold of 15 ppb, were often effective at detecting dissolved lead, but they failed to detect the presence of leaded particles that often cause high lead exposures in drinking water problems. Some of these problems detecting particles could be reduced using a simple procedure to attempt to dissolve the particles using weak household acids like vine- gar or lemon juice. Our analysis points out the strengths and weaknesses of various types of at-home lead in water tests, which could be particularly important considering potential distrust in official results in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis. Elevated cuprosolvency, or copper release into drinking water, primarily causes aesthetic problems like fixture staining and blue water, and it can also pose acute and serious health concerns for residents and some pets. Many of the same issues with the LCR that leave residents at risk of lead can also lead to unaddressed issues with elevated copper. In addition to those issues, the LCR focuses on collecting water samples in older homes at highest risk of lead, instead of newer homes at highest risk of copper. This means that many cuprosolvency problems could go undetected. Guidance was developed to help proactive utilities address cuprosolvency problems throughout the whole water system by adding orthophosphate corrosion inhibitors or adjusting the pH of their water. Linear relationships were developed from cuprosolvency testing in copper pipes (strong correlations, R2>0.98) to determine the "minimum" orthophosphate dose or pH value needed based on the water alkalinity that was expected to almost always reduce copper below the 1.3 mg/L EPA action level in a reason- able length of time. We also discuss the subjective nature of the terms "almost always" and "reasonable length of time" based on laboratory and field data. Adding orthophosphate was generally very effective at controlling cuprosolvency. In tests in copper pipe segments, copper concentrations in the water were below the action level within one week of starting to add orthophosphate. As expected, sometimes waters with orthophosphate treatment resulted in higher long-term copper concentrations than waters without orthophosphate. This is in agreement with reports of formation of phosphate mineral scales which have an intermediate solubility between those in new pipes and the scales expected in pipe aging without orthophosphate. A linear regression (strong correlation, R2>0.98) was used to determine the orthophosphate dose needed for a given alkalinity to yield copper below the 1.3 mg/L action level in the worst, second worst, and third worst pipes of the 20 pipe segments tested (100th, 95th, or 90th percentile) after 4 or 22 weeks of pipe aging. This linear relationship was generally in good agreement with a bin approach put forth in the 2015 Consensus Statement from the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, but in some cases the regression predicted that higher orthophosphate doses would be needed. In contrast, we showed that adjusting the pH to control cuprosolvency was too simplistic to be widely applicable because the chemical reactions involved are more complex. The linear relationship we developed predicted that higher "minimum" pH values would be needed to control cuprosolvency compared to those suggested by the 2015 National Drinking Water Advisory Consensus Statement. Other factors such as the potential calcite precipitation, which can clog pipes, pipe age, and significant variability in copper coming off pipes from different manufacturers may require consideration when considering treatment options. LCR monitoring data from utilities indicated that copper concentrations continued to decline over a period of years or decades when orthophosphate was not used, and our laboratory results demonstrate a few cases where copper levels even increased with time. We also showed that other water quality components like natural organic matter, silica, and sulfate can affect cuprosolvency and could make it difficult to broadly apply the "minimum" pH approach for controlling cuprosolvency in places with different water qualities. Guidance was then developed to help address cuprosolvency issues on a single building or single home basis for residents with private wells or those with high copper in municipal systems meeting the LCR. A hierarchy of costs and considerations is described for various interventions including replumbing with alternative materials, using bottled water or point use pitcher, tap, or reverse osmosis filters to reduce copper consumption, and using whole house interventions like more conventional orthophosphate addition and pH adjustment, or unproven strategies like granular activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis treatment, and ion exchange treatment. Laboratory and citizen science testing demonstrated that some in- expensive at-home tests for pH and copper, were accurate enough to serve as inputs for this guidance and could empower consumers to diagnose their problems and consider possible solutions. Testing of potential water treatments in the laboratory and citizen science testing in a resident's home showed that short-term (<36 weeks) use of pH adjustment, granular activated carbon, anion exchange, and reverse osmosis treated water did not form a permanent, low-solubility protective scale for this resident's water. In this case-study, cuprosolvency problems were ultimately related to water chemistry and linked to variability in incoming pH of the water. This thesis highlighted weaknesses in the current US EPA Lead and Copper Rule. It at- tempted to address some of these issues by determining the accuracy of at-home citizen science tests to help residents detect lead and copper and developing guidance to support voluntary interventions by utilities or consumers. Ideally, local authorities (utilities, health departments, cooperative extension programs) could adapt this guidance to account for local water quality considerations and support consumers in resolving cuprosolvency issues. This guidance may also serve as a citizen science approach that some consumers could use to make decisions on their own. Future work could extend and improve on these initial efforts.