This thesis deals with financial reform, which was conducted in the United States. The fundamental law of this reform is The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The basic document deals with the legislative changes that relate primarily to changes in institutional arrangements and organization of supervisory activities in the U.S. with a greater emphasis on the banking system. The last part deals with some consequences of the changes to the banking system.

Cette thèse propose une analyse détaillée des effets de la supervision prudentielle (une composante de la réglementation bancaire) sur la stabilité du secteur bancaire, la solvabilité des institutions financières et, au niveau macro-économique, étudie son impact sur le crédit domestique. La méthodologie de recherche adoptée permet l‘intégration de l‘hétérogénéité dans l'analyse, tant au niveau systémique qu'à celui de l‘agent individuel. Des méthodes d‘estimation bayésiennes sont à la base de la partie empirique, alors que les sections théoriques utilisent la modélisation multi-agent. Le premier chapitre étudie les effets de la supervision prudentielle sur le crédit domestique dans 27 pays de l‘UE. Les résultats montrent qu‘une aggravation de la dureté de la supervision produit des effets positifs sur le crédit dans les pays ayant un système de supervision unifié. Le deuxième chapitre étudie les effets de la supervision couplée avec des outils réglementaires « traditionnels » sur la résilience et les profits bancaires dans des conditions de crise de long-terme. Parmi les instruments étudiés, c’est la taxe qui assure la profitabilité bancaire à long terme et l‘adaptation à la crise. Le troisième chapitre étudie une fraude financière complexe qui a eu lieu en Moldavie en 2011-2015. Un modèle qui réplique les schémas de fraude est construit pour étudier l‘optimalité de la décision de non-intervention de la Banque Centrale. Les résultats montrent qu'une intervention précoce n‘aurait pas minimisé les pertes du système bancaire, mais que la Banque Centrale aurait pu améliorer la situation en intervenant quand l‘exposition du secteur aux fraudeurs était minimale. / This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the effects of prudential supervision (a component of banking system regulation) on the stability of the banking sector, the soundness of financial institutions and, at a macro-economic level, its impact on domestic credit. The adopted research methods facilitate the integration of heterogeneity at the systemic and individual-agent levels into the analysis. Bayesian estimation techniques are used in the empirical part, whereas the theoretical sections utilize agent-based modeling. The first chapter studies the effects of prudential supervision on domestic credit in 27 EU countries. The results show an increase in supervisory stringency to produce a positive effect on credit in countries with unified supervisory frameworks. The second chapter investigates the effects of prudential supervision coupled with “traditional” regulatory tools on bank resiliency and profits under long-lasting crisis conditions. Taxes are found to be the most efficient tool as they potentiate long-term profitable bank operations and adaptation to the crisis. The third chapter provides a case-study of a complex financial fraud that took place in Moldova in 2011-2015. An agent-based model that replicates the schemes is constructed to study the optimality of the Central Bank’s decision to not intervene. The results show that early intervention wouldn’t necessarily have minimized the financial losses of the banking sector, but that the Central Bank could have improved the outcome of the crisis by intervening when the exposure of the banking sector to the fraudsters was minimal.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a detailed quantitative and qualitative assessment of the banking system currently in place in the Visegrad countries, as well as its transition from the Soviet system to a capitalist market-oriented system. The empirical part of this study focuses on estimating the stability of the banking system, the impact of regulations and supervision on the stability of this system the performance and effectiveness (productivity) of the system, and the impact of banking sector performance on economic growth. Two different methods are used for the data analysis: panel data regression with random effect model and traditional ratio analysis based on DuPont formula and other financial ratios, which were constructed using historical data taken from Bank Scope, together with random-effects GLS regression. The results suggest that, as measured by z-score, Slovakia had the most stable banking sector in most years, followed by Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Additionally, according to the regression analysis, the imposition of strict requirements for banks applying for licenses in Visegrad countries has led to greater banking system stability, while prohibiting additional banking activities-such as real estate, insurance, securities, or other non-financial...

[pt] Os Bancos Estaduais sempre foram motivo de instabilidade e de desequilíbrios no Sistema Financeiro Nacional (SFN). Vários programas de ajuste foram tentados ao longo dos anos mas, ou apenas resolviam os problemas de liquidez imediata das instituições ou interviam nestas sem um plano efetivo de saneamento ou extinção. Essa dissertação faz uma análise sobre a trajetória das instituições financeiras estaduais desde a reforma do Sistema Financeiro Nacional (SFN) em 1964 até o último destes programas, o Programa de Redução da Participação do Setor Público Estadual na Atividade Bancária (PROES). Inicialmente é feito um histórico dos Bancos Estaduais, estudando-se a situação do Sistema Financeiro Estadual (SFE). A seguir, faz-se uma descrição dos principais desenvolvimentos do PROES. Por fim, a dissertação avalia os ganhos de eficiência dos Bancos Estaduais com o PROES, comparando a situação antes e depois da sua implementação, tanto por meio de indicadores contábeis (unidimensionais), quanto por um índice multi- dimensional obtido através de procedimentos econométricos. / [en] The State Banks were always cause of instability and imbalances in the National Financial System (SFN). Many adjustment programs were tried throughout the years, but they either only solved the immediate liquidity problems of that institutions or intervened on it without a effective plan of financial consolidation or extinction. This dissertation makesan analysis of the trajectory of the states financial institution from Natonal Financial Sytem's reform, in 1964, until the most recent restructuring program, The Program of Reduction of the State Public Sector Participation in a Bank Activity (PROES). Initially it describes the evolution of the State Banks and their role in the State Financial System (SFE). Then, it describes the main events that marked the implementation of the PROES. Finally, an empirical analysis is made of the eficiency gains generated by the PROES with a comparison of the banks situation before and after the introuction of th program. Such analysis is conducted both by unidimensional accouting measures and by multi-dimenional index obtained through the use of the econometric techniques. / [es] Los Bancos Estaduales siempre fueron motivo de inestabilidad y desequilibrios en el Sistema Financiero Nacional (SFN). Varios programas de ajuste se han llevado a cabo a lo largo de los años pero apenas resolvían los problemas de líquidez inmediata de las instituiciones o intervenían en éstas sin un plano efectivo de saneamiento o extinción. Esta disertación hace un análisis sobre la trayectoria de las instituciones financieras estaduales desde la reforma del Sistema Financiero Nacional (SFN) en 1964 hasta el último de estos programas, el Programa de Reducción de la Participación del Sector Público Estadual en la Actividad Bancaria (PROES). Inicialmente se realiza una decripción histórica de los Bancos Estaduales, estudiando la situación del Sistema Financiero Estadual (SFE). A seguir, se describen los principales desarrollos del PROES. Finalmente, la disertación evalúa la ganancia en eficiencia de los Bancos Estaduales com el PROES, comparando la situación antes y después de su implementación, tanto por medio de indicadores contables (unidimensionales), como por un índice multi-dimensional obtenido a través de procedimentos econométricos.

Изучение теоретических основ исламского банкинга в понимании ведущих ученых стран СНГ, а также выявление перспектив и проблем применения опыта исламских финансовых институтов в российских регионах. Исламская экономическая модель получила широкое распространение в мире, что определило заинтересованность экономического и научного сообществ во внедрении ее опыта в традиционную финансовую модель в целях минимизации риска возникновения кризисных ситуаций и формирования более устойчивой финансовой системы. Анализ банковского сектора в регионах, реализующих пилотный проект по внедрению исламского банкинга, позволил выявить ряд проблем и перспектив. Во-первых, развитая конъюнктура рынка способствует адаптации принципов исламской банковской модели, во-вторых, наличие квалифицированных кадров в области исламского банкинга позволяет разрабатывать тактические и стратегические планы развития финансового института. Исламская модель ведения банковского бизнеса имеет специфический набор свойств, способствующих формированию устойчивого развития не только банковского, но и финансового рынка в целом. / Studying the theoretical foundations of Islamic banking as understood by leading scientists from the CIS countries, as well as identifying the prospects and problems of applying the experience of Islamic financial institutions in Russian regions. The Islamic economic model has become widespread in the world, which has determined the interest of the economic and scientific communities in introducing its experience into the traditional financial model in order to minimize the risk of crisis situations and form a more stable financial system. Analysis of the banking sector in the regions implementing a pilot project to introduce Islamic banking has revealed a number of problems and prospects. Firstly, the developed market environment contributes to the adaptation of the principles of the Islamic banking model, and secondly, the availability of qualified personnel in the field of Islamic banking makes it possible to develop tactical and strategic plans for the development of a financial institution. The Islamic model of banking business has a specific set of properties that contribute to the formation of sustainable development not only of the banking, but also of the financial market as a whole.

Цель этого исследования - изучить банки и банковские услуги в России, а также изучить зарубежные банки (Афганистан), где мы хотим использовать российский банковский опыт в зарубежных странах, таких как Афганистан, особенно мобильный банкинг, который используется не только в России, но и за пределами России, например, в Белоруссии, Украине, Таджикистане, Германии и т. д. Объект исследования – национальные кредитные системы РФ и Республики Афганистан. Предмет исследования – экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе взаимодействия двух национальных кредитных систем в условиях цифровизации банковских операций. использование мобильного банкинга в Афганистане. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке предложений, реализация которых будет способствовать расширению возможностей банков РА по обслуживанию их международных операций с банками РФ в условиях цифровизации банковской деятельности. / The purpose of this study is to study banks and banking services in Russia, as well as study foreign banks (Afghanistan), where we want to use Russian banking experience in foreign countries such as Afghanistan, especially mobile banking, which is used not only in Russia, but also for outside Russia, for example, in Belarus, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Germany, etc. The object of the study is the national credit systems of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Afghanistan. The subject of the research is economic relations arising in the process of interaction of two national credit systems in the context of digitalization of banking operations. using mobile banking in Afghanistan. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of proposals, the implementation of which will help expand the capabilities of RA banks to service their international transactions with banks of the Russian Federation in the context of digitalization of banking activities.

Au cours des six dernières décennies, la Chine a connu un passage d’une économie planifiée à une économie de marché. Durant la même période, un changement profond a eu lieu dans les instruments et la mise en œuvre de la politique monétaire. Cependant, jusqu’à présent, la politique monétaire chinoise se distingue considérablement de celui des économies de marché développées. Durant la période de l’économie planifiée, la Chine a adopté le système de la banque unique et le système de gestion des crédits hautement centralisée. Ces systèmes permettait à la Banque populaire de Chine (la BPC) de contrôler directement le volume d’émission de liquidités et les transferts bancaires par le plan de liquidités et le plan de crédit afin d’ajuster les agrégats monétaires. Durant la période de la transition économique, la Chine a progressivement abandonné son système de la banque unique. Néanmoins, la BPC n’était pas encore une banque centrale véritablement indépendante, parce qu’elle conservait une partie de ses opérations de financement direct à l’appui du développement des agents non-financiers. Même si la BPC a commencé à employer les leviers indirects pour ajuster la dynamique monétaire, elle a continué à mettre en œuvre les instruments d’ajustement direct. En 1994, année où la Chine a entamé des réformes économiques plus importantes, a été établi un système de la banque centrale véritablement indépendant, qui a ensuite été amélioré en 1998. La BPC a exercé, de façon exclusive, les fonctions d’une banque centrale et a mis en œuvre sa politique monétaire principalement à travers des instruments d’ajustement indirect. Cependant, la BPC n’a pas totalement abandonné l’usage du contrôle administratif direct sur les agrégats de crédits. L’autorité monétaire chinoise renforce progressivement le contrôle des activités du système bancaire parallèle, la centralisation de la politique monétaire et son efficacité depuis 2014, par peur de la hausse du levier financier et de l’endettement élevé. / Over the past six decades, China has experienced an institutional change from a planned to a market economy. During the same period, an in-depth change in the instruments and implementation of China’s monetary policy has occurred. However, until now, China’s monetary policy retains considerable differences compared with that of developed market economies. During the planned economy period, China adopted a mono-banking system and a highly centralized credit management system. Under a mono-banking system, the People’s Bank of China (PBC) could directly control the issuance volumes of cash and bank transfers by means of the cash plan and the credit plan to adjust monetary aggregates. During the economic transition period, China gradually abandoned the mono-banking system. However, the PBC still did not become a truly independent central bank because it retained part of its direct financing operations in support of non-financial agents’ development. Although the PBC began to employ indirect levers to adjust monetary dynamics, it continued to implement the monetary policy principally by means of direct adjustment instruments. Since China’s accession into wider economic reforms in 1994, a truly independent central banking system was established and eventually improved in 1998. The PBC has exclusively exercised the functions of a central bank and implemented its monetary policy principally by means of indirect adjustment instruments; however, it did not fully abandon the use of direct administrative controls over credit aggregates. Out of fear for rising financial leverage and high indebtedness (in particular of non-financial corporations), since 2014 China’s monetary authority gradually enhanced the monitoring of shadow banking activities, and thereby the centralization and effectiveness of monetary policy.

The problem with which this paper is concerned is that of examining the role that the Egyptian Banking System had to assume during the transition period, 1952 - 1964. This paper is divided in four parts; the first part is an introduction and it is composed of Chapter I. Part two is a brief survey of the economic and monetary developments in Egypt during this transition period and it is composed of Chapters II and III. Part three examines the reconstruction of the banking system and it is composed of Chapters IV and V. Part four presents a conclusion and some implications for other developing countries. The Egyptian experience's lack of success was due to non-realistic and uncoordinated planning.

This study explores two issues, one is to investigate the determinants of net interest margins and bank risk-taking from 1993 to 2001 in a partial universal banking system, taking Taiwan as our example, and the other is to provide some empirical evidences of exchange ratio determination of bank mergers in Taiwan. In the first topic, the partial universal banking system here is a mix of the conventional commercial banking system (whose activity is mainly loan-deposit taking) and the universal banking system (engaging in both loan-deposit and investment activities). We employ the recently developed method of the panel data threshold regression method to estimate the determinant function of the net interest margin and bank risk-taking model. It is found that the corporate governance plays an important role in explaining the recent behavior of the banking industry. The empirical results show that the net interest margins in the commercial banking system are affected by credit risk, interest rate risk, the degree of leverage and management quality, unlike the net interest margins in the universal banking system which are more sensitive to only-credit risk and the degree of leverage. Moreover, the relationship between managerial ownership and credit risk taking behavior is inverse U-shape in the commercial banking system, consistent with the corporate control hypothesis, unlike U-shape relation in the universal banking system that supports moral-hazard hypothesis. In the second topic, we not only extend Larson and Gonedes (1969) merger exchange ratio model to taking account of market risk and more participants but also apply Marsh-Merton dividend behavior reduced form (1987) to estimate the expected post-merger price-earnings ratio. Taking the first case of the bank merger according to the Financial Institution Merger Law as our sample, we find that the L-G model indicates the interval of exchange ratios that enhance, or at least not cause any diminution in the wealth positions of all parties to a proposed bank merger. Also, the bargaining area offers some information to help merger candidates to negotiate final actual exchange ratio.

Research object – Banking system. Research subject –The institutes of banking system, their briefs and indexs. Research aim – To rate the banking system in Lithuania. Objectives: 1) To analyze the banking system in Lithuania. 2) To survey indexes, which are describing brief of banks. 3) To formulate method of brief analysis.. Research methods – monographical, analysis and synthesis, comparison methods.