Les événements pertinents de notre environnement sont intégrés au flux d'information complexe et multisensoriel qui nous parvient. La perception du temps est malléable et de nombreuses illusions suggèrent que le temps perçu est influencé par le contexte. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence de différents aspects du contexte sur la perception du temps et du timing des actions chez l’humain. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle du caractère explicite de l’apparition d’un événement sur la durée perçue de l’intervalle entre deux événements. Nous avons montré que l’influence du contexte temporel était plus forte dans la condition d’apparition implicite, pour laquelle le biais d’estimation des vers la moyenne des durées présentées est plus fort, et la sensibilité plus basse. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié les effets du contexte temporel et spatial sur le temps perçu des événements. Les résultats de ces études suggèrent que le moment perçu de l’apparition d’un événement ne correspond pas toujours aux latences perceptives mesurées par des taches de temps de réaction, et que la saillance est un indice important pour percevoir le temps. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous avons examiné comment différentes sources d’incertitude influencent le timing perçu d’une action et son auto-évaluation. Les résultats suggèrent que ces deux aspects s’appuieraient au moins en partie sur des processus différents. / Relevant events in our environment are embedded in the complex, multisensory stream of information. Time perception is malleable, and numerous time illusions suggest that the perceived time of events is affected by context. The work presented in this thesis investigated how different aspects of human time perception and timing an action are affected by context. In the first part of the thesis, we investigated how the explicitness of the event onset affects perceived elapsed time between two points in time. The temporal context affected the estimates more in the implicit onset condition. The estimates were more biased towards the mean of the presented durations, and sensitivity of duration discrimination sensitivity was lower in the condition with no explicit onset of the duration to be timed. The effects of the temporal and spatial context on the perceived time of events were addressed in the second part. The findings suggest that the perceived time of events can be easily and compulsory biased by the temporal and spatial context. Findings from these studies support the hypothesis that the perceived time of events does not always correspond the the perceptual latencies measured in the reaction time tasks, and that the saliency is an important cue for the perceived time. Finally, in the third part, we investigated how different sources of uncertainty affect the timing and self-evaluation of an action. The findings suggest that timing an action and evaluating its outcome may, at least in part, rely on different computations.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos etikos audito integravimo į veiklos auditą galimybės Radviliškio rajono savivaldybėje. Teorinę darbo dalį sudaro vienas skyrius, kuris prasideda nuo etikos ir demokratijos sąsajos aptarimo. Toliau aptariama audito sampratos ir klasifikacijos problema bei plačiau nagrinėjamas veiklos auditas, kuris itin reikšmingas viešojo sektoriaus kontekste. Taip pat analizuojama etikos audito samprata ir svarba bei plačiau nagrinėjamas etikos audito planavimas ir vykdymas. Darbo pabaigoje išdėstomos etikos audito praktikos užsienio šalyse. Tiriamojoje dalyje pateikiama etikos audito integravimo į veiklos auditą galimybių Radviliškio rajono savivaldybėje tyrimo organizavimo metodologija bei rezultatai. / Bachelor‘s thesis is dealt with integration of ethics audition into action audition in Radviliskis District Municipality. Theoretical part consists of one section which starts with the discussion of ethics and democracy. Hereafter conception of audition and problem of classification is being discussed and action audition has been analyzed more widely as it is especially important in the context of public section. Moreover, conception and importance of ethics audition is analyzed as well as ethics audition planning and realization. Finally, ethics audition practice in foreign countries is presented. Investigated part presents possibilities of integration of ethics audition into action audition in Radviliškis District Municipality and shows methodology and results of research organization.

La localisation des sources en azimuth repose sur le traitement des différences de temps d'arrivée des sons à chacune des oreilles: les différences interaurales de temps (``Interaural Time Differences'' (ITD)). Pour certaines espèces, il a été montré que cet indice dépendait du spectre du signal émis par la source. Pourtant, cette variation est souvent ignorée, les humains et les animaux étant supposés ne pas y être sensibles. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier cette dépendance en utilisant des méthodes acoustiques, puis d'en explorer les conséquences tant au niveau électrophysiologique qu'au niveau de la psychophysique humaine. A la proximité de sphères rigides, le champ sonore est diffracté, ce qui donne lieu à des régimes de propagation de l'onde sonore différents selon la fréquence. En conséquence, quand la tête d'un animal est modélisée par une sphère rigide, l'ITD pour une position donnée dépend de la fréquence. Je montre que cet effet est reflété dans les indices humains en analysant des enregistrements acoustiques pour de nombreux sujets. De plus, j'explique cet effet à deux échelles: localement en fréquence, la variation de l'ITD donne lieu à différents délais interauraux dans l'enveloppe et la structure fine des signaux qui atteignent les oreilles. Deuxièmement, l'ITD de sons basses-fréquences est généralement plus grand que celui pour des sons hautes-fréquences venant de la même position. Dans une seconde partie, je discute l'état de l'art sur le système binaural sensible à l'ITD chez les mammifères. J'expose que l'hétérogénéité des réponses de ces neurones est prédite lorsque l'on fait l'hypothèse que les cellules encodent des ITDs variables avec la fréquence. De plus, je discute comment ces cellules peuvent être sensibles à une position dans l'espace, quel que soit le spectre du signal émis par la source. De manière générale, j'argumente que les données disponibles chez les mammifères sont en adéquation avec l'hypothèse de cellules sélectives à une position dans l'espace. Enfin, j'explore l'impact de la dépendance en fréquence de l'ITD sur le comportement humain, en utilisant des techniques psychoacoustiques. Les sujets doivent faire correspondre la position latérale de deux sons qui n'ont pas le même spectre. Les résultats suggèrent que les humains perçoivent des sons avec différents spectres à la même position lorsqu'ils ont des ITDs différents, comme prédit part des enregistrements acoustiques. De plus, cet effet est prédit par un modèle sphérique de la tête du sujet. En combinant des approches de différents domaines, je montre que le système binaural est remarquablement adapté aux indices disponibles dans son environnement. Cette stratégie de localisation des sources utilisée par les animaux peut être d'une grande inspiration dans le développement de systèmes robotiques. / Azimuth sound localization in many animals relies on the processing of differences in time-of-arrival of the low-frequency sounds at both ears: the interaural time differences (ITD). It was observed in some species that this cue depends on the spectrum of the signal emitted by the source. Yet, this variation is often discarded, as humans and animals are assumed to be insensitive to it. The purpose of this thesis is to assess this dependency using acoustical techniques, and explore the consequences of this additional complexity on the neurophysiology and psychophysics of sound localization. In the vicinity of rigid spheres, a sound field is diffracted, leading to frequency-dependent wave propagation regimes. Therefore, when the head is modeled as a rigid sphere, the ITD for a given position is a frequency-dependent quantity. I show that this is indeed reflected on human ITDs by studying acoustical recordings for a large number of human and animal subjects. Furthermore, I explain the effect of this variation at two scales. Locally in frequency the ITD introduces different envelope and fine structure delays in the signals reaching the ears. Second the ITD for low-frequency sounds is generally bigger than for high frequency sounds coming from the same position. In a second part, I introduce and discuss the current views on the binaural ITD-sensitive system in mammals. I expose that the heterogenous responses of such cells are well predicted when it is assumed that they are tuned to frequency-dependent ITDs. Furthermore, I discuss how those cells can be made to be tuned to a particular position in space irregardless of the frequency content of the stimulus. Overall, I argue that current data in mammals is consistent with the hypothesis that cells are tuned to a single position in space. Finally, I explore the impact of the frequency-dependence of ITD on human behavior, using psychoacoustical techniques. Subjects are asked to match the lateral position of sounds presented with different frequency content. Those results suggest that humans perceive sounds with different frequency contents at the same position provided that they have different ITDs, as predicted from acoustical data. The extent to which this occurs is well predicted by a spherical model of the head. Combining approaches from different fields, I show that the binaural system is remarkably adapted to the cues available in its environment. This processing strategy used by animals can be of great inspiration to the design of robotic systems.

Mitt examensarbete handlar om övningsprovspelningar. Syftet med mitt arbete har varit att undersöka hur mitt spel påverkas under en provspelningssituation då jag blir nervös. Jag har i mitt arbete genomfört fem olika övningsprovspelningar och fått kritik och kommentarer från en jury bestående av hornklassen på Kungliga Musikhögskolan. Vid varje tillfälle har jag spelat fem olika orkesterutdrag. Under tiden mellan varje övningsprovspelning har jag läst igenom kritiken och försökt förbättra mitt spel till nästa övningsprovspelning. Jag har på förhand kommit överens med juryn om att begränsa kritiken till att handla om vanliga musikaliska aspekter som rytm, tempo, klang, dynamik, artikulation, intonation och karaktär. Därefter har jag jämfört all kritik som jag har fått och sett vilken kritik som har varit återkommande vid varje övningsprovspelning, trots att jag har försökt förbättra mitt resultat mellan tillfällena. Efter att ha analyserat kritiken kan jag dra slutsatsen att de flesta aspekter i mitt spel försämras i pressade provspelningssituationer då jag blir nervös. Mitt resultat och mina slutsatser kommer att vara till hjälp för mig inför framtida provspelningar och konserter. / <p>Mikael Larsson och Joel Jaakkola genomförde en gemensam examenskonsert i Nathan Milstein-salen den 24 maj 2021 19:00. Konsertprogram: Canto Serioso, Carl Nielsen (Mikael Larsson) 2 Stücke, Op. 28: No. 1. Lied, Leone Sinigaglia (Mikael Larsson) Horn Sonata in F Major, Op. 17., Ludwig van Beethoven (Joel Jaakkola) Thema und Variationen, Op. 13, Franz Strauss (Mikael Larsson) Horn Concerto in A Major, Op. 28, Kurt Atterberg (Joel Jaakkola) Blåskvintett, Op. 43, Carl Nielsen (Mikael Larsson) Medverkande musiker: Mikael Larsson, Joel Jaakkola, valthorn, Johan Ullen, piano, Kajsa Nilsson, flöjt, My Svenman, oboe och engelskt horn, Maria Victoria Fernandez Caballero, klarinett, Ciaran Hayes, fagott.</p>

It is still unresolved whether individuals with dyslexia suffer non-verbal auditory processing deficits that may explain their phonological problems. Many studies have shown that dyslexic individuals are poor at discriminating pure tones, and this deficit has been attributed to impaired rapid auditory processing. In order to investigate the temporal properties of auditory processing in dyslexia, I have therefore studied the pure tone discrimination abilities of dyslexics, and then analysed the effects of varying interstimulus interval, the amount of frequency difference, and the effect of adding distractor tones during the interstimulus interval. In an investigation of dyslexic individuals’ ability to remember sequences of tones or digits (tonal and digit recognition memory), Rose and Rosner (2005) found that their results were affected by the education their subjects had received. The university educated dyslexics showed little tone discrimination deficit, whereas the dyslexic participants who never attended university showed greater deficits. Therefore, another aim of this thesis was to further study these findings and to identify any auditory processing compensatory mechanisms used by dyslexics who have received higher education. In eight different auditory tasks, the majority of which I programmed, I found strong evidence of non-verbal auditory processing deficits in dyslexic individuals. The comparison of university and non-university groups showed that educational differences had clear effects on many of their abilities, and should not be underestimated. The results showed that: • In general, dyslexics had poorer auditory frequency discrimination than controls. • Dyslexics who did not attend university had lower performance on almost all the auditory tests than the university dyslexic or control groups. • Unexpectedly, university educated dyslexics were less distracted by interrupting tones during frequency discrimination than university educated controls. • In a tone sequence memory task, the university educated dyslexics compensated in their performance to a level not much below that of the university educated controls, and above the controls who did not go to university. • The frequency recognition tasks positively correlated with literacy abilities, and were independent of general intelligence. The strongest correlations were in the non-university dyslexic group. The implications of these results are that not only do dyslexic individuals suffer from a low level, non-linguistic, auditory processing deficit, but those who do not get to university are less able to compensate for these difficulties. It is impossible to say if the higher performance in university educated dyslexics was due to compensation, or if their presence at university was due to a lack of these deficits in the first place. Nevertheless, since university educated dyslexics were better at resisting distractions this may underlie their ability to compensate. These findings could facilitate the creation of new teaching methods to support the development of dyslexics’ compensatory skills and new non-linguistic diagnostic aids. These would help with identifying dyslexia in second languages and enable earlier testing and identification, before reading failure exerts its inevitable negative effects on children’s self-confidence, happiness and future academic potential.

The aim of the experiments reported in this thesis was to investigate the multisensory interactions taking place between vision and audition. The focus is on the modulatory role of the temporal coincidence and semantic congruency of pairs of auditory and visual stimuli. With regards to the temporal coincidence factor, whether, and how, the presentation of a simultaneous sound facilitates visual target perception was tested using the equivalent noise paradigm (Chapter 3) and the backward masking paradigm (Chapter 4). The results demonstrate that crossmodal facilitation can be observed in both visual detection and identification tasks. Importantly, however, the results also reveal that the sound not only had to be presented simultaneously, but also reliably, with the visual target. The suggestion is made that the reliable co-occurrence of the auditory and visual stimuli provides observers with the statistical regularity needed to assume that the visual and auditory stimuli likely originate from the same perceptual event (i.e., that they in some sense 'belong together'). The experiments reported in Chapters 5 through 8 were designed to investigate the role of semantic congruency on audiovisual interactions. The results of the experiments reported in Chapter 5 revealed that the semantic context provided by the soundtrack that a person happens to be listening to can modulate his/her visual conscious perception in the binocular rivalry situation. In Chapters 6-8, the timecourse of audiovisual semantic interactions were investigated using categorization, detection, and identification tasks on visual pictures. The results suggested that when the presentation of the sound leads the presentation of a picture by more than 240 ms, it induces a crossmodal semantic priming effect. In addition, when the presentation of the sound lags a semantically-congruent picture by about 300 ms, it enhances performance, presumably by helping to maintain the visual representation in short-term memory. The results indicate that audiovisual semantic interactions constitute a heterogeneous group of phenomena. A crossmodal type-token binding framework is proposed to account for the parallel processing of the spatiotemporal and semantic interactions of multisensory inputs. The suggestion is that the congruent information in the type and token representation systems would integrate, and they finally bind into a unified multisensory object representation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Acredita-se que para educar devemos criar várias maneiras de acesso a informação. Com esse propósito, a Telessaúde em suas diferentes vertentes, envolve atividades como promoção de saúde, educação e assistência. Entre elas a Teleducação Interativa, educação mediada por tecnologia que permite levar a informação para locais distantes. O Projeto Jovem Doutor, utiliza recursos de Teleducação Interativa, com o objetivo de incentivar estudantes a realizarem trabalhos cooperados que promovam a melhoria da saúde e da qualidade de vida das comunidades. Objetivo: Implementar um modelo de educação interativa em saúde sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva, fundamentado na dinâmica do Projeto Jovem Doutor. Material e Métodos: O trabalho foi realizado na Escola Estadual Ada Cariani Avalone, na cidade de Bauru. As atividades foram desenvolvidas em etapas. Primeiramente foi desenvolvido o modelo educacional em saúde auditiva com a elaboração dos materiais educacionais como as aulas presenciais, oficinas presenciais, ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, apresentados aos alunos na plataforma Moodle (AVA). Na etapa seguinte, foi realizada a multiplicação do conhecimento, com o envolvimento dos alunos da escola e também a comunidade. Para mensurar a efetividade da proposta foram utilizados os instrumentos: questionários de avaliação do conhecimento prévio, questionário situação-problema aplicados em dois momentos, pré e pós-capacitação, a Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional (FPM), e Questionário de Impacto, aplicado após 3 meses de realização do programa. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que o programa de capacitação foi eficaz, pois proporcionou aos alunos o conhecimento sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva. Por meio de ações direcionadas, esse conhecimento foi multiplicado à comunidade acadêmica, como também, aos familiares, num total 802 pessoas. Com relação ao Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem, 100% dos alunos realizaram as atividades propostas e avaliaram a plataforma Moodle (AVA), como um Curso Impressionante em relação a análise da pesquisa motivacional. Os professores avaliaram como impactantes o interesse dos alunos em cuidar da audição, conscientizar outros colegas, mas não houve mudança de comportamento com relação ao uso dos fones de ouvido. Conclusão: Assim, foi possível concluir que o modelo de educação interativa em saúde sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva foi implementado de forma eficaz, alcançando um índice de satisfação altamente positivo, caracterizada pelo reconhecimento da necessidade da mudança de comportamento no cuidado com a saúde auditiva. / Believed to to educate must create several ways to access the information. For this purpose, the Telehealth in its various aspects, involves activities such as health promotion, education and assistance. Including the Interactive Tele-education, education mediated by technology which allows to the information to distant sites. The Young Doctor Project uses interactive Tele-education resources, in order to encourage students to carry out cooperative work to promote improved health and quality of life of communities. Objective: To implement an interactive model of education in health on \"Hearing Health\", based on the dynamics of Young Doctor Project. Methods: The study was conducted in the State School Ada Cariani Avalone in the city of Bauru. The activities were developed in stages. It was first developed the educational model in hearing health with the development of educational materials such as face-to-face workshops, virtual learning environment presented to the students in Moodle (AVA). In the next step, the multiplication of knowledge was carried out with the involvement of the students and also the community. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed instruments were used: evaluation questionnaires prior knowledge, problem situation questionnaire applied in two stages, before and after training, the Survey Form Motivational (FPM), and Impact Questionnaire, applied after 3 months for implementing the program. Results: The results showed that the training program was effective because it provided students with the knowledge on the topic Hearing Health. Through targeted actions, this knowledge was multiplied to the academic community, but also to the families, totaling 802 people. Regarding the Virtual Learning Environment, held 100% of the proposed activities and reviewed the Moodle platform (AVA) as a \"Awesome Course\" for analysis of motivational research. Teachers evaluated as impacting students\' interest in taking care of hearing, educate colleagues, but no behavior change regarding the use of headphones. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the interactive model of education in health on \"Hearing Health\" was implemented effectively, achieving a highly positive satisfaction, characterized by the recognition of the need for care in behavior change on health hearing.

Acredita-se que para educar devemos criar várias maneiras de acesso a informação. Com esse propósito, a Telessaúde em suas diferentes vertentes, envolve atividades como promoção de saúde, educação e assistência. Entre elas a Teleducação Interativa, educação mediada por tecnologia que permite levar a informação para locais distantes. O Projeto Jovem Doutor, utiliza recursos de Teleducação Interativa, com o objetivo de incentivar estudantes a realizarem trabalhos cooperados que promovam a melhoria da saúde e da qualidade de vida das comunidades. Objetivo: Implementar um modelo de educação interativa em saúde sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva, fundamentado na dinâmica do Projeto Jovem Doutor. Material e Métodos: O trabalho foi realizado na Escola Estadual Ada Cariani Avalone, na cidade de Bauru. As atividades foram desenvolvidas em etapas. Primeiramente foi desenvolvido o modelo educacional em saúde auditiva com a elaboração dos materiais educacionais como as aulas presenciais, oficinas presenciais, ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, apresentados aos alunos na plataforma Moodle (AVA). Na etapa seguinte, foi realizada a multiplicação do conhecimento, com o envolvimento dos alunos da escola e também a comunidade. Para mensurar a efetividade da proposta foram utilizados os instrumentos: questionários de avaliação do conhecimento prévio, questionário situação-problema aplicados em dois momentos, pré e pós-capacitação, a Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional (FPM), e Questionário de Impacto, aplicado após 3 meses de realização do programa. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que o programa de capacitação foi eficaz, pois proporcionou aos alunos o conhecimento sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva. Por meio de ações direcionadas, esse conhecimento foi multiplicado à comunidade acadêmica, como também, aos familiares, num total 802 pessoas. Com relação ao Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem, 100% dos alunos realizaram as atividades propostas e avaliaram a plataforma Moodle (AVA), como um Curso Impressionante em relação a análise da pesquisa motivacional. Os professores avaliaram como impactantes o interesse dos alunos em cuidar da audição, conscientizar outros colegas, mas não houve mudança de comportamento com relação ao uso dos fones de ouvido. Conclusão: Assim, foi possível concluir que o modelo de educação interativa em saúde sobre o tema Saúde Auditiva foi implementado de forma eficaz, alcançando um índice de satisfação altamente positivo, caracterizada pelo reconhecimento da necessidade da mudança de comportamento no cuidado com a saúde auditiva. / Believed to to educate must create several ways to access the information. For this purpose, the Telehealth in its various aspects, involves activities such as health promotion, education and assistance. Including the Interactive Tele-education, education mediated by technology which allows to the information to distant sites. The Young Doctor Project uses interactive Tele-education resources, in order to encourage students to carry out cooperative work to promote improved health and quality of life of communities. Objective: To implement an interactive model of education in health on \"Hearing Health\", based on the dynamics of Young Doctor Project. Methods: The study was conducted in the State School Ada Cariani Avalone in the city of Bauru. The activities were developed in stages. It was first developed the educational model in hearing health with the development of educational materials such as face-to-face workshops, virtual learning environment presented to the students in Moodle (AVA). In the next step, the multiplication of knowledge was carried out with the involvement of the students and also the community. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed instruments were used: evaluation questionnaires prior knowledge, problem situation questionnaire applied in two stages, before and after training, the Survey Form Motivational (FPM), and Impact Questionnaire, applied after 3 months for implementing the program. Results: The results showed that the training program was effective because it provided students with the knowledge on the topic Hearing Health. Through targeted actions, this knowledge was multiplied to the academic community, but also to the families, totaling 802 people. Regarding the Virtual Learning Environment, held 100% of the proposed activities and reviewed the Moodle platform (AVA) as a \"Awesome Course\" for analysis of motivational research. Teachers evaluated as impacting students\' interest in taking care of hearing, educate colleagues, but no behavior change regarding the use of headphones. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the interactive model of education in health on \"Hearing Health\" was implemented effectively, achieving a highly positive satisfaction, characterized by the recognition of the need for care in behavior change on health hearing.