Objective: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the perceptions of entry-level certified athletic trainers on the helpfulness of proposed standards for athletic training clinical education settings.Design and Setting: A 22 item questionnaire was developed based on 12 proposed standards for clinical education settings. The questionnaire was mailed to entry-level certified athletic trainers (those certified in 1997). The individuals in this sample were chosen due to their relatively recent education and work experience. Subjects were asked to rate the helpfulness of each standard. Using an open-ended question, subjects were also asked to identify the aspects of clinical education which prepared them best to fulfill employment responsibilities.Measurements: Frequency counts were computed for the degree of compliance with each clinical education setting standard, time devoted to clinical experience (hours and semesters) and clinical experience settings. Mean scores were computed from respondents' perceptions of helpfulness of clinical education setting standards and the role of clinical education in professional development of these athletic trainers. Chisquare with a significance level set at .05 was used to compare demographic and experience information to the perceived helpfulness of each clinical education setting standard.Results: Compliance with the proposed standards was high (mean = 89.9%, range 75.2% - 99.2%). Standards were perceived as "very helpful" (mean = 4.17/5.0). Only standards # 8 Single Coordinator of Clinical Education (mean = 3.58) and # 11 Professionally Active Clinical Instructor (mean = 3.96) were perceived as less than "very helpful.” Chi-square analyses revealed very little interaction between independent demographic variables and preparation for employment as an entry-level athletic trainer.Conclusions: The proposed standards for selecting and evaluating athletic training clinical education setting are helpful and should be considered for implementation in an athletic training education program. The standards can be used by all students and program administrators to evaluate a current or potential clinical education setting.Key Words: compliance, selection, evaluation, clinical experience, clinical instruction / Department of Educational Leadership

The aim of this study is to describe the experience of social support among female elite athletes who combine handball with higher education, with the underlying purpose to describe these persons’ experience of the functions of the support. These functions are materialistic, informative and emotional. There are ten women in the ages 22 to 24 (M=23.1, S=0,83) participating in the study. The study uses a semi-structured interview, based on two articles that studied social support (Knight et al., 2018; Schaefer et al., 1981). The result was sorted in three categories: emotional support, materialistic support and informative support. The result showed that women experienced emotional support, especially affinity, in the dual career (DC). Materialistic support was experienced in terms of support thru adjustment from coach and university. However, materialistic support was also identified lacking. Lastly, informative support, in shape of information and guidance in dual career, was experienced missing. / Syftet med studien är att beskriva upplevelsen av socialt stöd hos kvinnliga elithandbollsspelare som kombinerar elitidrott med högre utbildning, med det underliggande syftet att beskriva dessa personers upplevelser av stödets funktioner, så som materiellt, informativt och känslomässigt. I studien deltog tio kvinnor i åldrarna 22-24 år (M=23,1, S=0,83). Studien använde en semistrukturerad intervju, som var baserad på två artiklar där socialt stöd studerats (Knight et al., 2018; Schaefer et al., 1981). Resultatet sorterades i tre kategorier; känslomässigt stöd, materiellt stöd och informativt stöd. Resultatet påvisar att kvinnorna upplevde känslomässigt stöd i dubbla karriären (DK), där framför allt samhörighet med andra upplevde stötta kvinnorna. Kvinnorna upplevde också materiellt stöd, i form av anpassningar från både tränare och universitet/högskolepersonal. Resultatet visar även att flera kvinnor upplevde att de saknade denna typ av materiellt stöd i deras DK. Till sist identifierades kvinnorna uppleva att de saknade även informativt stöd i form av vägledning och information i DK.

A survey instrument, Coaches' Survey, was constructed for the purpose of collecting data for this study. Subjects were selected from the 1989-1990 National Directory of College Athletics. The survey instrument was mailed to 411 coaches; 273 usable instruments were returned. The coaches were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement with 36 statements in both the Real situation and the Ideal situation. Major findings of the study led to the conclusions that (a) better communication between athletic directors and coaches resulted in better understanding and acceptance of limitations which may be beyond the athletic directors' control, (b) coaching stress was a real concern for the coaches surveyed, (c) the coaches believed that athletic directors should be strong leaders, (d) men have better access to community leaders than do women, (e) coaches generally believe that athletic directors perform adequately even though there are some weaknesses, and (f) the area of concern for most coaches is financial support for their programs. Even when seen as a fact, it was viewed as restricting the strength and growth of programs.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006 vii, vi, 139 leaves, Annexures A1-F1 / If the professions of chiropractic and personal training are to work together for the total well-being of the client, then it has to be assessed whether or not a milieu of co-operation exists, and if it does not, possible reasons for the lack thereof. It was the purpose of this study to determine the current knowledge and perceptions of personal trainers (PTs) with respect to the chiropractic profession in Durban. This study therefore established a knowledge base to facilitate greater understanding and co-operation between PTs and chiropractors regarding the referral of clients, who may benefit from a combined treatment program from the PT and chiropractor.

Injury is a common and emotionally painful aspect of sport participation for female athletes. Playing through injury is normalized in sport culture; unfortunately, this practice holds short- and long-term health risks. Self-compassion has been endorsed as a resource for female athletes coping with injury and is purported to result in better health-related choices. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of self-compassion in competitive women athletes’ self-care behaviours following emotionally painful experiences of injury. Participants were 159 female athletes ranging in age from 18-49 years who completed an online survey. Five measures of emotional pain were used: negative affect, threat appraisal, badness rating, emotional difficulty, and a composite score comprised of the previous four measures. Self-compassion was negatively related to negative affect (r = -.26, p < .01), threat appraisal (r = -.19, p < .05), and the emotional pain composite score (r = -.18, p < .05) but not to badness rating or emotional difficulty rating. Self-compassion did not contribute unique variance, beyond self-esteem and athletic identity, in the emotional pain measures. The emotional pain composite score was negatively related to self-compassionate reactions (r = -.23, p < .01), positive reactions (r = -.30, p < .01), and perseverant reactions (r = -.16, p < .05) and positively related to ruminative reactions (r = .54, p < .01), passive reactions (r = .24, p < .01), and self-critical reactions (r = .48, p < .01). Unexpectedly, emotional pain was positively correlated with stopping training (r = .34, p < .01), reduced training frequency (r = .33, p < .01), reduced training intensity (r = .27, p < .01), and reduced training duration (r = .33, p < .01) and not significantly related to responsible reactions or stopping the session in which the injury was incurred. Neither self-compassion nor fear of self-compassion moderated the relationship between emotional pain and self-care behaviours. Participants also completed an open-ended question in which they described in detail everything they did to care for their injuries. A codebook was developed and used to analyze the responses. Self-care behaviours fell into the following categories: diagnostics, rest, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, treatment, and training accommodations. Athletes reported using an average of 3.38 self-care behaviours - most commonly describing obtaining a medical diagnosis and undergoing treatment. Self-compassion was not related to the number of self-care behaviours used by participants or the use of any individual behaviour. Overall, the results suggest that self-compassion plays a role in women athletes’ injury experiences; however, likely due to the complex and multifaceted nature of injury, the relationships might not manifest in perfect concordance with theoretical conceptualizations.

The purpose of this study was to measure the construct of transformational leadership among athletic training academicians and clinicians. Additionally, this study sought to determine whether perspectives regarding transformational leadership were the same or different based on full-time vocational roles. Finally, this study introduced a methodology for survey data analysis relatively unknown in athletic training research circles. Participants included athletic training education program directors as well as individuals in leadership roles at the state, district, and national level.

The purpose of this study was to record and interpret the methods and procedures employed in the operation of the centralized system of the athletic program in the white senior high schools of Dallas, Texas, for the years 1931 through 1940.

The experiences of some children participating in the demanding and intensive world of elite sport appear to compromise one of the primary aims of both childhood and parenthood, which should be for children to arrive on the threshold of adulthood with their futures open and unlimited. A body of evidence in the medical and socio-psychologicalliterature contends that child athletes participating in elite sport are being harmed physically, psychologically, and socially by the intensive training and competition practices required of athletes in sports such as women's gymnastics, figure skating, and others. Participation by children in the highest levels of sport change attitudes and impels behaviours in ways that are unique in their extent and devastating in their consequences. As the varying and often conflicting agendas of athletes, parents, coaches, agents, and sporting bureaucracies come into conflict, considerations of care and regard for the athletes become down played or even ignored, resulting in these young athletes being harmed, and their futures compromised. Children are characterised by their vulnerability, naivety, and inability to formulate their own life-plans, necessitating a degree of parental paternalism in their relationships with adults. This paternalism is justified by the child's dependency on others for protection, and for developing the necessary skills for self-sufficiency and self-determination secured through their burgeoning autonomy as they advance towards adulthood. Under law, parents are given primary responsibility for the health and welfare of their children, because they are ideally situated to determine their child's best interests. In sport, this responsibility is regularly transferred from the parents to the coach and other involved adults. Unfortunately, however, children may be exploited by the very individuals who are entrusted with their care and nurturance. A further body of evidence claims the inescapability of paternalism in relationships between adults and children in elite sport has been exploited: it is disrespectful of the child's burgeoning autonomy, and jeopardises his or her right to an open future. The child's right to an open future is an autonomy right-in-trust saved until he or she is more fully formed and capable of exercising self-determination. This right may be violated in advance of adulthood by foreclosure of options. In this thesis, I argue that elite sport children require a form of paternalism that protects their interests while at the same time is autonomy-respectful. This is actualised by a bifurcated rights system, which works towards securing non-harmful sports practices and preventing the premature foreclosure of life opportunities for elite child athletes post-sport.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine what factors contribute to student-athlete retention, specifically looking at scholarship support, gender, and sport type (individual or team sport). Eight Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) schools provided data on all student-athletes participating from the 200 1-02 through the 2004-05 academic years. The investigator collected data on site at each institution (University of Delaware, Drexel University, Georgia State University, James Madison University, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Old Dominion University, Virginia Commonwealth University, and the College of William and Mary) and obtained on each student-athlete including year, sport, gender, amount of scholarship support (both athletic and other), total cost of tuition, and retention status.Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), discriminant function analysis, and binary logistic regression, the data were analyzed in regard what type of relationship the independent variables (scholarship support as a percentage of tuition, gender and sport type) have with the dependent variable, retention. Of the nearly 13,000 observations, 12,027 were retained (92.7%) and 953 were not retained (7.3%). Analyses revealed that scholarship support alone was not significantly related to retention, but that gender and sport type were both significant predictors of retention, with women and individual sport athletes being retained at a higher rate than their male and team sport counterparts. Additionally, the combination of scholarship support, gender and sport type resulted in a predictive model of student-athlete retention.Of the 953 non-retained observations, 609 were male and 344 were female, and 338 competed in an individual sport while 61 5 were team sport athletes. Chi-Square Goodness of Fit tests revealed that there were more males and fewer females who were not retained than would be expected, and that there were more team sport athletes and fewer individual sport athletes not retained than would be expected (Chi-square = 5 1.058, df = 1). The findings suggest that further research be conducted on student-athletes as an individual population in regard to retention.