Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Nachweis eines Aufmerksamkeit-Bias auf visuelle Nahrungsreize bei Personen mit Binge-Eating-Störung, im Vergleich zu Personen ohne Essstörungssymptome via Eye-Tracking.

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22034号 / 理博第4538号 / 新制||理||1652(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 友永 雅己, 准教授 宮地 重弘, 教授 濱田 穣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Selective attention to dysphoric stimuli is hypothesized to contribute to the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders. Over the past two decades, research on training and modifying attention as a form of treatment for anxiety and depression, Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) treatment, has increased exponentially. ABM has been employed in research and clinical settings with varying levels of success due to vast heterogeneity among studies. The primary aims of the present study were to examine the effects of different training contingencies, stimulus pairs, and moderators (baseline attentional bias, self-report trait anxiety, and attentional control) on stress reactivity and recovery. Undergraduates (N = 376) were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: four attention conditions each unique in training contingency and stimulus pair, and one control condition. Participants completed self-report measures, a pre-assessment of attention, one of the five conditions, a post-assessment of attention, and a stress induction. Results suggest stimulus types in AMB paradigms have a greater impact on stress responses relative to training contingencies. Participants with high levels of anxiety showed reduced stress recovery after conditions with negative stimuli. Participants with high levels of depression showed less stress reactivity after conditions with emotional stimuli. Attentional control and trait anxiety moderated stress responses. The current findings may be important in advancing ABM treatment by highlighting the significance of including emotional stimuli in ABM paradigms and tailoring treatment with baseline characteristics.

Previous research suggests that individuals with difficulty upregulating positive affect exhibit below-chance accuracy when identifying positive words presented outside of awareness, an effect termed subchance perception of positive information (SPPI). Previous findings also suggest that state orientation may underlie the relationship between clinical symptoms such as anxiety and anhedonia and SPPI. The current study addressed methodological limitations of previous research and tested hypotheses that state oriented individuals exhibit SPPI and that state orientation underlies the relationship between clinical symptoms and accuracy in identifying briefly-presented positive words. Results did not support hypotheses. The null findings in this study suggest that the relationship between action orientation and subchance perception of positive information may be less robust than preliminary findings suggested. Findings yielded from exploratory analyses suggested that future studies should include participants with greater symptom severity in order to have sufficient power to detect relationships between positive word accuracy and clinical symptoms.

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A core feature of GAD, excessive and uncontrollable worry, may be indicative of poor attentional control and difficulty disengaging attention from threatening or emotional information (e.g., Fox, 2004; Mathews, Fox, Yiend, & Calder, 2003; Yiend & Mathews 2001). The current study examined the performance of college students with and without self-reported GAD (N = 63) on measures of attentional control and a spatial cueing task designed to assess engagement-disengagement processes from emotionally valenced (aversive, pleasant) and neutral picture stimuli. Attentional control abilities were examined using the Stroop Color-Word Association Test (SCW Test) and Trail-Making Test (TMT). Separate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) demonstrated that GAD participants performed more poorly on the Stroop Color subtest and the TMT: Part B than non-GAD participants. Mixed ANOVAs of response times measured during the spatial cueing task revealed significant main effects for Cue Valence and Cue Validity, as well as several significant interactions of these variables with GAD status. The significant Cue Valence x Cue Validity x GAD status interaction indicated that GAD participants were slower to disengage their attention from aversive stimuli, relative to pleasant or neutral stimuli, than non-GAD participants who did not exhibit this bias. This interaction effect, however, did not remain significant upon covarying for depression. Together, these findings suggest that individuals with GAD evidence poorer attentional control and demonstrate difficulties disengaging from threatening stimuli compared to persons without the disorder. Impairment in these attentional processes may, therefore, contribute to the etiology and maintenance of GAD. / Psychology

Cognitive theories postulate that attention toward threatening information and away from neutral cues plays an etiological role in anxiety. The present study examines whether a preconscious attentional bias (AB) toward threatening stimuli exists in individuals with public speaking anxiety. Participants included 61 undergraduates with high and low speech anxiety. AB was measured using a dot-probe paradigm with threatening and neutral words. Reaction times to dot-probes on threatening and neutral trials were compared between the two groups. Results indicated that, contrary to expectations, high and low speech anxious participants did not differ in their mean reaction times to threat words. Thus, AB may not be measurable in individuals with public speaking anxiety using the method that the current study employed. / Master of Science

Submitted by PPG Psicologia (psicologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-17T22:24:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO_RAMOS_SILVA_DIS.pdf: 5111917 bytes, checksum: f33b0b4365f06eb2178942b893f56de5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-30T18:09:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO_RAMOS_SILVA_DIS.pdf: 5111917 bytes, checksum: f33b0b4365f06eb2178942b893f56de5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T18:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO_RAMOS_SILVA_DIS.pdf: 5111917 bytes, checksum: f33b0b4365f06eb2178942b893f56de5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / A aten??o ? um construto multifacetado, que esteve historicamente por diversas vezes no centro de discuss?es filos?ficas e psicol?gicas. O car?ter influente da aten??o sobre diversos outros processos psicol?gicos (e.g., consci?ncia, mem?ria, tomada de decis?o) salienta sua import?ncia, e logicamente resulta em uma dificuldade na segrega??o de suas fronteiras te?ricas e na defini??o clara desse fen?meno. Em um campo de pesquisa emp?rica atual sobre aten??o, vieses da orienta??o atencional para est?mulos amea?adores s?o investigados. Por?m, falta aos modelos embasados em 10 achados emp?ricos nesse campo a sustenta??o em modelos te?ricos bem estabelecidos de aten??o, e existe confus?o nos estudos experimentais publicados. Al?m disso, tarefas experimentais para avaliar vieses da aten??o para a amea?a necessitam de integra??o com novas tecnologias e estrat?gias de an?lise, as quais podem gerar mais sensibilidade, validade e confiabilidade, como o rastreamento ocular e o novo ?ndice de variabilidade do vi?s atencional (ABV). Esta disserta??o est? inclu?da na sub?rea de n?mero 7.07.02.03-9 do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Psicologia Experimental (Processos Cognitivos e Atencionais) ? a qual integra a grande ?rea de Psicologia. Dois estudos s?o apresentados para suprir a necessidade de avan?o no estudo sobre aten??o, controle atencional (AC) e vi?s atencional em rela??o ? amea?a (ABT). Em primeiro lugar, um estudo te?rico fornece uma vis?o hist?rica da pesquisa psicol?gica da aten??o, desde os fundadores da Psicologia moderna at? a pesquisa neuropsicol?gica integrativa atual e os modelos orientados empiricamente. Esta revis?o busca esclarecer conceitos da aten??o e diferenciar esses conceitos dos de outros dom?nios psicol?gicos. Em vez de segregar ?reas de pesquisa, ? prov?vel que essa estrat?gia promova um di?logo entre campos que pesquisam o mesmo fen?meno - mas o medem de forma diferente e atribuem-lhe nomes diferentes. Na sequ?ncia dessa revis?o te?rica, ? apresentado um estudo emp?rico, que prop?e duas adapta??es de tarefas experimentais cl?ssicas para medir o ABT: a Tarefa Dot-Probe (DPT) e a Tarefa Stroop Emocional (EST). Na EST, o desenho da tarefa foi alterado para levar em conta considera??es te?ricas importantes e para melhor adaptar a tarefa ? medida de ABV. Na DPT, uma integra??o surpreendentemente rara de tempos de rea??o e medidas de rastreamento ocular ? estabelecida, e novos ?ndices para calcular o ABT e o ABV s?o propostos. A confiabilidade e validade dos ?ndices em ambas as 11 tarefas foi investigada com estudantes universit?rios e atrav?s da diferencia??o dos mesmos ?ndices entre grupos de sintomas altos vs. baixos de ansiedade e estresse p?straum?tico. A import?ncia de progressivamente melhorar as qualidades psicom?tricas dessas tarefas experimentais ? discutida em profundidade levando em conta os achados do estudo, incluindo recomenda??es para futuras adapta??es dessas tarefas / Attention is a multifaceted construct, one that has been at the center of discussions across several moments in the history of philosophy and psychology. The characteristic of attention to influence and regulate many other psychological process (e.g., consciousness, memory, decision-making) stresses its importance, and logically results in a hardship in segregating its theoretical boundaries and clearly defining this phenomenon. In a current empirical field of research on attention, biases of attentional orientation to threatening stimuli are investigated. However, models generated from empirical findings lack sustentation on well-established theoretical models of attention, and confusion exists across published experimental studies. Furthermore, experimental tasks to assess biases towards threat require integration with new operationalization and analysis strategies, which can provide better sensitivity, validity and measurement reliability, such as eye tracking and the novel index of attentional bias variability (ABV). This dissertation is included in the subarea number 7.07.02.03-9 of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Experimental Psychology (Attentional and Cognitive Processes) ? which integrates the broader area of Psychology. Two studies are presented to answer to the need of advancing research about attention, attentional control (AC) and attentional bias relative to threat (ABT). Firstly, a theoretical study provides a historical overview of psychological research on attention, from the founders of modern Psychology to current neuropsychological integrative research and empirically-oriented models. This review is expected to clarify constructs of attention and to differentiate these constructs from those of other Psychological domains. Instead of segregating research fields, this is likely to promote a 9 dialogue between fields that research the same phenomena ? but measure them differently and attribute to them different names. Following this theoretical review, an empirical study is presented, which proposes two adaptations of classical experimental tasks to measure ABT: the DotProbe Task (DPT) and the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). On the EST, task design is altered to account for important theoretical considerations and to better adapt the task to the measurement of ABV. On the DPT, a surprisingly rare integration of reaction times and eye tracking measures is established, and novel indices to calculate ABT and ABV are proposed. The reliability and validity of indices in both tasks is investigated with university students and through the differentiation of such indices between groups of high vs. low symptoms of anxiety and posttraumatic stress. The importance of pursuing the improvement of psychometric qualities of experimental tasks is discussed in depth upon the findings of the study, including recommendations to future experimental designs.

Hälso- och sjukvården befinner sig under ett allt större tryck av patienter som söker hjälp på grund av utmattningssyndrom. Kognitiva nedsättningar är en kärnkomponent i utmattningssyndrom och effektiva och korta screeninginstrument för att upptäcka dessa behövs för identifiera tillståndet tidigt. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utveckla ett modifierat Symbol Digit Modalities Test. De totalt 90 deltagarna bestående av studenter delades in i två grupper efter självskattad utmattning. Tjugofyra individer identifierades i gruppen med låg utmattning och trettiofyra i gruppen med hög utmattning. De två grupperna jämfördes med prestation på testet. Testet bestod av tre block bestående av symboler, neutrala ord och hotfulla ord och vardera blocks testtid var 90 sekunder. Resultatet visade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan låg och hög utmattningsgrupp och prestation på testet. Däremot fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan blocken när samtliga deltagares prestation jämfördes. Det modifierade testet lyckas inte att differentiera mellan deltagare med låg och hög utmattning. Resultatet som visade att det fanns skillnader mellan blocken är intressant och visar på att det kan finnas en effekt av uppmärksamhetsvridning som framtida forskning kan bygga vidare på. / The Swedish healthcare system is under increasing pressure from patients seeking help due to fatigue syndrome. Cognitive impairments are a core symptom of the syndrome; effective screening tools to detect cognitive impairment related to fatigue are warranted to identify the condition. The aim of the present study was to develop a modified Symbol Digit Modalities. A total of 90 participants consisting of undergraduate students were divided into two groups after self-assessed fatigue. Twenty-four individuals were identified in the low fatigue group and thirty-four in the high fatigue group. The two groups’ test performance were compared. The test consisted of three blocks consisting of symbols, neutral words, and threat words; the duration of each test block was 90 seconds. The results showed no significant differences between low and high fatigue in terms of performance on the tests. However, there were significant differences across the blocks when comparing all participants' performance. The modified test failed to differentiate between low and high fatigue participants. The result indicating significant differences across the blocks is interesting and shows that there may be an effect of attentional bias that future research can build upon.