The study aimed to determine the optimum plot size (Xo) and the number of repetitions to evaluate fresh mass (FM), dry matter (DM) and grain yield (PROD) of oat and check the variability of Xo between cultivars and sowing dates. For this, were evaluated four cultivars (URS Charrua, URS Taura, URS Estampa and URS Corona) in three sowing times (time 1 – 04/28/2014, time 2 – 5/28/2014 and then 3 – 07/14/2014) in 96 trials uniformity of 3 × 3 m for the determination of Xo in FM and DM variables. The determination of Xo for PROD was necessary 32 uniformity of 3m × 3m tests, eight with each cultivar (URS Charrua, URS Taura, URS Estampa and URS Corona). At flowering were collected plants of tests to obtain FM and DM and heavy, obtaining FM, which were later submitted in air circulation oven forced 65 ± 3°C for 48 hours, after obtained by weighing the DM. At the end of oat crop cycle (the grain ripening stage) grains were collected for determination of PROD (kg ha-1). The optimum plot size (Xo) was determined by the method of maximum curvature of the model coefficient of variation and mean comparison between the evaluation periods and cultivars for the measurement of FM and DM, and among cultivars for measurement of PROD, were compared by the Scott Knott test by bootstrap analysis. In oat, there is variability of Xo among cultivars and sowing dates. For the four cultivars in the three sowing dates, Xo 1.66 m2 and 1.73 m2 they are suitable to assess FM and DM, respectively. Four replications to evaluate up to 50 treatments in a completely randomized designs and random blocks are sufficient for differences between average of 44.75% of the average experiment treatments are significant, by Tukey test (p = 0.05) the variables FM and DM. The Xo of 1,57m2 is sufficient to assess PROD in oat these four cultivars. To assess PROD with up to 50 treatments, the DIC and DBA, four replications are sufficient for differences between average of 40.53% of the average experiment treatments are significant, by Tukey test at 5% probability. / O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela (Xo) e o número de repetições para avaliar massa fresca (MF), massa seca (MS) e produtividade de grãos (PROD) de aveia branca e verificar a variabilidade de Xo entre cultivares e épocas de semeadura. Para isto, foram avaliadas quatro cultivares (URS Charrua, URS Taura, URS Estampa e URS Corona), em três épocas de semeadura (época 1 - 28/04/2014, época 2 - 28/05/2014 e época 3 - 14/07/2014), em 96 ensaios de uniformidade de 3×3 m para a determinação do Xo nas variáveis MF e MS. Para a determinação do Xo para PROD foram necessários 32 ensaios de uniformidade de 3m×3m, sendo oito com cada cultivar (URS Charrua, URS Taura, URS Estampa e URS Corona). No florescimento foram coletadas as plantas dos ensaios destinados a obtenção de MF e MS e pesadas, obtendo a MF, sendo posteriormente submetidas a estufa de circulação de ar forçado 65±3°C, durante 48 horas, para obtenção da MS. Ao final do ciclo de cultivo da aveia (estádio de maturação dos grãos) foram colhidos os grãos para a determinação da PROD (kg ha-1). O tamanho ótimo de parcela (Xo) foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação e as comparações de médias, entre as épocas de avaliação e cultivares para a mensuração da MV e MS, e entre as cultivares para a mensuração da PROD, foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott via análise de bootstrap. Em aveia branca, há variabilidade de Xo entre as cultivares e as épocas de semeadura. Para as quatro cultivares nas três épocas de semeadura, Xo de 1,66 m2 e 1,73 m2 são adequados para avaliar MF e MS, respectivamente. Quatro repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos ao acaso, são suficientes para que diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 44,75% da média do experimento sejam significativas, pelo teste de Tukey (p=0,05) nas variáveis MF e MS. O Xo de 1,57m2 é suficiente para avaliar a PROD em aveia branca nessas quatro cultivares. Para avaliar a PROD com até 50 tratamentos, no DIC e DBA, quatro repetições são suficientes para que diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 40,53% da média do experimento sejam significativas, pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade.

Orientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken / Resumo: Meloidogyne incognita é considerado um dos nematoides de maior importância econômica em termos mundiais. Para seu adequado manejo, uma das estratégias mais eficientes é o uso de cultivares resistentes. Portanto, estratégias para otimizar os programas de melhoramento genético são necessárias. A análise de expressão gênica tem ampliado a compreensão dos mecanismos de interação planta-nematoide e acelerado o desenvolvimento de genótipos resistentes. A cultivar de aveia branca IPR Afrodite, resistente a M. incognita, e cultivares suscetíveis foram avaliadas em relação à sua tolerância a este nematoide, além de ter sido estudado o comportamentode genes candidatos que regulam sua resistência, desafiados com densidades populacionais iniciais crescentes de M. incognita, durante o seu estabelecimento e manutenção do parasitismo. Para a avaliação da tolerância, plantas cultivadas em vasos de 3.600 cm3 foram inoculadas com 0,0625 (187,5); 0,125 (375); 0,25 (750); 0,5 (1500); 1 (3000); 2 (6000); 4 (12000); 8 (24000); 16 (48000) e 32 (96000) exemplares por cm3 de solo e avaliadas aos 67 dias após a inoculação (DAI), através da mensuração do desenvolvimento das plantas, além da multiplicação do nematoide. Os resultados mostraram que, em densidades menores, IPR Afrodite apresentou fator de reprodução próximo a 1,0, sugerindo menor expressão da resistência. Em função desses resultados, experimento semelhante foi conduzido para análise da expressão gênica dessa cultivar ao nematoide, com aval... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Meloidogyne incognita is considered one of the main economic important nematodes worldwide. For its management, the use of resistant cultivars is amongst the more efficient strategy. Therefore, strategies to optimize the genetic breeding programs are necessary. The gene expression analysis has amplified the comprehension about the mechanisms involved in the plant-nematode interaction and accelerated the development of resistant genotypes. The oat cultivar IPR Afrodite, resistant to M. incognita, and cultivars suscetibles was evaluated in relation to its tolerance to this nematode and, besides, the behavior of candidate genes regulating the resistance reaction was studied, challenged with crescent initial population densities of M. incognita, during its establishment and parasitism maintenance. To tolerance evaluation, plants cropped in 3,600 cm3 -pots were inoculated with 0,0625 (187,5); 0,125 (375); 0,25 (750); 0,5 (1500); 1 (3000); 2 (6000); 4 (12000); 8 (24000); 16 (48000) e 32 (96000) exemplars.cm-3 of soil and evaluated at 67 days after inoculation (DAI), through the mensuration of the plant development and nematode multiplication. Results showed that, in lower densities, IPR Afrodite showed reproduction factor values closed to 1.0, suggesting a lower resistance expression. In face of these results, a similar experiment was conducted to gene expression analysis of this cultivar to nematode, with evaluations at 0 (immediately before inoculation), 2 and 9 DAI. From RT-qPCR... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

El presente trabajo de investigación expone una propuesta de negocio innovadora y económicamente viable. Dentro del mercado de Lima Metropolitana se ha detectado la necesidad por el consumo de avena 100% pura, si bien en la actualidad existen productos alternativos, en el canal moderno no existe un producto de avena 100% grano entero disponible. Por parte de la población existe desconocimiento acerca de la composición del producto y los aportes nutricionales que benefician su pureza. Por ello, el objetivo de la empresa es crear conciencia en el consumidor. El 80% del mercado peruano en promedio consume avena y esto varía dependiendo el NSE al que pertenezca, en el caso NSE AB muestra 70% de consumo de avena para lo cual se busca captar mercado con un producto de mayor calidad y pureza, ya que este segmento estaría dispuesto a pagar hasta 123% más por un producto de mayor valor nutricional en comparación del resto. Bajo esa perspectiva, la empresa distribuirá y comercializará avena 100% pura desarrollando una nueva línea de productos. Para el posicionamiento y expansión de marca se plantean estrategias de gestión comercial. El modelo de negocio asegura la viabilidad de este, debido al incremento en la tendencia del consumo. Se han realizado diversos análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos, y se ha llegado a la conclusión que la demanda del segmento es inelástica, lo que es una oportunidad para la empresa y el desarrollo de la marca. / This research paper presents an innovative and economically viable business proposal. Within the Metropolitan Lima market, the need for the consumption of 100% pure oats has been detected, although there are currently alternative products, there is no 100% whole grain oat product available in the modern channel. On the part of the population there is ignorance about the composition of the product and the nutritional contributions that benefit its purity. Therefore, the objective of the company is to create awareness in the consumer. 80% of the Peruvian market on average consumes oats and this varies depending on the NSE to which it belongs, in the case NSE AB shows 70% consumption of oats for which it seeks to capture market with a product of higher quality and purity, since This segment would be willing to pay up to 123% more for a product of higher nutritional value compared to the rest. Under that perspective, the company will distribute and market 100% pure oats by developing a new product line. For the positioning and expansion of the brand, commercial management strategies are proposed. The business model ensures its viability, due to the increase in the consumption trend. Various qualitative and quantitative analyzes have been carried out, and it has been concluded that the segment's demand is inelastic, which is an opportunity for the company and the development of the brand. / Trabajo de investigación

Avena sativa L. (2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD genome composition) or common oat is the cereal grain possessing the highest levels of water-soluble seed (1-3,1-4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan), a hemicellulose important to human health due to its ability to lower serum LDL cholesterol levels. Understanding the mechanisms of β-glucan accumulation in oat endosperm is, consequently, of great interest. We report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling β-glucan production in oat, identifying 58 significantly associated markers. Synteny with the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genome identified four major regions of interest, the CslF and CslH gene families along with UGPase and AGPase as candidate genes. Subgenome-specific expression of the A, C, and D homoeologs of major β-glucan synthase AsCslF6 revealed that AsCslF6_C is the least expressed in all tissue types and time points, with low-β-glucan varieties recording the highest proportion of AsCslF6_C expression. In order to further investigate the candidate genes identified in our GWAS study and gain a greater understanding of the other cell wall polysaccharides that comprise the total fiber content in oat we sought to characterize five additional genes. Accordingly, we cloned and sequenced the three homoeologs of AsUGP and AsAGPS1. AsAGPS1 is the small subunit 1 gene of the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), which is responsible for catalyzing the first committed step in the starch biosynthesis pathway through the production of ADP-glucose. AsUGP is the gene the codes for UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) an enzyme responsible for the reversible production of UDP-glucose (UDPG). UDPG is used directly or indirectly as a precursor for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. In high β-glucan mutant line ‘OT3044’ we observed increased expression of AsUGP with a corresponding reduction of AsAGPS1 expression. Similarly, we observed an inverse expression pattern in low-fiber mutant line ‘OT3018’, wherein AsUGP expression was decreased in favor of AsAGPS1 expression. Further, we also found evidence that these changes in both AsUGP and AsAGPS1 expression are due primarily to up- or down-regulation in the A-genome homoeoalleles. Additionally, we characterized genes in the CslC family (CslC4, CslC9) and CslA family (CslA7) responsible for xyloglucan and glucomannan synthesis, respectively. High-fiber line ‘HiFi’ showed the least amount of overall expression of these three genes, raising the possibility that the increased β-glucan is due to a reduction in other hemicelluloses. After analyzing homoeolog-specific expression in multiple genes we observed that the A genome consistently had the most highly expressed homoeoallele, hinting at a universal preference for expression of this subgenome. We present hypotheses regarding multiple points in carbohydrate metabolism having the potential to alter β-glucan content in oat.

En el presente proyecto se realizó un estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una empresa comercializadora de avena bebible en Lima Metropolitana, teniendo como objetivo general determinar su viabilidad económica y financiera. Así, se llevó a cabo un estudio de mercado con el propósito de definir el producto y el área geográfica que abarcará el proyecto. Posteriormente se identificó la demanda histórica y potencial de la avena en hojuelas para determinar su demanda específica y las principales estrategias de comercialización. En este sentido, se estableció que el producto será comercializado en envases Tetra Pak de 250 mililitros, y estará dirigido a los padres de familias de Lima Metropolitana pertenecientes a los NSE A, B y C. Por otro lado, se determinó que el proyecto se localizará en el distrito de Surquillo; el mismo que tendrá una capacidad de comercialización de 511,502 bebidas de avena en relación a lo estimado para el último año del proyecto (2025). En lo referente a la inversión, se estimó que para el desarrollo del proyecto se requiere de un monto total de $ 23,846.70, el mismo que comprende los activos fijos tangibles, activos fijos intangibles y capital de trabajo. Finalmente, se realizó la evaluación económica y financiera, concluyéndose que el proyecto es viable debido a que su VANE fue de $ 9,099.87 con una TIRE de 26%; asimismo, en relación al análisis financiero se obtuvo un VANF de $ 15,833.76 con una TIRF de 46.34%, demostrando así la rentabilidad de la inversión.

En el presente proyecto se realizó un estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una planta procesadora de avena bebible en Lima Metropolitana, teniendo como objetivo general determinar su viabilidad económica y financiera. Así, se llevó a cabo un estudio de mercado con el propósito de definir el producto y el área geográfica que abarcará el proyecto. Posteriormente se identificó la demanda histórica y potencial de la avena en hojuelas para determinar su demanda específica y las principales estrategias de comercialización. En este sentido, se estableció que el producto será comercializado en envases Tetra Pak de 1L, y estará dirigido a la población de Lima Metropolitana pertenecientes a los NSE A, B y C. Por otro lado, se determinó que el proyecto se localizará en el distrito de Ate; el mismo que tendrá una capacidad de producción de 1, 089, 594 bebidas de avena en relación con lo estimado para el último año del proyecto (2025). En lo referente a la inversión, se estimó que para el desarrollo del proyecto se requiere de un monto total de $ 106, 465.04, el mismo que comprende los activos fijos tangibles, activos fijos intangibles y capital de trabajo. Finalmente, se realizó la evaluación económica y financiera, concluyéndose que el proyecto es viable debido a que su VANE fue de $ 22, 899.39 con una TIRE de 20%; asimismo, con relación al análisis financiero se obtuvo un VANF de $ 62, 718.01 con una TIRF de 48.88%, demostrando así la rentabilidad de la inversión

En el presente proyecto se realizó un estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una empresa comercializadora de avena bebible en Lima Metropolitana, teniendo como objetivo general determinar su viabilidad económica y financiera. Así, se llevó a cabo un estudio de mercado con el propósito de definir el producto y el área geográfica que abarcará el proyecto. Posteriormente se identificó la demanda histórica y potencial de la avena en hojuelas con el propósito de determinar su demanda específica y las principales estrategias de comercialización. En este sentido, se estableció que el producto será comercializado en envases Tetra Pak de 1L, y estará dirigido a los hogares de Lima Metropolitana pertenecientes a los NSE A, B y C. Por otro lado, se determinó que el proyecto se localizará en el distrito de Miraflores; el mismo que tendrá una capacidad de comercialización de 300,132 bebidas de avena en relación a lo estimado para el último año del proyecto (2025). En lo referente a la inversión, se estimó que para el desarrollo del proyecto se requiere de un monto total de $37,876.86, el mismo que comprende los activos fijos tangibles, activos fijos intangibles y capital de trabajo. Finalmente, se realizó la evaluación económica y financiera, concluyéndose que el proyecto es viable debido a que su VANE fue de $18,402.46 con una TIRE de 28.74%; asimismo, en relación al análisis financiero se obtuvo un VANF de $30,828.00 con una TIRF de 52.82%, demostrando así la rentabilidad de la inversión

El proyecto consiste en la elaboración de galletas naturales a base de avena, chía, frutos secos y endulzadas con pulpa de manzana y plátano, las cuales están acompañadas por altos valores nutricionales. Conocemos que la alimentación de muchos peruanos no es la correcta por lo que este producto permitirá al usuario mejorar su alimentación y la salud. Muchas personas tienen antojos por consumir un producto que está prohibido en su dieta por lo que a través de galletas Asumaq se podrá solucionar ese problema de no poder consumir galletas u otros productos por cuidar la figura y la salud. Los insumos como la avena, frutos secos y chía son insumos que permiten reducir la grasa en el organismo, otorga proteínas y minerales y ayudan a prevenir múltiples enfermedades, por lo que son recomendados por nutricionistas. Actualmente, en el mercado de galletas naturales la competitividad es mínima, debido a que la mayoría son artesanales u ofrecen un precio elevado para el consumidor, es por ello que los deportistas y personas que quieren cuidar su salud buscan una galleta que se acomode al poder adquisitivo, ya que debido a la coyuntura actual existen gastos más importantes como para invertir en grandes cantidades de dinero en galletas. Es por ello que la solución son las Galletas Asumaq un producto 100% natural y acompañado de un precio justo para el cliente. / The project consists of the elaboration of natural cookies based on chía, oats, dried fruits and sweetened with apple and banana pulp, which are accompanied by high nutritional values. We know that the diet of many Peruvians is not the right one, so this product will allow the user to improve their diet and health. Many people have a craving for a product that is forbidden in their diet, so Asumaq cookies will solve that problem of not being able to eat cookies or other products to take care of your figure and health. Inputs such as oats, nuts and chia allow reducing the fat in the body, provides protein and minerals and helps prevent multiple diseases, so they are recommended by nutritionists. Currently, in the market for natural biscuits the competitiveness is minimal, because most are handmade or offer a high price to the consumer, for that reason, athletes and people who want to take care of their health look for a cookie that fits the purchasing power, because due to the current situation there are more important expenses to invest in large amounts of money in cookies. Therefore, the solution is Asumaq Cookies, a completely natural product with a fair price for the customer. / Trabajo de investigación

The size and complexity of the oat genomes (Avena L., x = 7) have made genetic studies, including the discovery of molecular markers, difficult. Recent attention to these species has resulted in the development of many DArT -based markers in the tetraploid A. magna Murphy et Terrill (2n = 28, CCDD genomes), along with numerous RFLP's, SSR's, DArT's, and EST-based SNPs in hexaploid A. sativa L. (2n = 42, AACCDD). Here we report the first SNP markers for tetraploid oat based on genome reduction and high-throughput pyrosequencing in two inbred lines of A. magna: A-169 (wild) and Ba 13-13 (domesticated). Initially, the genomes were reduced using restriction digests with EcoRI and BfaI and sequenced to produce 706,426 reads for both genotypes that were subsequently assembled into 57,048 contigs with an average read length of 345 bp. Comparisons of the contigs between the two lines resulted in the detection of 31,304 in silico SNPs. High Resolution Melt (HRM) and KASPar assays were used to validate 1,108 of these in silico SNPs across a panel of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats. Of the assays, 119 were validated using HRM and 384 using KASPar genotyping in the Fluidigm EP1 system. Both sets of assays were then mapped on a population of 117 F2:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the A-169 x Ba 13-13 cross. A map of the A. magna genome was then constructed. The markers and map provide a new set of genomic tools for tetraploid and hexaploid oat breeding and allow for tracking of genes controlling traits of economic importance and other interesting genes through the evolution of Avena.

Common oat (Avena) has held a significant place within the global crop community for centuries; although its cultivation has decreased over the past century, its nutritional benefits have recently garnered increased interest for human consumption. No published reference sequences are available for any of the three oat subgenomes. Here we report a quality sequence assembly, annotation and hybrid optical map of the A-genome diploid Avena atlantica Baum and Fedak. The assembly is composed of a total of 3,417 contigs with an N50 of 11.86 Mb and an estimated completeness of 97.6%. This genome sequence will be a valuable research tool within the oat community.