Lead and copper in drinking water are known to pose aesthetic and health concerns for humans and pets. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) set 90th percentile action levels for lead (15 ppb) and copper (1.3 mg/L), above which utilities must implement systemwide corrosion control. However, gaps in the US EPA LCR leave at least 10% of residents using municipal water and all private well users vulnerable to elevated lead and copper in their drinking water. To help address these gaps in the LCR, this dissertation 1) Evaluates accuracy of at-home lead in water test kits to help residents identify lead problems, 2) Refines orthophosphate corrosion control guidance to help reduce cuprosolvency, 3) Identifies challenges to mitigating cuprosolvency by raising pH, and 4) Develops guidance that can help residents assess and address cuprosolvency problems. Lead in drinking water can pose a variety of health concerns, particularly for young children. The revised LCR will still leave many residents unprotected from elevated lead in their drinking water and potentially wondering what to do about it. Many consumers concerned about lead may choose to purchase at-home lead in water test kits, but there is no certification authority to ensure their accuracy. Most off-the-shelf tests purchased in this work (12 of 16) were not able to detect dissolved or particulate lead at levels of concern in drinking water (i.e. near the lead action level of 15 ppb) due to high detection limits (5,000-20,000 ppb). Binary type tests, which indicate the presence or absence of lead based on a trigger threshold of 15 ppb, were often effective at detecting dissolved lead, but they failed to detect the presence of leaded particles that often cause high lead exposures in drinking water problems. Some of these problems detecting particles could be reduced using simple at-home acid dissolution with weak household acids such a vinegar or lemon juice. Our analysis points out the strengths and weaknesses of various types of at-home lead in water tests, which could be particularly important considering potential distrust in official results in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis. Elevated cuprosolvency, or copper release into drinking water, can be an aesthetic concern due to fixture staining, blue water, and green hair and can pose health concerns for residents and pets. In addition to the general gaps in the LCR described above, compliance sampling in the LCR focuses on older homes at highest risk of elevated lead, rather than the newer homes at highest risk of elevated copper. Problems with elevated copper can sometimes go undetected as a result. Guidance was developed to help proactive utilities address cuprosolvency issues through the addition of orthophosphate corrosion inhibitors or pH adjustment as a function of a water's alkalinity. Linear regressions developed from pipe cuprosolvency tests (R2>0.98) determined a "minimum" orthophosphate dose or a "minimum" pH for a given alkalinity that was expected to almost always reduce copper below the 1.3 mg/L EPA action level in a reasonable length of time. The subjective nature of the terms "almost always" and "reasonable length of time" were quantitatively discussed based on laboratory and field data. Orthophosphate addition was generally very effective at cuprosolvency control. Orthophosphate treatment in copper tube cuprosolvency tests produced cuprosolvency below the action level within the first week of treatment. As expected, orthophosphate treated waters sometimes resulted in higher long-term cuprosolvency than the same waters without orthophosphate corrosion control treatment. This is consistent with the formation of phosphate scales which have an intermediate solubility between the cupric hydroxide in new pipes and the malachite or tenorite scales expected in pipe aging without orthophosphate. A linear regression (R2>0.98) was used to determine the orthophosphate dose needed for a given alkalinity to yield copper below the 1.3 mg/L action level in the pipe segments with the highest, 2nd highest, 3rd highest copper concentrations (100th, 95th, or 90th percentile, n=20 replicates, five each from four manufacturers) after 4 or 22 weeks of pipe aging. This regression was generally in good agreement with a bin approach put forth in the 2015 Consensus Statement from the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, but in some cases the regression predicted that higher orthophosphate doses would be needed. In contrast, due to the greater complexity of the reactions involved, a similar simplistic approach for pH adjustment is not widely applicable. A linear regression predicted that higher "minimum" pH values would be needed to control cuprosolvency compared to those suggested by the 2015 National Drinking Water Advisory Consensus Statement. Results indicate that factors such as the potential for calcite precipitation, pipe age, and significant variability in cuprosolvency from pipes of different manufacturers may warrant further research. Field LCR monitoring data indicated that 90th percentile copper concentrations continued to decline over a period of years or decades when orthophosphate is not used, and our laboratory results demonstrate a few cases where copper levels even increased with time. Consideration of confounding effects from other water quality parameters such as natural organic matter, silica, and sulfate would be necessary before the "minimum" pH criteria could be broadly applied. Guidance was then developed to help address cuprosolvency issues on a single building or single home basis for residents with private wells or those with high copper in municipal systems meeting the LCR. A hierarchy of costs and considerations for various interventions are discussed including replumbing with alternative materials, using bottled water or point use pitcher, tap, or reverse osmosis filters to reduce copper consumption, and using whole house interventions like more conventional orthophosphate addition and pH adjustment, or unproven strategies like granular activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis treatment, and ion exchange treatment. Laboratory and citizen science testing demonstrated that some inexpensive at-home tests for pH and copper, were accurate enough to serve as inputs for this guidance and could empower consumers to diagnose their problems and consider possible solutions. Citizen science field testing and companion laboratory studies of potential interventions indicate that short-term (<36 weeks) use of pH adjustment, granular activated carbon, anion exchange and reverse osmosis treated water were not effective at forming a protective scale for the resident's water tested. In this case-study, cuprosolvency problems were ultimately related to water chemistry and linked to variability in influent water pH. Overall, this work highlighted weaknesses in the current US EPA Lead and Copper Rule. It attempted to close some of these gaps by assessing the accuracy of at-home citizen science tests for lead and copper detection and developing guidance to support voluntary interventions by utilities or consumers. Ideally, local authorities (utilities, health departments, cooperative extension programs) could adapt this guidance to account for local water quality considerations and support consumers in resolving cuprosolvency issues. This guidance may also serve as a citizen science approach that some consumers could use to make decisions on their own. Future work could extend and improve on these initial efforts. / Doctor of Philosophy / Lead or copper in drinking water can come from corrosion of plumbing materials. Elevated levels of these metals can cause aesthetic concerns like blue water and fixture staining, as well as health concerns for humans and pets. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is designed to address system wide lead and copper corrosion problems in municipal water supplies. According to the LCR, utilities must notify consumers and implement corrosion control if more than 10% of homes sampled have lead above 15 ppb or copper above 1.3 mg/L. However, gaps in the US EPA LCR leave at least 10% of residents using municipal water and all private well users vulnerable to elevated lead and copper in their drinking water. To help address these gaps in the LCR, this dissertation 1) Evaluates how accurate residential at-home tests are at detecting lead in water, 2) Refines orthophosphate corrosion control guidance to help address elevated cuprosolvency (i.e. copper release to water), 3) Identifies challenges addressing cuprosolvency issues by raising the pH, and 4) Develops guidance to help residents detect and address cuprosolvency problems. Lead in drinking water can come from corrosion of lead bearing plumbing such as lead service lines and lead solder. Lead can pose a variety of health concerns, particularly for young children. In spite of recent revisions, the LCR will still leave many residents unprotected from elevated lead in their drinking water and potentially wondering what to do about it. Many consumers concerned about lead may choose to purchase at-home lead in water test kits, but there is no certification authority to ensure that they are accurate. Most off- the-shelf tests purchased in this work (12 of 16) were not able to detect dissolved lead or lead from particulate at concentrations expected to occur in drinking water due to high detection limits (5,000-20,000 ppb). Binary type tests, which indicate the presence or absence of lead based on a trigger threshold of 15 ppb, were often effective at detecting dissolved lead, but they failed to detect the presence of leaded particles that often cause high lead exposures in drinking water problems. Some of these problems detecting particles could be reduced using a simple procedure to attempt to dissolve the particles using weak household acids like vine- gar or lemon juice. Our analysis points out the strengths and weaknesses of various types of at-home lead in water tests, which could be particularly important considering potential distrust in official results in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis. Elevated cuprosolvency, or copper release into drinking water, primarily causes aesthetic problems like fixture staining and blue water, and it can also pose acute and serious health concerns for residents and some pets. Many of the same issues with the LCR that leave residents at risk of lead can also lead to unaddressed issues with elevated copper. In addition to those issues, the LCR focuses on collecting water samples in older homes at highest risk of lead, instead of newer homes at highest risk of copper. This means that many cuprosolvency problems could go undetected. Guidance was developed to help proactive utilities address cuprosolvency problems throughout the whole water system by adding orthophosphate corrosion inhibitors or adjusting the pH of their water. Linear relationships were developed from cuprosolvency testing in copper pipes (strong correlations, R2>0.98) to determine the "minimum" orthophosphate dose or pH value needed based on the water alkalinity that was expected to almost always reduce copper below the 1.3 mg/L EPA action level in a reason- able length of time. We also discuss the subjective nature of the terms "almost always" and "reasonable length of time" based on laboratory and field data. Adding orthophosphate was generally very effective at controlling cuprosolvency. In tests in copper pipe segments, copper concentrations in the water were below the action level within one week of starting to add orthophosphate. As expected, sometimes waters with orthophosphate treatment resulted in higher long-term copper concentrations than waters without orthophosphate. This is in agreement with reports of formation of phosphate mineral scales which have an intermediate solubility between those in new pipes and the scales expected in pipe aging without orthophosphate. A linear regression (strong correlation, R2>0.98) was used to determine the orthophosphate dose needed for a given alkalinity to yield copper below the 1.3 mg/L action level in the worst, second worst, and third worst pipes of the 20 pipe segments tested (100th, 95th, or 90th percentile) after 4 or 22 weeks of pipe aging. This linear relationship was generally in good agreement with a bin approach put forth in the 2015 Consensus Statement from the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, but in some cases the regression predicted that higher orthophosphate doses would be needed. In contrast, we showed that adjusting the pH to control cuprosolvency was too simplistic to be widely applicable because the chemical reactions involved are more complex. The linear relationship we developed predicted that higher "minimum" pH values would be needed to control cuprosolvency compared to those suggested by the 2015 National Drinking Water Advisory Consensus Statement. Other factors such as the potential calcite precipitation, which can clog pipes, pipe age, and significant variability in copper coming off pipes from different manufacturers may require consideration when considering treatment options. LCR monitoring data from utilities indicated that copper concentrations continued to decline over a period of years or decades when orthophosphate was not used, and our laboratory results demonstrate a few cases where copper levels even increased with time. We also showed that other water quality components like natural organic matter, silica, and sulfate can affect cuprosolvency and could make it difficult to broadly apply the "minimum" pH approach for controlling cuprosolvency in places with different water qualities. Guidance was then developed to help address cuprosolvency issues on a single building or single home basis for residents with private wells or those with high copper in municipal systems meeting the LCR. A hierarchy of costs and considerations is described for various interventions including replumbing with alternative materials, using bottled water or point use pitcher, tap, or reverse osmosis filters to reduce copper consumption, and using whole house interventions like more conventional orthophosphate addition and pH adjustment, or unproven strategies like granular activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis treatment, and ion exchange treatment. Laboratory and citizen science testing demonstrated that some in- expensive at-home tests for pH and copper, were accurate enough to serve as inputs for this guidance and could empower consumers to diagnose their problems and consider possible solutions. Testing of potential water treatments in the laboratory and citizen science testing in a resident's home showed that short-term (<36 weeks) use of pH adjustment, granular activated carbon, anion exchange, and reverse osmosis treated water did not form a permanent, low-solubility protective scale for this resident's water. In this case-study, cuprosolvency problems were ultimately related to water chemistry and linked to variability in incoming pH of the water. This thesis highlighted weaknesses in the current US EPA Lead and Copper Rule. It at- tempted to address some of these issues by determining the accuracy of at-home citizen science tests to help residents detect lead and copper and developing guidance to support voluntary interventions by utilities or consumers. Ideally, local authorities (utilities, health departments, cooperative extension programs) could adapt this guidance to account for local water quality considerations and support consumers in resolving cuprosolvency issues. This guidance may also serve as a citizen science approach that some consumers could use to make decisions on their own. Future work could extend and improve on these initial efforts.

No description available.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av betydelsen av fysioterapeutens insatser i det Mobila Sjukhusteamet (MST). Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med sex patienter som varit inskrivna i MST på Skånes Universitetssjukhus i Malmö och under sin vårdtid, inneliggande på sjukhus och/eller i hemmet träffat fysioterapeuten i MST. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre kategorier med åtta underkategorier. Trygghet med underkategorierna Tillgänglighet, Bli sedd och Bemötande vilket bland annat innefattar att kunna förstå sina förutsättningar och begränsningar. Möjliggörande med underkategorierna Kompetens och Delaktighet där upplevelsen var att aktivitet möjliggjordes genom bedömning av funktionsförmåga, hjälpmedelsordination och träningsprogram. Egenvärde med underkategorierna Självständighet, Fysisk kontext och Social kontext där vardagsaktiviteter och deltagarnas kontexter sågs som viktiga för känslan av självständighet. Slutsats: Studien visar att deltagarna upplevde de fysioterapeutiska insatserna som betydelsefulla då dessa möjliggjorde för deltagarna att fungera så självständigt som möjlig utifrån sina förutsättningar i sin naturliga kontext. Det framkom även att fysioterapeutens förmåga att med yrkesspecifik kompetens och personcentrerad vård var viktig för att få deltagarna delaktiga i sin vårdprocess. För deltagarna skapade detta trygghet och en ökad tro på sin egen förmåga. Det som värdesattes högt av deltagarna och upplevdes bidra till att främja återhämtningen var att få lov att vara i den miljö de trivdes allra bäst i –sitt hem. / Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe patients´experiences of the importance of the physiotherapist´s interventions in the Mobile Hospital Team. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with six patients who were enrolled in the Mobile Hospital Team at Skånes University Hospital in Malmö. The participants had during their period of care met the physiotherapist in the Mobile Hospital Team at the hospital and/or at home. Result: The study resulted in three categories with eight subcategories. Security with the subcategories Availability, Being seen and Reception which meant, among other things, being able to understand one´s condition and limitations. Enabling with the subcategories Competence and Participation where the experience was that activity was made possible through assessment of functional ability, prescription of assistive devices and training programs. Self-worth with the subcategories Independence, Physical context and Social context where everyday activities and the participants ‘contexts were seen as important factors for the feeling of independence. Conclusion: The study shows that the participants experienced the physiotherapeutic interventions as significant as these enabled the participants to function as independently as possible based on their conditions in their natural context. Furthermore the importance of the physiotherapist´s ability, with professional competence and patient centered care, was importing in making the participants feel involved in their situation, which created security and an increased belief in their own abilities. What was highly valued by the participants and felt contribute to promoting recovery was being allowed to be in the environment they were most comfortable in – their home.

The interest in boundaries between work and personal life has become more invigorated since the Covid-19 pandemic, where many people had to work from home which potentially blurred the lines between work and family life. This technological development which made working from home during the pandemic possible is not likely to stagnate. Therefore it is of importance to investigate boundaries and what other factors can possibly affect them further. One such factor being control and the belief that one does or does not have it. The aim of this study was to look for a relationship between Boundary Strength at Home (BSH) and Work Locus of Control (WLOC) with demographic variables such as age and gender. This was researched through a survey sent to different work related forums using a mix of snowball and convenience sample (n=153). The results did not support there being a relationship between BSH and WLOC. Although, the results did show an interaction effect between WLOC and age in relation to BSH. It is unclear why this interaction effect manifested but it suggests that age is not as trivial of a factor as first thought. Therefore we encourage further research into the relationship between age, WLOC and boundary management.

Teachers and students spend countless hours in the classroom focused on the task of learning how to read. However, successful readers do not simply know how to read, they practice reading regularly. With limited time in the classroom, it is essential that students extend their reading practice outside of school. In regards to students' reading, two things are certain. First, students must become effective independent readers in order to experience success in school. Second, students must practice reading regularly in order to become successful independent readers. These two ideas arc correlational; in order to become effective independent readers, students must first practice reading. The necessity for successful independent reading is clear, as academic achievement relies on the premise that students are able to read and comprehend independently. However, the means by which to achieve this end have been surprisingly under researched. This study examines at-home reading programs being utilized in elementary schools in six Central Florida school districts. We cannot change or begin to improve what we don't know. This study was designed to examine the current practices related to at-home reading programs. My hope is that this study will provide valuable insight into the successful elements and challenges posed by at-home reading programs currently being employed in some Central Florida elementary schools.

The dissertation begins by discussing the essence of the current study, which sought to accurately portray the experiences and realities of fulltime mothers, followed by a comprehensive literature review surrounding issues pertinent in motherhood. Subsequently, an explanation of the methodological approach utilized in the current study is provided, in addition to the overview of a pilot study which exemplified potential themes, obstacles, and assets anticipated within the actual research. The case studies of four women chosen to represent issues relevant to fulltime mothers are presented. Finally, the creation of a substantive Stay-at-home-mothering (i.e., SAHM) Model is offered, along with two SAHM portraits and a conclusion section, which includes an implications section along with an exploration of the personal discoveries made by the current researcher. / Ph. D.

Within the United Kingdom, a developing role for primary care services in cancer and palliative care has resulted in an increase in palliative home care teams. The provision of professional care in the home setting seeks to provide necessary services and enhanced choice for patients whose preference is to die at home. A mismatch between patient preference for home death and the actual number of people who died at home was identified within Bradford, the locality of this study. In response to this mismatch, and reflecting the policy environment of wishing to enhance community service provision, the four Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in the city sought to offer support to patients who wished to remain in their own homes through the final stages of a terminal illness. To offer this support they set up a dedicated hospice at home team. This would provide services and support for patients in achieving a dignified, symptom free and peaceful death, allowing families to maximise time spent together. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Bradford hospice at home service from the perspective of carers, nurses and General Practitioners. Postal questionnaires were sent to carers (n = 289), district nurses (n = 508) and GP's (n = 444) using Bradford's hospice at home service. Resulting quantitative data was analysed using the Statical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data was analysed using grounded theory techniques. The data from carers, district nurses and GPs provide general support for the Bradford hospice at home service. Carers valued highly the opportunity to 'fulfil a promise' to the individual who wished to be cared for at home. District nurses and GPs cited the positive impact of access to specialist expertise. This was a 'reassuring presence' for primary healthcare teams and offered 'relief of carer anxiety' by providing prompt, accessible and sensitive care. Carers and health professionals welcomed the increased possibility of patients being cared for at home. The study identified the need to focus on improving skill levels of staff and on ensuring continuity of care.

This thesis examines the mobility patterns of 613 participants from the At Home/Chez Soi Research Demonstration Project on Mental Health and Homelessness who were surveyed in five Canadian cities (Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montréal, and Moncton). Participants’ mobility histories are treated as life courses: visualized using a GIS spatiotemporal analysis and complemented by examining their self-described reasons for movement (n=1,750). I contend that homeless mobilities are complex, entangled, and multiple. To better understand these mobilities, I apply relational theoretical perspectives to literature from the mobilities turn. I conceptualize mobility as composed of the relations between various actors. These relations coordinate amidst social differences, histories, and orderings of power. Together, actors and the relations between them, become more than the sum of their parts. To see mobility relationally, is to say that mobilities have emergent properties that reproduce, deepen, or ameliorate marginalization for those experiencing homelessness. I identify a series of actors and their relations composing homeless mobilities via time-space mapping, descriptive statistics, and the exploratory coding of survey data. I conclude by detailing a relational view of homeless mobilities while suggesting that expulsion is one emergent property of this system. / October 2016

This study explores the spontaneous singing of three- and four-year-old children at home, with emphasis on how young children use singing in their everyday lives. Spontaneous singing pervades the everyday lives of young children and can provide insights into a child's musical and extra-musical experience at home. Although several studies have examined spontaneous singing in educational settings, young children's musical lives at home are rarely studied in detail. The home is a difficult space to access, and data collection methods often rely on parental reporting. As a result, some types of singing have been overlooked. Located within the sociocultural theoretical tradition, this thesis draws on and develops theories of musical agency to explore how children act musically to engage with others and manage their own experience. Audio data were collected using LENA all-day recording technology supplemented by semi-structured parental interviews. Over 183 hours of audio recording were collected from 15 children (7 boys, 8 girls), aged between 3:0 and 4:10 years (average age 3:8). The children were recorded for continuous periods during their normal everyday routines. The recordings contained more than nine hours of spontaneous singing in total. The data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis with an element of embedded numerical analysis. Interpretive analysis indicated that the children sang to act on themselves and manage social interactions. Spontaneous singing was used as a tool through which the children could realise personal and social agency and influence themselves and others. The children used different modes of singing in social and solitary contexts, demonstrating knowledge of culturally meaningful ways of singing. The home musical environment, and particularly parental singing, appeared to influence the way young children use singing in their everyday lives. This research used an innovative methodology to access young children’s singing in the home. The findings contribute to a greater understanding of young children’s musical behaviours and the home musical lives of young children. Further, the thesis provides an original contribution to the understanding of how young children use spontaneous singing as musical agents acting in and on the world around them. This research has educational implications relating to the way young children’s musicality is understood and encouraged and the importance of music in young children’s lives.

Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Nutzung und Funktion (‘uses and functions’) von Musik im Leben von Individuen in der Provinz Groningen am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts. Diese Studie ist eine ethnomusikologische Studie und repräsentiert die Subdisziplin der ‘ethnomusicology-at-home’. Es benutzt Andreas Reckwitz’ Formulierung der Praxistheorie als theoretischen Anhaltspunkt und methodologischen Prinzipien aus dem Feld der qualitativen Soziologie. Im Kern der Studie steht das Individuum. Eine theoretische Stichprobe von 30 Individuen, die ihren musikalischen Lebenslauf in narrativ-biographischen Interviews aufführten welche im Detail analysiert wurden, ergab schließlich eine ‘grounded theory’ der Nutzung und Funktion von Musik in Groningen im Jahr 2010. Die Theorie besteht aus drei zusammenhängenden Teilen. Der erste Teil beinhaltet Beschreibungen der Nutzung von Musik, wie sie von den Befragten zum Ausdruck gebracht wurden. ‘Nutzung’ bezieht sich auf ‘the customary exercise of music’ in konkreten musikalisch sozialen Situationen. Das Ergebniss dieser Studie ist eine detaillierte Beschreibung von sechs Elementen von musikalisch sozialen Situationen. Diese sechs Elemente sind: Personen, die musikalisches Verhalten ausüben (‘musicking’), Dinge hantieren und immaterielle Ressourcen an spezifischen Orten und in spezifischen Perioden benutzen. Die Studie zeigt, dass diese sechs Elemente zusammen in den Biographien der Befragten unendlich verschiedene Landschaften individueller musikalisch sozialer Situationen widerspiegeln in denen Individuelle auf verschiedenste Art und Weise Musik nutzen. Der zweite Teil der Theorie beinhaltet ein Modell, dass die Funktion von Musik vom Standpunkt des (als sozial definiertes) Individuums aus beschreibt. Das Modell beschreibt drei Allumfassende Funktionen von Musik: die Bestätigung des Ichs, die Verbindung des Ichs zum nicht-Ich, und die Regulierung des Ichs. Die Bestätigung des Ichs findet statt weil Musik in einem ‘Bestätigungskreis’ das Ich trifft, und das Ich reihum die Musik die es trifft gefällt – ein für den Befragten unbegreiflich und eher unberechenbarer Prozess auf dessen Fundament das Ich sich Musik auswählt, ein Prozess oft begleitet durch das Reden über ‘mögen’ und ‘beurteilen’ von Musik. In diesem Prozess wird das musikalische Ich bestätigt und erneut bestätigt. Dieser Bestätigungskreis ermöglicht den Individuen eine Verbindung zum nicht-Ich herzustellen; abgesehen von der Verbindung zur Musik können sie auch das Ich zu Anderen, zum Übernatürlichen, zum Materiellen, zur Zeit und zum Ort verbinden. Die bestätigenden und verbindenden Funktionen von Musik führen zu Effekten, die wohlmöglich in einer Rückkopplungsschlinge benutzt werden in welcher die Regulierung des Ichs stattfindet. Die Nutzungen und Funktionen von Musik werden als ‘geteilte und umstrittene Wege des Tuns und Redens’ betrachtet, als Ausdruck von geteilten und umstrittenen kulturellen Codes, die die sozial standardisierte und sozial standardisierende kulturellen zusammenhängenden kulturellen Kontexte formen in denen Individuen funktionieren. Diese kulturelle Kontexte der Nutzung und Funktion von Musik werden im dritten Teil dieser Studie beschrieben. Die Studie beschreibt wie drei kulturelle Codes zwischen den verschiedenen Befragten (jedoch nicht allen) geteilt werden: der Code ein Instrument zu spielen, der Code des Handwerks und der Code der Musikalität formen zusammen der Supercode des musikalischen Spezialisten. Diese drei zusätzlich-allgemeinen Codes werden mit zwei weiteren Codes kombiniert um die hochspezifischen und kulturell-hegemonischen musikalische Subjektkultur der Kunstmusik zu formen. Diese Subjektkultur drückt aus, das Musik eine Spezialdisziplin ist – das Handwerk von talentierten Individuen ein Instrument zu spielen; das dieses Handwerk mit Expressivität kombiniert werden muss; und das durch diese Form von spezialisierten Expressivität Objekte ins Leben gerufen werden, die den idealen Bereich des Künstlerischen repräsentieren. In diesem Versuch einer ‘grounded theory’ der Nutzung und Funktion von Musik in Groningen im Jahre 2010 wurde skizziert, wie Individuen zu musikalischen Individuen werden. Während des Musizierens im Kontext musikalisch sozialer Situationen nutzen Individuen Musik aufgrund der Funktionen der Bestätigung, Verbindung und Regulierung des Ichs; und sie tun das im Kontext eines Netzes von kulturellen Codes, die geteilte und umstrittene – und manchmal hegemonische – Art des Tuns und Redens kennzeichnen. Eine Auswertung der Theorie und Methodologie, die in diesem Studium angewendet wurden zeigen, das sich beide die weitere Entwicklung des Feldes ‘ethnomusicology(-at-home)’ unterstützen; eine Auswertung der Ergebnisse im Licht der existierenden Forschung zeigt, dass sie zu weiteren Einblicken in die Nutzungen und Funktionen der Musik beitragen. Vier Bereiche für weitere Forschung werden erwähnt: Typologisierung von Nutzungen und Funktionen der Musik; musikalische Diskurse; musikalische Subjektkulturen; und der Ort der musikalischen Subjektordnung der Kunstmusik in gegenwärtiger Gesellschaft. Die Studie schließt ab mit einer Beschreibung der möglichen Folgen für Musikhochschulen. Den Musikhochschulen wird empfohlen ihre Studenten dazu an zu regen über ihr zukünftiges Publikum im weitesten Sinne des Wortes nachzudenken, und dabei auch die verschiedenen Varianten der Nutzungen und Funktionen von Musik zu berücksichtigen, die das Musizieren des Individuums ausmachen. Musikhochschulen werden ermutigt die Studenten (auch) als Dienstleister zu verstehen, sie zu lernen als solche offen zu sein und ihre Beziehungen mit der musikalische ‘Andere’ nicht urteilend gegenüber zu stehen. Musikhochschulen wird empfohlen dies in ihre Kurrikula zu integrieren durch Entwicklung von transformativen Projekten in welchen Studenten musikalische ‘Andere’ treffen, und ihre Studenten zu fördern sich ihres potenziellen Publikums bewusst zu sein in allen musikalischen sozialen Situationen die sie antreffen oder in welchen sie sich selbst wieder finden.