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This dissertation presents a constructivist discussion of the experiences of the author in doing hypnosis. It explores the practice of hypnosis as a progression of behavioral changes by the hypnotis in facilitating the initiation, expansion and coherence of the hypnotic domain. These changes include punctuating and redefining everyday experiences and environmental events as hypnotic, and engaging participants in discussions based on the hypnotic logic. Hypnosis is defined as social and cognitive domain that is specified in language, and maintained by the embodied descriptions of participants. It is described how the hypnotic system evolves in terms of complexity, distinctness and functional integrity, and how this reflects the structurally determined fit between its members. In this system the hypnotist facilitates the development of the hypnotic description as a viable domain of existence that is experienced as real and all-inclusive. In conclusion some constructivist ideas for research, treatment and training are presented before constructivist thinking is used to contextualize the dissertation itself. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This thesis contributes to the field of Game Studies by presenting the hypothesis that the player(s) and soundscape(s) in the first-person shooter (FPS) game, and the relationships between them, may be construed as an acoustic ecology. It explores the idea that the single-player FPS game acoustic ecology has the basic components of player and soundscape and that the relationships between these two lead to the creation and perception of a variety of spaces within the game world constituting a significant contributing factor to player immersion in that world. Additionally, in a multiplayer FPS game, these individual acoustic ecologies form part of a larger acoustic ecology which may be explained through autopoietic principles. There has been little written on digital game sound (much less on FPS game sound) and so the research contained within this thesis is an important contribution to the Game Studies field. Furthermore, the elaboration of the hypothesis provides insight into the role of sound in the perception of a variety of spaces in the FPS game, and player immersion in those spaces, and this has significance not only for Game Studies but also for other disciplines such as virtual environment design and the study of real-world acoustic ecologies. A text-based methodology is employed in which literature from a range of disciplines is researched for concepts relevant to the hypothesis but, where necessary, new concepts will be devised. The aim of the methodology is to construct a conceptual framework which is used to explicate the hypothesis and which may, with future refinement, be used for the study of sound in digital game genres other than FPS.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Assumindo uma leitura histórica descontinuísta do pensamento de Freud e privilegiando nele a dimensão pulsional do psíquico, as intensidades e os afetos, o presente trabalho busca demonstrar a ocorrência de uma operação criadora que a transferência faz comparecer no entre-dois do encontro clínico. O sentido de operação criadora aqui adotado encontra-se na idéia de autopoiese, uma idéia extraída da biologia contemporânea na qual identificamos afinidades significativas com o conceito freudiano de autoerotismo, o modo de operar originário das pulsões. Retomando este conceito seminal de Freud e fazendo-o dialogar com a autopoiese do vivo demonstrada por Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela, visamos repensar o autoerotismo dentro da teoria das pulsões, concebendo-o como aquilo que define essencialmente a maquínica pulsional e que, como tal, perpetua-se no sujeito como uma operação criadora contínua. Se o autoerotismo é o infantil pré-individual, pré-narcísico, que em nós se perpetua, é na transferência que ele se repete, potencializando um plano intensivo de parcialidades multiformes mediante o qual a clínica pode ser concebida como um processo de criação de novas formas de si, de novas modalidades de existência para um sujeito. / Assuming a discontinuous historical reading of Freud's thought and favoring him to drive dimension of psychic intensities and affections, this paper seeks to demonstrate the occurrence of a creative operation that the transfer is between two people appear in the clinical encounter. The creative direction of operation adopted here is the idea of autopoiesis, an extracted idea of ​​contemporary biology in which we identified significant affinities with the Freudian concept of autoerotismo, the mode of operation of the originating impulses. Resuming this seminal concept of Freud and making him talk with the autopoiesis of the living demonstrated by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, we aim to rethink autoerotismo inside the drive theory, conceiving it as what essentially defines the instinctual machinic and as such perpetuates the subject as a continuous creative operation. If the child is autoerotismo pre-individual, pre-narcissistic that is perpetuated on us, is the transfer he repeats, leveraging an intensive plan multiform bias whereby the clinic can be conceived as a process of creating new forms themselves, new forms of existence for a subject.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Assumindo uma leitura histórica descontinuísta do pensamento de Freud e privilegiando nele a dimensão pulsional do psíquico, as intensidades e os afetos, o presente trabalho busca demonstrar a ocorrência de uma operação criadora que a transferência faz comparecer no entre-dois do encontro clínico. O sentido de operação criadora aqui adotado encontra-se na idéia de autopoiese, uma idéia extraída da biologia contemporânea na qual identificamos afinidades significativas com o conceito freudiano de autoerotismo, o modo de operar originário das pulsões. Retomando este conceito seminal de Freud e fazendo-o dialogar com a autopoiese do vivo demonstrada por Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela, visamos repensar o autoerotismo dentro da teoria das pulsões, concebendo-o como aquilo que define essencialmente a maquínica pulsional e que, como tal, perpetua-se no sujeito como uma operação criadora contínua. Se o autoerotismo é o infantil pré-individual, pré-narcísico, que em nós se perpetua, é na transferência que ele se repete, potencializando um plano intensivo de parcialidades multiformes mediante o qual a clínica pode ser concebida como um processo de criação de novas formas de si, de novas modalidades de existência para um sujeito. / Assuming a discontinuous historical reading of Freud's thought and favoring him to drive dimension of psychic intensities and affections, this paper seeks to demonstrate the occurrence of a creative operation that the transfer is between two people appear in the clinical encounter. The creative direction of operation adopted here is the idea of autopoiesis, an extracted idea of ​​contemporary biology in which we identified significant affinities with the Freudian concept of autoerotismo, the mode of operation of the originating impulses. Resuming this seminal concept of Freud and making him talk with the autopoiesis of the living demonstrated by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, we aim to rethink autoerotismo inside the drive theory, conceiving it as what essentially defines the instinctual machinic and as such perpetuates the subject as a continuous creative operation. If the child is autoerotismo pre-individual, pre-narcissistic that is perpetuated on us, is the transfer he repeats, leveraging an intensive plan multiform bias whereby the clinic can be conceived as a process of creating new forms themselves, new forms of existence for a subject.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Percorrer a cidade com a ponta dos dedos; TraÃar com o pà o contorno do mar; Escutar o comeÃo e o fim de uma onda; Organizar as sementes da PraÃa da EstaÃÃo; Criar um Jardim na CalÃada; Coletar espumas de mar; Devir Duna. A relaÃÃo entre corpo, ambiente, tempo e experiÃncia, presente na prÃtica performativa como metodologia de pesquisa-criaÃÃo, me levou ao encontro de conceitos, pensamentos, criaÃÃes, apresentados neste livro-dissertaÃÃo. Exigindo uma âleituraâ e âescutaâ atenta do ambiente na qual està inserida, a prÃtica performativa como pesquisa, propÃe um estado presente de corpo, de conexÃo com e no lugar, de solubilidade no ambiente, e de sentimento de pertencimento a um sistema autopoietico maior: o Cosmos. Ã, a partir destas sensaÃÃes corporais no ambiente, que podem emergir ideias e sentimentos âem lugar inesperadoâ (SLOTERDIJK: 2006). E assim, surgiu em minha pesquisa o conceito e procedimento artÃstico: Jogo. Neste jogo, que segundo Flusser està permanentemente em recriaÃÃo, parti da criaÃÃo para os conceitos, e dos conceitos para a criaÃÃo. Conceitos-obras apresentados em diversas escritas: mapas, diagramas, desenhos, textos, fotografias, performances. Escritas poÃticas criadas como forma de registro e produÃÃo de pensamento sensÃvel. Este, à um livro de artista, um livro-dissertaÃÃo. Um registro e tentativa de conceptualizaÃÃo de experiÃncias performativas vivenciadas em paisagens brasileiras, sobretudo, em Fortaleza, entre os anos de 2016 e 2017.

To incorporate bioremedial functions into the performance of buildings and to balance generative architecture's dominant focus on computational programming and digital fabrication, this thesis first hybridizes theories of autopoiesis into extended cognition in order to research biological domains that include synthetic biology and biocomputation. Under the rubric of living technology I survey multidisciplinary fields to gather perspective for student design of bioremedial and/or metabolic components in generative architecture where generative not only denotes the use of computation but also includes biochemical, biomechanical, and metabolic functions. I trace computation and digital simulations back to Alan Turing's early 1950s Morphogenetic drawings, reaction-diffusion algorithms, and pioneering artificial intelligence (AI) in order to establish generative architecture's point of origin. I ask provocatively: Can buildings think? as a question echoing Turing's own "Can machines think?" Thereafter, I anticipate not only future bioperformative materials but also theories capable of underpinning strains of metabolic intelligences made possible via AI, synthetic biology, and living technology. I do not imply that metabolic architectural intelligence will be like human cognition. I suggest, rather, that new research and pedagogies involving the intelligence of bacteria, plants, synthetic biology, and algorithms define approaches that generative architecture should take in order to source new forms of autonomous life that will be deployable as corrective environmental interfaces. I call the research protocol autopoietic-extended design, theorizing it as an operating system (OS), a research methodology, and an app schematic for design studios and distance learning that makes use of in-field, e-, and m-learning technologies. A quest of this complexity requires scaffolding for coordinating theory-driven teaching with practice-oriented learning. Accordingly, I fuse Maturana and Varela's biological autopoiesis and its definitions of minimal biological life with Andy Clark's hypothesis of extended cognition and its cognition-to-environment linkages. I articulate a generative design strategy and student research method explained via architectural history interpreted from Louis Sullivan's 1924 pedagogical drawing system, Le Corbusier's Modernist pronouncements, and Greg Lynn's Animate Form. Thus, autopoietic-extended design organizes thinking about the generation of ideas for design prior to computational production and fabrication, necessitating a fresh relationship between nature/science/technology and design cognition. To systematize such a program requires the avoidance of simple binaries (mind/body, mind/nature) as well as the stationing of tool making, technology, and architecture within the ream of nature. Hence, I argue, in relation to extended phenotypes, plant-neurobiology, and recent genetic research: < Architecture = Nature > Consequently, autopoietic-extended design advances design protocols grounded in morphology, anatomy, cognition, biology, and technology in order to appropriate metabolic and intelligent properties for sensory/response duty in buildings. At m-learning levels smartphones, social media, and design apps source data from nature for students to mediate on-site research by extending 3D pedagogical reach into new university design programs. I intend the creation of a dialectical investigation of animal/human architecture and computational history augmented by theory relevant to current algorithmic design and fablab production. The autopoietic-extended design dialectic sets out ways to articulate opposition/differences outside the Cartesian either/or philosophy in order to prototype metabolic architecture, while dialectically maintaining: Buildings can think.

This study contends that time, narrative and justice cannot be separated from one another. One always demands that the other two also be considered. If we accept that law should be held accountable to a higher ethical standard, then law’s relationship with time and narrative is also important. Good law can only exist through a responsible and active engagement with this challenge. Unfortunately it is not in law’s interest to honour its responsibility, and the legal system as described by Niklas Luhmann is not interested in justice. Law’s only aims are to be legitimate and to ensure its own continued perpetuation. These aims are in threatened when law is required to appeal to norms outside of itself. Thus law has developed certain mechanisms in order to shirk this responsibility: It draws boundaries between itself and its environment; it removes its operations from human reality; it undermines human identity and agency (intention and causality) by reducing it in complexity and meaning; and finally it protects itself through building up its own unreal and false complexity. Law is able to do this by turning its back on its relationship with time (and by extension, narrative). Time is stripped of duration and reduced to a succession of presents. This has two effects: firstly human identity and agency becomes meaningless and secondly, moral or ethical judgment becomes impossible. By cutting the knot instead of trying to unravel it, law avoids its responsibility to be moral. One way of stepping up to the challenge of justice, time and law is through Ricoeur’s narrative time. Human beings and larger social entities all have narrative and temporal duration and location. It recognises that humans have an identity that can not be divorced from time and narrative. This structure also gives necessary context and meaning to actions, and allows us to make moral judgments. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Jurisprudence / unrestricted

Le thème de l’individuation et de la persistance des entités vivantes constitue l’une des problématiques centrales de la philosophie de la biologie. Dans les sciences du vivant, l’organisme représente traditionnellement l’exemple paradigmatique de l’individu biologique. Toutefois, malgré le lien intuitif entre l’organisme et l’individu, la biologie contemporaine a su faire un usage plus large du concept d’individu. Ainsi, la circonscription de ce qui était appréhendé comme appartenant au vivant a été élargie par la reconnaissance de plusieurs types d’individus biologiques, parmi lesquels nous trouvons non seulement les organismes dits « traditionnels », mais également toute une variété d’entités telles que des protistes, des molécules d’ARN, des prions, des virus et des bactéries de toutes sortes. Par ailleurs, cette nouvelle vision de l’individu biologique a été utilisée afin d’illustrer les différents niveaux de l’organisation biologique. En ce sens, la discussion porte principalement sur le niveau – gènes, cellules, organismes, superorganismes, espèces, écosystèmes – où la sélection agit, dans lequel l’organisme, en tant qu’exemple paradigmatique d’individu, peut être considéré comme un simple niveau entre une diversité de niveaux de sélection. Par conséquent, l’extension des limites de l’ontologie biologique a permis, d’une part, d’interroger le concept d’individu en le libérant de la référence à l’organisme, et d’une autre, de relativiser l’importance de l’organisme au sein du discours biologique. Pourtant, nous soutenons que, pour contribuer au développement de la thématique de l’individu biologique, il faut donner voix à un autre discours sur l’individualité, qui émerge des discussions sur l’ontologie des organismes. C’est vers la tradition systémique qu’il convient de tourner le regard, dans le but d’étendre les recherches sur la nature de l’individualité biologique sous l’angle d’une définition renouvelée de l’organisme. Notre démarche suppose d’établir une distinction importante entre deux tendances biologiques à propos du problème de l’individu biologique : l’individu darwinien et l’individu ontogénétique. Dans une approche ontogénétique, un individu correspond à l’entité qui s’autodétermine au cours de son temps de vie individuel. Ainsi, cette position repose sur une conception davantage physiologique, centrée sur l’organisation biologique. / The theme about individuation and persistence of living entities is one of the central issues in the philosophy of biology. In the life sciences, the organism represents traditionally the paradigmatic example of the biological individual. However, despite the intuitive connection between the organism and the individual, contemporary biology has been able to make wider use of the concept of the individual. Thus, the contours of what was apprehended as belonging to the living world has been enlarged by the recognition of several types of biological individuals, among which we find not only so-called "traditional" organisms, but also a variety of entities such as protists, RNA molecules, prions, viruses and bacteria of all kinds. In addition, this new vision of the biological individual has been used to illustrate the different levels of biological organization. In this sense, the discussion focuses on the level - genes, cells, organisms, superorganisms, species, ecosystems - where selection acts, in which the organism can be considered a simple level between a variety of levels of selection. Consequently, the extension of the limits of biological ontology allowed, on the one hand, to question the concept of the individual by releasing it from the reference to the organism, and on the other hand, to relativize the importance of the organism within the biological discourse. However, we argue that, to contribute to the development of biological individuality theme, we must give voice to another discourse on individuality, which emerges from discussions on the ontology of organisms. It is towards the systemic tradition that we must turn our attention, in order to extend research on the nature of biological individuality in the light of a renewed definition of the organism. Thus, we assumes an important distinction between two non-exclusive biological tendencies about the problem of the biological individual: the Darwinian individual and the ontogenetic individual. In an ontogenetic approach, an individual corresponds to the entity that self-determines during its individual life time. Thus, this approach is on a physiological conception, centered on biological organization.

In this dissertation I consider the nature of the relationship between orientation and language-habits in the context of environmental ethics. Specifically, I focus on the problem of orientation as a way of understanding the unabated trend of anthropocentrism in the dominant Western language-culture. Orientation operates as the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings in relation to something that we embody in our lived experiences. One way that we communicate our orientation in relation to the land is through our language-habits. In considering our language-habits, I conceptualize a process I call conceptual autopoiēsis. Conceptual autopoiēsis is the co-evolutionary coupling process of the language-habits and language-cultures of human orientation, which recreates the initial conditions of the reproduction of the specific concepts embodied in that given orientation, language-habit, and language-culture. I show how our orientation to the land is embodied in our language-habits and language-cultures. I show how orientation, language-habit, language-culture, and conceptual autopoiēsis all function as the environment from which we select the very conceptualization of our orientation and the language we use to do so. More specifically, metaphysical anthropocentrism is a kind of orientation that assumes a dualistic relationship to the land that perpetuates a disconnect from Nature that makes it impossible to have an ecocentric land ethic. I argue that in order to advance the language-habits and language-cultures that can cultivate a more ecocentric orientation capable of living in harmony with nature, we must first understand how the conceptual autopoiēsis of language-habits and language-cultures of the current Western orientation continue to orient us as separate from Nature.