The impact of athlete activism online remains understudied in academic scholarship. To gain a better understanding for fan response to athlete activism online, this study examines the patterns in perception and response among sports fans with respect to politically-charged content posted online by professional athletes. The purpose of this study is to use this understanding of fan response to help athletes and their representatives manage fan reaction to athletes’ politically-charged content. By examining fan response to politically-charged content, this study suggests principles for eliciting positive impact, fostering open discourse, and promoting awareness through social media. Patterns in perception and response among sports fans with respect to politically-charged content posted online by professional athletes were examined through in-depth interviews conducted with sports fans between the ages of 18 and 30 who follow the profiles of professional athletes on social media. An understanding of the potential benefits and drawbacks of athletes’ use of social media for social movements has been gained through an analysis of the emergent themes among perception and response patterns revealed by study participants. The emergent themes of this study inform recommendations for professional athletes posting politically-charged content online. The findings of this study suggest that athletes who post politically-charged content online should do so with their goals and audience in mind. Knowing their goals as well as their audience grants athletes the ability to frame their content accordingly, rendering them more likely to receive positive responses to the politically-charged content they post. Based on the findings of this study, athletes who frame politically-charged content as a narrative highlighting their lived experience and employing appeals to emotion and humor yield the most positive responses from otherwise uninterested or hostile fans. The insights gained from this study stand to fill the gap in existing literature surrounding athlete activism online.

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Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur elever på den nationellt godkända idrottsutbildningen (NIU) motiveras till sin idrott i enlighet med Self-determination Theory och Organismic Integration Theory, med hjälp av en modifierad Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka om elever på den nationellt godkända idrottsutbildningen (NIU) upplever utbrändhet, med hjälp av Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Till sist ämnar studien att undersöka om det föreligger något samband mellan elevernas motivation och utbrändhet. Tidigare studier beskriver att elitidrottare har visat sig vara en särskild utsatt population gentemot utbrändhet. Detta på grund av en långvarig press och stress i samband med elitidrott.  Metod: Datainsamlingen erhölls med mejlkonversationer mellan författare och NIU gymnasieskolor i Stockholm. 15 NIU gymnasieskolor kontaktades på mejl och 7 av dessa gymnasieskolor deltog i studien. 131 elever som betraktas som elitidrottare deltog i studien genom att besvara ett frågeformulär bestående av 39 påståenden med hjälp av en 7 gradig Likertskala. 24 påståenden utgjordes av SMS-6 och 15 påståenden utgjordes av ABQ. Resultat: De tre högsta noterade medelvärdena utifrån SMS-6 var integrated motivation (M = 5,7), identified motivation (M = 4,9) och introjected motivation (M = 4,7). ABQ medelvärde noterades till (M = 3). De två främsta fynden i studien var en negativ signifikant korrelation mellan integrated motivation (-0,18) och utbrändhet och en positiv signifikant korrelation mellan amotivation och utbrändhet (0,37). Slutsats: Utifrån studiens resultat så verkar det som att höga nivåer av självbestämd motivation motarbetar symptom av utbrändhet. Det verkar också som att låga nivåer av självbestämd motivation framhäver symptom av utbrändhet. / Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how elite athlete students in Swedish high schools are motivated towards their sports by Self-determination Theory and Organismic Integration Theory, regarding the Modified Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). The study further aims to investigate if elite athlete students had developed symptoms of burnout, regarding the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Finally, this study aims to investigate if there exist any correlations between student’s motivation and symptoms of burnout. Studies have reported findings of elite athletes as a special vulnerable group towards symptoms of burnout. Elite athletes train close to their limits, strain themselves to highest achievements. They are also part of that special vulnerable population who may experience symptoms of burnout due to a prolonged stress and pressure associated with elite sports.  Methods: Data collection was obtained by emails between the investigators and high schools in Stockholm. 15 sport high schools were contacted by email and 7 of these high schools participated in the study. 131 elite athlete students participated in the study by answering a questionnaire which contained 39 items, specifically 24 items by SMS-6 and 15 items by ABQ. The questionnaire were answered by a 7 point Likert scale.  Results: The three highest scored means by SMS-6 was the integrated motivation (M = 5,7), identified motivation (M = 4,9) and introjected motivation (M = 4,7). ABQ measure of burnout was (M = 3). The two major findings in the present study was a negative significant correlation reported for integrated motivation and burnout (-0,18) and a positive significant correlation reported for amotivation and burnout (0,37).  Conclusion: By the results in the present study it seems as high levels of self-determinated motivation counteract symptoms of burnout. Thus it also seems as low levels of self-determinated motivation may contribute to symptoms of burnout.

Degree awarded (2003): EdDC, Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University / This study was designed to examine the perception and incidence of sexual harassment and determine the incidence of sexual harassment in relation to girls participating in high school athletics. The similarities and differences of interpretation of various interactions between high school athletes with their male and female athletic coaches were examined. This study also investigated the actual incidence of sexual harassment by male and female high school athletic coaches as reported by female athletes.<p>The study population included male and female athletic coaches currently coaching a female high school athletic team and female college students who participated in high school athletics.</p><p>This researcher, in order to accommodate the study population and research questions, adapted the Sexual Harassment Survey (1995) by Margery J. Holman, Ph.D. Female student athletes and male and female coaches responded to survey questions on demographics and their perceptions and understanding of described behaviors. The student athletes completed an additional section of the survey pertaining to their experience of sexual harassment.</p><p>Descriptive statistics (including frequencies and percentages as well as means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (One-Way Analysis of Variance with a Scheffe test of significance) were used to analyze the data.</p><p>A comparison of the responses of all three groups (female athletes, male coaches and female coaches) to questions pertaining to perceptions of sexual harassment indicated agreement among the groups in the identification of inappropriate behaviors. However, there was a significant difference in the level of agreement for seven described behaviors. In general, male and female coaches agreed with each other more often than with female athletes when identifying the behaviors associated with sexual harassment. The investigation of incidence indicated that female athletes experienced more behaviors associated with sexual harassment from male coaches than from female coaches. Understanding that the same behaviors were identified by female athletes, male coaches and female coaches, it can be concluded that inappropriate behavior was consistently identified, but the identification of sexual harassment does not necessarily diminish the incidence of sexual harassment.</p> / Advisory Committee: Dr. Lori Lefcourt, Dr. Chris Erickson, Dr. Patricia Sullivan, Dr. Janet C. Heddesheimer, Dr. Donald C. Linkowski (Chair)

Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti sporto agentų poreikį individualių sporto šakų sportininkams. Šiuolaikinio sporto rinkos, bei sportininko statuto analizavimas. Darbo objektas- sporto agentų poreikio vertinimas. Darbo autorius iškėlė prielaidą, kad Lietuvoje sporto agento profesija yra dar tik vystymosi stadijoje ir sporto rinkoje nėra jaučiamas agento poreikis. Buvo svarbu išsiaiškinti kokios yra tokios situacijos priežastys ir kokios galimos, būtinos priemonės suaktyvinti sporto agentų veiklą. Hipotezei pagrįsti iškelti uždaviniai: apibrėžti agento profesiją, išnagrinėti jo veiklą Lietuvoje, taip pat ištirti ar yra Lietuvoje individualių sporto šakų atletų, besinaudojančių sporto agentų paslaugomis, bei atskleisti sportininkų požiūrį į sporto agentą ir jo teikiamas paslaugas. Sporto agentų rinkai ištirti buvo pasirinkti šie metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa, bei statistinė analizė. Respondentų grupę sudarė 94 olimpinės rinktinės 1 grupės kandidatai. Gauti duomenys apdoroti statistinės analizės metodu. Darbą sudaro 3 skyriai. Pirmame skyriuje pa¬teikta trumpa agentų charakteristika bei jų klasifikavimas, atskleistos agento darbo rūšys ir sritys individualių sporto šakų atveju. Antrajame skyriuje aprašomos pagrindinės agentų funkcijos: informavimas, tar¬pininkavimas, konsultavimas, taip pat agento sutarties sąlygos. Trečiame skyriuje aprašomi agentų darbai, agento darbo tyrimas ir praktinė analizė, atliekant profesionalių sportininkų anketinę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this paper is to make the evaluation of the need for the agents to professional athlets in individual sports and to analyze the statue of contemporary sport and athlets. The work was based on a presumption, that the sports agent profession in Lithuania is in the initial stage and sport marked does not express a demand for professional agents. It was important to find out, what was the reasons for this situation and is there any medium, possible or necessary, to energise the work of sports agent. In order to validate the presuption the author set the task to define what sport agent profession means and to investigate his work in Lithuania. Moreover, to enquire is there any athlets in Lithuania who uses services of sport‘s agent and to find out what is athlet‘s personal attitude towards sport agent and their service. To investigate the market of sports agent these methods were chosen: analysis of scientific literature, questionnaire interview and statistic analysis. Respondent group was constituted of 94 olympis team members from first group candidate. Paper is made of four chapters. The first one gives a short characteristic and clasification of sport agent, describes the range of their practise in the case of personal sports. The second part describes the main functions of sport agent, like briefing, agency, consulting, also covenant of sport agent is given. The third chapter investigates activity of sport agent and presents practical analysis, which is... [to full text]

The research objectives were (1) to explore how coaches and youth golfers perceive a healthy coach-athlete relationship and (2) what they do to facilitate such a relationship. A qualitative small-q study was done by interviewing five experienced coaches and five competitive youth-golfers using two semi-structured interview guides in order to get both coaches’ and athletes’ perspectives. This resulted in a definition of a healthy coach-athlete relationship, reflecting the (1) objective, which was that a healthy coach-athlete relationship is the relationship that is coach-athlete centered, characterized by open and honest communication, mutual trust and respect, work-fun balance and caring- altogether ensuring positive influences on athletes’ and coaches’ mental health and well-being, professional/athletic and personal development. The interviews further resulted in a set strategies to create and maintain such a relationship, thus reflecting the (2) objective. These strategies could be connected to the 4C framework by (Jowett, 2017; Jowett &amp; Shanmugam, 2016). Both coaches and athletes shared strategies that facilitated the 4Cs, such as closeness (e.g., - mutual care and trust), commitment (e.g., - do what is agreed), complementarity (e.g., - having coach-athlete dialogues), and co-orientation (e.g., - being attentive to each other’s needs on and off the season). In the discussion the results were related to the previous research, and methodological reflections, practical implications, and future research directions were provided. Keywords: Coach-athlete relationship, mental health, well-being, youth athlete, golf. / Studies syfte var (1) att undersöka hur tränare och ungdomsgolfspelare uppfattar en hälsosam tränare-ungdomsgolfspelare relation samt (2) vad de gör för att främja en sådan relation. En kvalitativ small-q studie genomfördes. Fem erfarna golftränare och fem tävlande ungdomsgolfspelare intervjuades med hjälp av två semistrukturerade intervjuguider för att samla perspektiv från både tränare och spelare. Detta resulterade i en definition av en hälsosam tränare-spelare relation, som besvarade frågeställning (1), vilket var att en hälsosam tränare-spelare relation är en centrerad tränare-spelare relation som karaktäriseras av öppen och ärlig kommunikation, ömsesidig tillit och respekt, professionell och vänskaplig balanssom positivt influerar tränarens och spelarens mentala hälsa och välmående, professionella/idrottsliga och personliga utveckling. Vidare resulterade intervjuerna i strategier som kan användas för att främja och bibehålla en sådan relation, som besvarar frågeställning (2). Dessa strategier kunde kopplas till 4C modellen av (Jowett, 2017; Jowett &amp; Shanmugam, 2016). Tränare och spelare delade med sig av strategier som främjande 4C,closeness (t.ex. ömsesidig ombry och tillit, commitment (t.ex. genomföra det som är planerat), complementarity (t.ex. ha tränar-spelar dialoger), och co-orientation (t.ex. vara uppmärksam om varandras behov under och efter säsongen). I diskussionen kopplades resultaten till tidigare forskning, reflektioner kring metoden, samt presentation av praktiska implikationer och framtida forskning.

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