A presente pesquisa busca identificar procedimentos e mecanismos, verbais e visuais, pelos quais o discurso de divulgação científica para crianças, de autoria da SBPC (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência) e materializado em reportagens de capa da Ciência Hoje das Crianças, se direciona e se orienta por seu destinatário presumido, assim como visa identificar como e para quais fins estabelecem-se relações dialógicas entre formas composicionais verbais e visuais. Centrando-se em reportagens de capa enquanto concretização do projeto e vontades discursivas de um sujeito histórica e socialmente situado, à luz de noções formuladas pelo Círculo de Bakhtin, tais como dialogismo, acabamento, esfera e endereçamento do enunciado, o trabalho explora duas hipóteses. Primeira, em se tratando de divulgação de conhecimentos científicos ao público infantil, mais do que a seleção temática de assuntos de cunho científico que poderiam interessar ao público infantil, a linguagem é a ponte que alinhava vínculos entre o autor, a ciência e o cientista e o destinatário-criança, segunda, no discurso científico endereçado aos pequenos, a reincidência de recursos lexicais típicos da ideologia do cotidiano é movida pelo objetivo de fazer entender. A análise detida do corpus iluminou dois tipos principais de relações dialógicas, a saber, 1) dialogismo entre as instâncias autoriais do autor-cientista e do ilustrador e 2) movimentos dialógicos em direção ao universo do leitor. / The present research aims at identifying the procedures and mechanisms, verbal and verbally-visual, used by the scientific diffusion speech to children, written by SBPC (Brazilian Society to the Science Progress) and materialized in cover articles of the magazine Ciência Hoje das Crianças Childrens Science Today. This research considers how this speech is aimed and led by its presumed addressee, and also identifies how and for which purpose the dialogical relations are established between verbal and visual compositional forms. This research is based on the notions proposed by the Bakhtin Circle, such as dialogism, completion, sphere and utterance addressing. Focusing on cover articles for this project building and the speech wills of a historically and socially situated subject, the work explores two hypothesis. The first deals with the diffusion of scientific knowledge to children, so that the language is the bridge that connects the author, science and scientist and addressee (children) more than only a thematic selection of scientific issues which could interest the children. The second hypothesis deals with the scientific speech addressed to the little ones. The reincidence of the lexical resources typical to the day-by-day ideology is moved by the objective of make it understood. The analysis taken from the corpus enlightened two main kinds of dialogical relations: 1) dialogism between the authors instances from the author-scientist and the illustrator; and 2) dialogical movements towards the readers universe.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-03T14:57:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lysleavelar.pdf: 512671 bytes, checksum: 4b792d4532a83ffd90d5c312199f2025 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-03T19:42:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lysleavelar.pdf: 512671 bytes, checksum: 4b792d4532a83ffd90d5c312199f2025 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T19:42:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lysleavelar.pdf: 512671 bytes, checksum: 4b792d4532a83ffd90d5c312199f2025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / Esta dissertação de Mestrado busca realizar um estudo sobre a Teoria da Carnavalização, desenvolvida pelo pensador e teórico russo Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), no romance A morte e a morte de Quincas Berro Dágua, de Jorge Amado (1912-2001). A investigação consiste em descobrir se é possível identificar as características da carnavalização no conteúdo da obra estudada. A abordagem teórica e metodológica para realizar este trabalho teve como base uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica de autores que já estudaram ou ainda estudam o mesmo tema, e as informações serão obtidas pela pesquisa exploratória bibliográfica, com registro, análise, classificação e interpretação dos dados coletados. Como resultado e conclusão, observamos, a partir da análise da obra, todas as características da carnavalização, provocando um desejo de ruptura da rotina cotidiana em que o herói da narrativa foge de uma vida sujeita a regras e normas e abraça outro estilo de vida sem normas e regras, mas com profanações; o narrador cria, desse modo, um texto carnavalizado, descrevendo as ações do herói de forma às avessas e desvinculadas dos padrões normais de comportamento social, colocando, em segundo plano, lutas de classes e as injustiças sociais, pertencentes à sua primeira fase como escritor. A ação gira em torno da boemia desqualificada presente no cais do porto, e a opção do protagonista de romper as amarras representa seu grito da liberdade. Como base deste estudo, será utilizada a carnavalização com todos os elementos da inversão de papéis que a própria teoria apresenta, bem como o texto crítico de Affonso Romano de Sant‟Anna, intitulado “De como e porque Jorge Amado em A morte e a morte de Quincas Berro Dágua é um autor carnavalizador, mesmo sem nunca ter-se preocupado com isto”. / The present work seeks to conduct a study about the “Theory of Carnivalization”, developed by Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), applied to the novel A morte e a morte de Quincas Berro Dágua, written by Jorge Amado (1912-2001). The investigation consists in the identification of the theory in the content of the work studied. In the theoretical and methodological approach to perform such work, it was necessary an extensive literature survey of authors who have studied or are studying the same topic, and the information was obtained by bibliographic research, analysis, classification and interpretation of data collected. As a result and conclusion, we have observed in the literary criticism of the work all “carnivalization” features, provoking a desire to break the daily routine, where the hero escapes from a life subjected to rules and regulations and embraces another lifestyle without rules and regulations, but with profanations, thus creating a “carnivalized” text, where the author describes the actions of the hero in a upside down way, disconnected from the normal standards of social behavior, putting in the background issues like class struggles and social injustices, belonging to his first phase. The action revolves around the disqualified bohemian who lives in the docks and their option to break the shackles is their cry for freedom. On the basis of this study, the “carnivalization” will be used, with all elements of role reversal that the theory itself points us, as well as the critical text “De como e porque Jorge Amado em A morte e a morte de Quincas Berro Dágua é um autor carnavalizador, mesmo sem nunca ter-se preocupado com isto”, written by Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna.

Orientador: Luci Banks-Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T17:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AnnaPaulaRolimde_M.pdf: 3114322 bytes, checksum: d0172d756ebf68e170a61fb077a634d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como finalidade analisar o discurso oral de crianças entre 3 e 6 anos no contexto do agrupamento multietário. A fim de demonstrar a inegável presença da argumentação nos enunciados infantis, busca-se explicitar e analisar tanto os recursos linguísticos, como os princípios sociais evocados nos enunciados. As relações sociais e os posicionamentos das crianças nas interações discursivas também são analisados aqui. A partir dos objetivos e hipóteses levantados, assumiram-se como teoria que embasa este trabalho, os princípios da semântica argumentativa de Ducrot e, recorreu-se ainda ao conceito de dialogismo de Bakhtin. O desenvolvimento do trabalho tornou possível detectar uma grande semelhança entre os termos Topos e Vozes sociais presentes, respectivamente, nas teorias de Ducrot e Bakhtin. Nas análises verificou-se o todo dos discursos analisados, ou seja, a relação entre os enunciados, a consistência dos discursos e a continuidade dos temas abordados (nível macro). E ao mesmo tempo, destinou-se atenção às marcas linguísticas presentes nos enunciados infantis, as quais são responsáveis pela orientação argumentativa (nível micro). Assim como proposto por Nølke (1993), as análises foram centradas no material linguístico e em sua repercussão no nível macro. No nível da microargumentação, o foco da atenção incidiu sobre os operadores argumentativos e os encadeamentos argumento/conclusão, o que permitiu a visualização das diferentes estratégias argumentativas usadas pelas crianças na condução de seus interlocutores a uma determinada conclusão. No que se refere à macroestrutura argumentativa, o foco das análises manteve-se sobre a coordenação das ideias expressas nos diálogos infantis e a coerências das respostas. Os resultados apontaram para a forte presença da argumentação nos enunciados infantis. / Abstract: This dissertation aims to analyze the oral speech of children between 3 and 6-years-old in the context of a group of various ages. In order to demonstrate the invariable presence of the argumentation set out in children, seeks to explain and analyze both linguistic resources, such as social principles evoked in the utterances. Social relations and placements of children in discursive interactions are also analyzed here. From the objectives and hypotheses raised, it was assumed as theory behind this work, the principles of argumentative semantics of Ducrot and, even resorted to the concept of dialogism of Bakhtin. The development work has made it possible to detect a great similarity between the terms Topos and Social Voices present respectively in the theories of Ducrot and Bakhtin. In the analysis it was found the whole the discourse analyzed, namely, the relationship between utterances, consistency and continuity of the discourse and themes (macro level). At the same time, attention was aimed at linguistic marks present in children's utterances, which are responsible for the argumentative orientation (micro level). As proposed by Nölke (1993), the analysis was focused on the linguistic material and its impact on the macro level. In argumentation micro level, the attention was focused on the argumentative operators and the threads argument / conclusion, allowing the visualization of different argumentative strategies used by children in the conduct of their interlocutors to a particular conclusion. As regards the macrostructure argumentative, the focus of the analysis was maintained over coordination of the ideas expressed in the dialogues and coherence of children's responses. The results pointed to the strong presence of the argumentation set out in children. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestra em Educação

[pt] O estado de sítio constitui uma figura constitucional essencial à compreensão das estruturas políticas democráticas. Se por um lado é mecanismo de proteção da sociedade, alargando os limites da autoridade estatal para rápida ação em situações excepcionais, por outro pode ser instrumento legitimador de arbitrariedades e abusos intervencionistas. As freqüentes decretações de estado de sítio durante a Primeira República brasileira servem como um indicativo das vicissitudes que permeavam os poderes estatais e das tentativas de consolidar o regime republicano federativo no país. A partir da compreensão de que o fenômeno normativo jurídico do estado de sítio pode ser visto como um fenômeno lingüístico, o presente trabalho analisa o instituto constitucional, durante o referido período histórico, com base nas teorias de linguagem de viés culturalista desenvolvidas por Mikhail Bakhtin e Pierre Bourdieu. Para tanto, foram examinados discursos sobre o sítio produzidos nas esferas dos três poderes públicos federais, registrados, principalmente, nos anais da Assembléia Constituinte, do Senado Federal e da Câmara dos Deputados, em mensagens redigidas pelos Presidentes da República e em decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O estudo desses materiais, que leva a concluir que as disputas pelos sentidos do estado de sítio foram marcadas por relações lingüísticas de poder simbólico e que o instituto funcionou como meio de configuração das estruturas políticas e jurídicas da Primeira República, está estruturado em três partes: a primeira dedicada aos trabalhos constituintes, a segunda ao processo de concretização dos dispositivos constitucionais e a terceira à reforma da Constituição aprovada em 1926. / [en] Understanding the constitutional precept of the state of siege is essential to understanding the democratic political structures. If, on the one hand, it is a mechanism for the society s protection, thus broadening the limits of the state authority for a quick action in exceptional situations, then on the other hand it can be a legitimizing instrument of arbitrariness and interventionist abuses. The frequent declarations of state of siege during Brazil s First Republic can indicate the vicissitudes that used to permeate the state powers and the attempts to consolidate the federative republican regime in the country. Given that the normative juridical phenomenon of the state of siege can be seen as a linguistic phenomenon, the current work analyses the constitutional institution during the aforementioned period, based on the language theories of Mikhail Bakhtin and Pierre Bourdieu and their culturalist bias. Discourses on the state of siege produced by the three branches of the federal powers - mostly registered in the annals of the Constituent Assembly, the Senate and the House of Deputies, presidential messages and Supreme Court decisions - have been examined. The study of these materials is structured in three parts - the first, dedicated to the making of a new constitution, the second, concerning the solidification process of the constitutional rules and the third, dealing with the 1926 constitutional reform - and leads to the conclusion that the disputes on the meanings of state of siege were characterized by linguistic relations of symbolic power and that this institution worked as a means to configure the political and juridical institutions of the First Republic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bakhtin's ethical act establishing thought that humans are entirely responsible for their actions. Understood this way, there s a concrete act of a subject that is historically situated, immersed in social relations and dialogically constituted. The corporate discourse of sustainability is part of the ethical discourses currently circulating in the social environment, with visibility in various spheres of activity, including advertising. So the following questions arise: What ethical and cultural values are conveyed in sustainability advertising? How such values are arranged in hierarchies in the ads? The aim of this work is to analyze, through the dialogical theory, the central hypothesis that there are recurrences, to some extent, on the values and the hierarchy of values in samples of the discourse of sustainability in print advertising. As specific objectives, are proposed: a) to investigate how ethical and cultural values are constructed and expressed through language in the materials; b) to describe verb-visual occurrences that are present in the advertisements c) to understand the relationship between the analyzed texts and the social context. As theoretical and methodological support, we used the dialogic theory of Bakhtin Circle (BAKHTIN, 2010a, 2010b; VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009, 2011) articulated with the Thompson s media theory (2007) and rhetorical categories on values by Perelman and Olbrechts- Tyteca (2005). Five Banks advertisements were analyzed, three from Santander and two from Banco do Brasil, that were published at Veja magazine and selected in the period between January 2010 and January 2012. The methodology follows Bakhtin and it was developed based on dialogism of language. The dialogic theory contemplates the relationship between text and context. These data were considered: a) contextual data from the corporate websites of these banks and social, discoursive and cultural framework that surrounds the advertising sphere; b) textual data, mainly from the Bakhtinian notions of ideological sign and evaluative intonation (VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009; BAKHTIN, 2010a) and concepts of values, hierarchy of values and commonplaces of argumentation (PERELMAN; OLBRECHTS-TYTECA, 2005). The results show that there are recurrences, as well as peculiarities in the way the ads from Santander and Banco do Brasil produce and convey values in the social context. As an ethical value, sustainability is present in the analyzed advertisements, being sustained and reproduced by the discourse of corporate social responsibility that is also present in the websites of these banks. Sustainability is presented by both institutions as an ethical value to be pursued by the Bank and its customers. However, some differences are observed in how values are arranged in a hierarchy by each institution: for Santander, sustainable development is connected to the financial value, for the Banco do Brasil, sustainability is restricted to water preservation. The advertising language in the analyzed utterances builds ideological-discoursive positions that value sustainability within a corporate and capitalist context in which assuming social responsibility is advantageous for the company. Allied to the understanding that just as there are language practices that precede us, there are practices that are part of our contemporary experience in the world, the analyzed texts materialize dialogic relationships that integrate these discourses. / O ato ético bakhtiniano institui o pensamento de que o ser humano é inteiramente responsável por seus atos. Compreendido dessa forma, há o ato concreto de um sujeito historicamente situado, imerso nas relações sociais e constituído dialogicamente. O discurso corporativo da sustentabilidade faz parte dos discursos éticos circulantes atualmente no meio social, tendo visibilidade em várias esferas de atividade, inclusive na publicidade, surgem as seguintes questões: Quais valores éticos e culturais são veiculados na publicidade da sustentabilidade? De que maneira tais valores estão hierarquizados nos anúncios? O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, por meio da teoria dialógica, a hipótese central de que existem recorrências, em certa medida, quanto aos valores e à hierarquia de valores em exemplares do discurso da sustentabilidade na publicidade impressa. Como objetivos específicos, são propostos: a) investigar como os valores éticos e culturais são construídos e expressos por meio da linguagem nas peças publicitárias; b) descrever ocorrências verbo-visuais presentes nos anúncios; c) compreender a relação entre os textos analisados e o contexto social. Como aporte teórico-metodológico, foi utilizada a teoria dialógica do Círculo de Bakhtin (BAKHTIN, 2010a, 2010b; VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009, 2011) articulada com a teoria da mídia de Thompson (2007) e com categorias retóricas relativas aos valores de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005). Foram analisados cinco anúncios de instituições bancárias, sendo três do Banco Santander e dois do Banco do Brasil, os quais foram veiculados na revista Veja e selecionados no período entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2012. A metodologia adotada segue a orientação bakhtiniana e foi desenvolvida com base no dialogismo da linguagem. A teoria dialógica contempla as relações entre textos e contexto. Foram considerados: a) dados contextuais, a partir dos sites corporativos das referidas instituições bancárias e do quadro sociodiscursivo e cultural que circunda a esfera publicitária; b) dados textuais, principalmente a partir das noções bakhtinianas de signo ideológico e de entoação valorativa (VOLOCHÍNOV, 2009; BAKHTIN, 2010a) e dos conceitos de valores, de hierarquia de valores e de lugares da argumentação (PERELMAN; OLBRECHTS-TYTECA, 2005). Os resultados demonstram que há recorrências, assim como particularidades, na maneira como os anúncios do Santander e do Banco do Brasil produzem e veiculam valores no contexto social. Como valor ético, a sustentabilidade está presente nas campanhas analisadas, sendo sustentada e reproduzida pelo discurso da responsabilidade social corporativa que está igualmente presente nos sites dessas instituições bancárias. A sustentabilidade é apresentada por ambas as instituições como valor ético a ser almejado pelo Banco e por seus consumidores. Contudo, são observadas algumas diferenças no modo como os valores são hierarquizados por cada instituição: para o Santander, o desenvolvimento sustentável está conectado ao valor financeiro; para o Banco do Brasil, a sustentabilidade está restrita à preservação das águas. A linguagem publicitária, nos enunciados analisados, constrói posições ideológicodiscursivas que valorizam a sustentabilidade no interior de um contexto corporativo e capitalista em que assumir a responsabilidade social é vantajoso para as empresas. Aliados ao entendimento de que, assim como há práticas de linguagem que nos antecedem, há práticas que fazem parte da nossa experiência contemporânea no mundo, os textos analisados materializam as relações dialógicas que integram esses discursos.

In hierdie verhandeling ondersoek ek die wyse waarop die installasiewerke van Rosemarie Marriott se uitstalling relaas... (2010-2011), soos uitgestal in die hoofgalery op die Potchefstroomkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit, deur aanskouers as 'n narratief gelees en geïnterpreteer kan word. In my lees en interpretasie van Marriott se werke sluit ek aan by Bal se argument dat kunswerke as tekste gelees kan word wanneer die kunswerke as narratiewe beskou word. Die teoretiese grondslag vir so 'n ondersoek is geleë in Bakhtin se argumente met betrekking tot die interaksie tussen die outeur, protagonis en die leser ten einde vas te stel hoe Marriott se uitstalling [relaas...] op ʼn Bakhtiniaanse wyse alle lesers in 'n polifoniese dialoog probeer betrek. Binne die bestek van die studie vorm Bakhtin se teoretisering van die karnavaleske die utopiese tydruimtelike konteks waarin die gelykstelling van perspektiewe kan plaasvind. Daarmee saam verduidelik die Bakhtiniaanse begrip van dialogisme [onder andere] dat narratiewe uit dialoë tussen medegeregtigde gespreksgenote opgebou moet word. Dialogisme word voorts benut as die beskrywende konstruk en die ideale ontwerp waarvolgens die outeur die narratief moet organiseer. Ek voer aan dat Marriott in haar ontwerp van relaas... op ʼn soortgelyke wyse as die Bakhtiniaanse karnaval, die wêreld omgekeer voorstel deur die groteske sameflansing van onsamehangende konsepte en materiaal soos sprokies, kinderspeelgoed en taksidermie. Soos ʼn sprokieschronotoop het relaas... antropomorfiese dierekarakters wat interaktief aan die narratief deelneem, klere aantrek, en selfs kan “praat”. Ten slotte argumenteer ek dat Marriott van ʼn komplekse maskerspel gebruik maak waarin sy, soos in die Bakhtiniaanse maskerade, groteske maskers oplê, sodat lesers as deelnemende karakters en as gevolg van Marriott se ontwerp, diepliggende betekenis in sprokies kan ontmasker. / MA (History of Art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In hierdie verhandeling ondersoek ek die wyse waarop die installasiewerke van Rosemarie Marriott se uitstalling relaas... (2010-2011), soos uitgestal in die hoofgalery op die Potchefstroomkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit, deur aanskouers as 'n narratief gelees en geïnterpreteer kan word. In my lees en interpretasie van Marriott se werke sluit ek aan by Bal se argument dat kunswerke as tekste gelees kan word wanneer die kunswerke as narratiewe beskou word. Die teoretiese grondslag vir so 'n ondersoek is geleë in Bakhtin se argumente met betrekking tot die interaksie tussen die outeur, protagonis en die leser ten einde vas te stel hoe Marriott se uitstalling [relaas...] op ʼn Bakhtiniaanse wyse alle lesers in 'n polifoniese dialoog probeer betrek. Binne die bestek van die studie vorm Bakhtin se teoretisering van die karnavaleske die utopiese tydruimtelike konteks waarin die gelykstelling van perspektiewe kan plaasvind. Daarmee saam verduidelik die Bakhtiniaanse begrip van dialogisme [onder andere] dat narratiewe uit dialoë tussen medegeregtigde gespreksgenote opgebou moet word. Dialogisme word voorts benut as die beskrywende konstruk en die ideale ontwerp waarvolgens die outeur die narratief moet organiseer. Ek voer aan dat Marriott in haar ontwerp van relaas... op ʼn soortgelyke wyse as die Bakhtiniaanse karnaval, die wêreld omgekeer voorstel deur die groteske sameflansing van onsamehangende konsepte en materiaal soos sprokies, kinderspeelgoed en taksidermie. Soos ʼn sprokieschronotoop het relaas... antropomorfiese dierekarakters wat interaktief aan die narratief deelneem, klere aantrek, en selfs kan “praat”. Ten slotte argumenteer ek dat Marriott van ʼn komplekse maskerspel gebruik maak waarin sy, soos in die Bakhtiniaanse maskerade, groteske maskers oplê, sodat lesers as deelnemende karakters en as gevolg van Marriott se ontwerp, diepliggende betekenis in sprokies kan ontmasker. / MA (History of Art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis comprises detailed readings of nine early-modern plays featuring female witches in an attempt to recover an understanding of how they were represented on the early-modern stage and what they meant to their first audiences. Drawing on twentieth-century theories of subjectivity, it offers an avenue for the explanation of moments of misogyny in the plays and identifies an unconscious communal anxiety which was revealed and perpetuated by the stage representation of the witch. Although we cannot fully recapture the experience of an audience of 400 years ago, this study attempts to do so in order to place the plays in the context of anxieties detectable in the period. By reading the plays in reference to theatrical conditions, this thesis identifies moments when the drama enlisted the subjectivity of the audience and the witch was constructed as uncanny. Such an approach contributes to the debate on the ages of actors performing certain female characters and suggests potential staging approaches for future performances.

Unemployment and precarity have become key features of 21st century work. Employability is presented as a solution to these issues. Individuals are exhorted to manage their employability, in order to be able to exercise choice in the labour market. While employability is individuals' responsibility, governments, employers and educational bodies simply provide opportunities for its development. Higher education is a key site for this process, as employability rhetoric increasingly informs policy and practice. It is founded on rhetoric that emphasises flexibility, skills and marketability, shaping students in certain ways with the risk of being deemed unemployable as the consequence of disengagement. At the same time, there has been a rise in employer presence on university campuses. Recruitment is no longer its key feature. Traditional 'milkround' recruitment has been replaced by year round marketing campaigns. As a result, students are continually exposed to a selection of employers promoting a specific image of work and work orientations. The theoretical framework of this study is informed by works of Antonio Gramsci and Mikhail Bakhtin. Gramsci's notion of 'common sense?' is central to analysing the rhetoric on work and employability present on campus. I also give voice to students by recounting how they as 'dialogical selves' engage with such 'common sense'. These issues are explored through an analysis of data gathered during seventeen months of fieldwork. This includes longitudinal interviews with students, participant observation, documents, interviews with careers advisors and non-participant observation of career consultations. From this, I argue that there was a strongly normative image of work constructed around an orientation I term 'consumption of work'. This image was closely associated with consumption opportunities, marketed to students through corporate presence on campus. 'Consumption of work' was central to shaping students' work orientations and only few of them resisted the 'common sense'. Those who made 'alternative' choices articulated doubt about these, with the challenge to employability as a key reason for it. Employability was presented to students as a lifelong project of the self, where constant acquisition, development and selling of skills were necessary to maintain a position in the labour market. Many students embraced the rhetoric of skill 'possession', but were 'playing the game' when 'demonstrating' skills. Conforming to what the employers were willing them to 'demonstrate' and understanding how to do this became the primary condition for achieving employability.

This thesis argues that a Bakhtinian dialogic approach holds possibilities for reconceptualising and re-enacting teacher–child dialogue interactions in early years education. It accepts education as open-ended, with children as active participants and frames teacher–child dialogues as unique encounters, which can go beyond children’s neoliberal enculturation in the world. Neoliberal discourses have exerted an important influence on early years education, emphasising universal “best evidence” strategies and narrowly defined learning “outcomes” which can lead to technicist approaches to teaching and learning. The study explores the dialogic interactions between children aged from 3½ to 5 years and their teachers in two early childhood settings. In a dialogic methodological approach, two of the teachers and myself as a researcher critically engaged in collaborative discussions of selected video recordings of the teacher–child interactions. A Bakhtinian concept of moral answerability applies to the collaborative dialogic approach between teachers and researcher. It goes beyond teaching as a technical approach with universal strategies, to provide guidance for teachers in the unique lived experiences with their students. A dialogic reflexivity, which is employed both pedagogically and as a methodological approach in the study, is aligned with Bakhtin’s philosophy of praxis in everyday life experiences. A second Bakhtinian notion of polyphony explains how each person accesses multiple voices in response, which are shaped simultaneously by unique previous experiences and the encounter itself. In educational dialogue, polyphony can open up a view of dialogue as open-ended and providing different possibilities; it can allow for more meaningful responses by students and more respectful listening from teachers. Furthermore, young children’s carnivalesque utterances are viewed as challenging authoritative, monologic discourses when analysed through a Bakhtinian lens. For Bakhtin, subjectivity is not only shaped in and through dialogue; it also in turn shapes present and future dialogue. Dialogue is therefore inevitably intertwined with subjectivity. Findings show that teaching in early childhood settings involves a complex mix of both monologic and dialogic acts. Dialogic processes can provide alternative understandings of children and teachers as agentic and unfinalised. At times, children were engaged in carnivalesque acts, resisting authoritative teaching through their play, chanting and non-verbal communication, thereby making visible the institutionalisation of children and teachers in early childhood settings. It is suggested that children who are active participants in their education need to be given opportunities for carnivalesque responses. Furthermore, when early childhood teachers have opportunities to critically reflect on children’s utterances in a collaborative dialogue with colleagues, they can gain a more complex understanding of teacher–child dialogue, enabling them to answer morally to the children in their care. Ongoing dialogic encounters with the teachers provided multiple perspectives of the data, resulting in changes to their teaching practices and routines. The findings of the study hold important implications for teaching and for in-service and pre-service teacher education. I suggest that respectful dialogic approaches between teachers and researchers hold pedagogical and methodological potential and, when used thoughtfully, can counteract neoliberal, technicist interventions. In relation to both pre-service and in-service teacher education, the study speaks to the importance of teachers being equipped to engage in open-ended dialogue with children and collaborative dialogues with peers. Drawing on Bakhtin’s concept of moral answerability, this thesis is an utterance asking for an active response not only in everyday teacher-child dialogues, but also in the ongoing, open-ended dialogue about early childhood education and, in particular, teacher–child dialogue. It leaves unfinalised not only children and adults, but also the subject of teacher- child dialogue. There is no first utterance and no last word; Bakhtinian dialogue views both children and adults as becoming.