La construction montre un retard de productivité par rapport à l’industrie. Pour y remédier, le monde de la construction met en place le processus BIM (Building Information Modeling). Celui-ci repose sur l’utilisation d’une maquette numérique 3D, reproduction du bâtiment, contenant toutes les informations nécessaires à sa réalisation. Cependant, les ingénieurs ont remonté des difficultés dans l’utilisation du BIM. La maquette contient énormément d’éléments provenant de plusieurs intervenants. Le côté collaboratif de la réalisation d’un bâtiment n’est pas pris en considération, les éléments ne sont pas classés par corps de métier, tous les corps de métier travaillent sur la même maquette. Le processus BIM propose la même méthode de travail aux différents types de métiers de la construction. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie d’interaction adaptée aux maquettes numériques de bâtiments. Le but est d’offrir un environnement adapté à tout type de métier du bâtiment tout en respectant des procédés de conception actuelle. Ce travail propose une étude sur la visualisation des connaissances métiers ainsi qu’une interaction avec des dispositifs immersifs pour la construction. Dans un premier temps, ce manuscrit propose d’étudier la classification des divers éléments d’une maquette BIM en utilisant l’apprentissage automatique, assister la visualisation des données en utilisant les modèles de saillance et une interface reposant sur la collaboration. Dans un second temps, deux salles de réalité virtuelle dédiées à la construction seront décrites. Plusieurs applications immersives développées seront présentées. / The construction show a lack of efficiency to compare to other industries. This is explained by the insufficiency to computerize the design of building. In answer, the world of architecture set up a new process called BIM (Building Information Modeling). This process is based on a3D virtual mock up containing every information needed for the construction. During the implementation of this process, difficulties of interaction has been noted by the BIM users.BIM models are hard to observe and manage, explained by the fact that these models contain a large amount of information. Moreover, the collaborative idea of the BIM is not considered in the actual method. BIM process proposes the same scheme for all the construction profile. This thesis proposes an adapted methodology of interaction for the inspection of architectural projects, using artificial intelligence tools or more particularly virtual reality technologies. The purpose is to offer an adapted environment, considering the profile of each BIM user, while keeping the actual design method. Firstly, this document describes the creation of virtual reality rooms dedicated to the construction. Secondly, it deals with the development of algorithms allowing the classification of components from BIM model, an adaptive system of visualization and a process to handle the model. These development are based on the consideration of the profile of the user, the trade of the user.

Digitalisering leder till att många arbetssätt behöver förnyas alternativt ersättas med nya. Byggbranschen hör till en av världens minst digitaliserade branscher och även de svenska byggföretagen visar på en låg digitalisering. Vikten för att öka digitaliseringen inom byggbranschen ökar eftersom de flesta branscher digitaliseras i en rasande takt. Implementering av BIM är ett exempel på ett arbetssätt som digitaliserar arbetet inom byggbranschen.   Detta examensarbete har genomförts i samarbete med Veidekke i syfte att kartlägga de utmaningar som finns med att använda BIM-modell som bygghandling i produktion samt identifiera lösningar på hur utmaningarna kan lösas. Dessutom undersöker arbetet framtidsutsikten gällande att använda BIM-modell som bygghandling. Arbetet har undersökt frågeställningarna på ett specifikt projekt, NKH. Projektet omfattar en om och tillbyggnad av ett avloppsreningsverk i Botkyrka kommun. Metoderna som implementerats i arbetet är litteraturstudie, undersökning av modell, enkätundersökning och intervjuer. Eftersom arbetet undersöker frågeställningarna utifrån det specifika projektet NKH har intervjuer och enkäter besvarats av tjänstemän arbetande på projektet. Intervjuerna har genomförts av åtta personer med varierade yrkesroll och enkätundersökningen har besvarats av 21 personer.   Resultatet redovisar att det finns fyra omfattande utmaningar med BIM-modell i produktion. Bristande kunskap, bristande information i modell, revideringshantering och uppdaterad modell samt användarvänligheten. Slutsatsen för att lösa de identifierade utmaningarna är bland annat utbildning, tillsätta en roll ansvarig för modellen samt utveckling av system och program. Samtliga resultat har validerats med tidigare arbeten och projekt. Gällande framtidsutsikten påvisar arbetet att BIM-modell som bygghandling är framtiden men slutsatsen visar att i dagsläget omfattas den av många utmaningar som försvårar implementeringen fullt ut. / Digitization necessitates the renewal or replacement of various work processes. Among industries worldwide, the construction sector is one of the least digitized, and this applies even to Swedish construction companies. The significance of increasing digitalization in construction is growing rapidly, as most other industries are undergoing a rapid digitization process. Implementation of BIM is an example of a working method that digitizes work in the construction industry.   This thesis was conducted in collaboration with Veidekke with the aim of identifying the challenges associated with utilizing BIM models as construction documents during production and finding solutions to address these challenges. Additionally, the study examines the future prospects of using BIM models as construction documents. The research focuses on a specific project called NKH, which involves renovating and extending a wastewater treatment plant in Botkyrka municipality. The employed methods include a review of relevant literature, analysis of the BIM model, conducting a questionnaire survey, and carrying out interviews. Since the study investigates the issues within the context of project NKH, all interviews and questionnaires were completed by individuals involved in the project. Eight individuals with diverse professional roles conducted the interviews, and the survey received responses from 21 participants.   The findings reveal four major challenges associated with BIM models in production: a lack of knowledge, insufficient information within the model, difficulties in managing revisions and keeping the model up to date, and issues related to user-friendliness. The proposed solutions include training programs, appointing a designated role responsible for the model, and developing systems and programs. All the results have been validated through previous research and projects. Regarding future prospects, the study concludes that BIM is the future; however, its implementation is currently hindered by numerous challenges.

The definition of BIM has been unclear since the very first beginning and many problems have occurred during the process, which have made the implementation of BIM not completed. Generally BIM can be described as working in 3D with object based tools, which contain massive of information to increase the efficiency information flow during the construction process. The aim for this report is to get a more understanding about the problems designers have encountered, in order to improve the efficiency of BIM design. Since many problems have occurred in the communication process, a Swedish company is making an upgrade of the BSAB-system, to make it more customized with BIM design. This study shows the new BSAB-system can improve the technical problems but it will not solve the social problems. It indicates that the human factor is the key to make the implementation of BIM completed. In order to achieve the goal of implementation, Sweden is in need of a national standard or a waypoint on how to work with BIM designs. The most important of all is the human attitude and the approach of learning.

Purpose: Sweden's construction industry is facing great challenges in form of increased housing with the increasing demands on the environment and economy, this combined with the current low unemployment today and many upcoming retirements. To meet these challenges, it requires development and changes which BIM is considered to handle if it is correct performed. 3d planning is an important part of BIM, where it lays the ground for further step in the building process following two steps, production and management. Method: Selected methods of this thesis is a literature review, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. In the literature review writings about, or related to, 3d planning was studied. The interview method gave more detailed information about the problems that planners experience in reality. The document analysis created a deeper understanding of how 3d design work. Findings: The results show that with simple means it is possible to avoid common problems. Which leads to streamline of 3d design and the entire construction process. This in the form of aspects including economy, the environment and sustainable construction. Implications: Development and improvements in 3d design leads to more effective planning which in contributing to more effective construction. Increase of efficiency can now be justified by the savings in the economy and the environment. But visions of development potential in the further step exists today. One step further, for example, be monitoring the working environment in the planning phase. More education in BIM at all levels of the construction industry should create a better understanding of each other and alleviate the communication gaps that currently prevails. Limitations: This thesis is limited to the design phase of the building process conducted with 3d modeling. / Syfte: Sveriges byggbransch står idag inför stora utmaningar i form av ökat bostadsbyggande med allt högre krav på miljö och ekonomi. Detta i kombination med rådande låg arbetslöshet redan idag och många kommande pensionsavgångar. För att möta dessa utmaningar krävs utveckling och förändring, vilket BIM anses klara om det utförs korrekt. 3d projektering utgör en viktig byggsten inom BIM, där den lägger grunden för vidare arbete i byggprocessens följande två steg som är produktion och förvaltning. Metod: Valda metoder för detta examensarbete är litteraturstudie, semistrukturerad intervju och dokumentanalys. I litteraturstudien studerades litteratur som handlar om eller är relaterade till 3d projektering. Intervjumetoden gav djupare information om problematiken som projektörer upplever i verkligheten. Dokumentanalysen skapade en djupare förståelse hur 3d projektering fungerar. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att det med hjälp av enkla medel går att undvika vanligt förekommande problem inom 3d projektering för att effektiviseras. Dessa enkla medel är främst förbättrad kommunikation, kompetens och förståelse för varandra. Effektivisering av 3d projektering leder till att öka effektiviteten i hela byggprocessen. Detta med besparingar på bland annat ekonomi, miljö, arbetssäkerhet och hållbart byggande. Konsekvenser: Utveckling och förbättringar inom 3d projektering leder till effektivare projektering som i sin bidrar till effektivare byggprocess. Ökning av effektiviteten kan idag motiveras med besparingar inom ekonomi och miljö. Men visioner om utvecklingspotential i vidare steg finns idag. Ett steg längre kan exempelvis vara kontroll av arbetsmiljön redan i projektering. Mer utbildning inom BIM i alla nivåer för byggbranschen bör skapa en bättre förståelse för varandra och mildra de kommunikationsbrister som idag råder. Begränsningar: Detta examensarbete begränsar sig till projekteringsfasen inom byggprocessen som utförs med 3d modellering.

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Building Information Modeling“BIM" is becoming a better known established collaboration process in the construction industry. Owners are increasingly requiring BIM services from construction managers, architects and engineering firms. Many construction firms are now investing in“BIM" technologies during bidding, preconstruction, construction and post construction. The goal of this project is to understand the uses and benefits of BIM for construction managers and examine BIM based scheduling. There are two objectives to this project. First is to identify the current uses of BIM in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction / Facility Management industry to better understand how the BIM-based“build to design" and“design to build" concepts can be used by construction managers under the Construction Management at Risk project delivery system. Second, a focus is placed on analyzing 3D and 4D BIM as well as BIM based scheduling. The research was conducted through literature review, case studies, and interviews. First, the research identified the uses of Building Information Modeling for preconstruction, construction and post construction phases. Then, the project examined the uses and benefits of BIM in the construction of a research facility. Subsequently, a prototype 4D Building Information Model was created and studied. Furthermore, the BIM-based schedule was integrated to the 4D model. Finally, the project concluded with an analysis on the use, advantages and setbacks of BIM and its tools.

<p>In this thesis, a 3D microwave imaging method is developed for a microwave imaging system with an arbitrary background medium. In the previous study on the breast cancer detection of our research group, a full wave inverse method, the Diagonal Tensor approximation combined with Born Iterative Method (DTA-BIM), was proposed to reconstruct the electrical profile of the inversion domain in a homogenous background medium and a layered background medium. In order to evaluate the performance of the DTA-BIM method in a realistic microwave imaging system, an experimental prototype of an active 3D microwave imaging system with movable antennas is constructed. For the objects immersed in a homogenous background medium or a layered background medium, the inversion results based on the experimental data show that the resolution of the DTA-BIM method can reach finely to a quarter of wavelength of the background medium, and the system's signal-noise-ratio (SNR) requirement is 10 dB. Moreover, the defects of this system make it difficult to be implemented in a realistic application. Thus, another active 3D microwave imaging system is proposed to overcome the problems in the previous system. The new system employs a fix patch antenna array with electric switch to record the data. However, the antenna array makes the inversion system become a non-canonical inhomogeneous background. The analytical Greens' functions used in the original DTA-BIM method become unavailable. Thus, a modified DTA-BIM method, which use the numerical Green's functions combined with measured voltage, is proposed. This modified DTA-BIM method can be used to the inversion in a non-canonical inhomogeneous background with the measured voltages (or $S_{21}$ parameters). In order to verify the performance of this proposed inversion method, we investigate a prototype 3D microwave imaging system with a fix antenna array. The inversion results from the synthetic data show that this method works well with a fix antenna array, and the resolution of reconstructed images can reach to a quarter wavelength even in the presence of a strongly inhomogeneous background medium and antenna couplings. A time-reversal method is introduced as a pre-processing step to reduce the region of interest (ROI) in our inversion. In addition, a Multi-Domain DTA-BIM method is proposed to fit the discontinue inversion regions. With these improvements, the size of the inversion domain and the computational cost can be significantly reduced, and make the DTA-BIM method more feasible for rapid response applications.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Kostnaderna att bygga blir allt högre, man tror att byggkostnaderna väntas öka med 25 procent inom de närmaste tre åren. Mest stiger byggherrekostnaden och kostnaderna för byggmaterial och inget tyder på att detta kommer mattas av. Därför ligger det på byggföretagen att effektivisera och optimera projekteringen för att sänka kostnaderna. För att sänka produktions- och projekteringskostnaderna vill byggbranschen gå från hanteringen av traditionella 2D-ritningar till intelligenta 3D-modeller, BIM – Byggnads Informations Modell.</p><p>BIM är en metod för att lagra komplett information om en byggnad i en datormodell. Modellen integrerar all geometrisk modellinformation, de funktionella kraven och möjligheterna samt uppförandeinformationen i en enda beskrivning av ett byggnadsprojekt sett över dess livscykel.</p><p>Vid arbete med ett BIM-projekt använder man en delad projektmodell som alla inblandade parter kan ta del av och jobba med. Med hjälp av denna BIM-baserade arbetsmetod arbetar bland annat byggnadskonstruktörer, vvskonstruktörer, elkonstruktörer och fastighetsförvaltare med samma modell som arkitekten.</p><p>En av de största fördelarna med att använda BIM vid projekteringen är enkelheten att ändra objekt och dess egenskaper. Eftersom alla i projekteringen jobbar med samma modell av byggnaden ser respektive projektör ändringen. Det man strävar efter är att alla inblandade parter skall jobba med modellen från en gemensam server, för att kunna optimera projekteringen med avseende på tid, åtkomst av ritningar och förenklad korrespondens.</p><p>Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att skaffa fördjupad kunskap om BIM, både teoretiskt och praktiskt. Den praktiska delen bestod i att konstruera en BIM-modell av en byggnad. De tillämpningar vi gjort på modellen är en mängdberäkning som vi utfört i ArchiCAD, och en energiberäkning i tilläggsprogrammet Vipweb.</p> / <p>The costs to build is steadily increasing, one believes that the construction costs will increase with 25 percents within the next three years. The cost that will increase the most is proprietor cost and the costs for construction materials, and nothing indicates that this will weak of. Therefore it lies on the construction companies to become more effective and to optimize the project planning in order to lower their costs. To be able to lower the cost for production and project planning the construction industry have to go from the handling of traditional 2D-drawings to intelligent 3D-models, BIM - Building Information Model.</p><p>BIM is a method in order to store complete information about a building in a computer model. The computer model integrates all geometric model information, the functional requirements and possibilities and the behavior information, in only one description of a building project seen over its life cycle.</p><p>While working with a BIM-project one uses a divided project model that all involved parties can take part of and work with. With the aid of this BIM-based work method construction engineers, electrical engineers, heating- ventilation- and sanitation engineers and real estate managers are able work with the same model as the architect.</p><p>One of the biggest advantages with using BIM at project planning is the simplicity to change items and its properties. Since everyone in the project planning is working with same model of the building they can all see the changes that have been made. What one strives for is that all involved parties will work with the model from a common server, in order to optimize the project planning with the focus on time, accessibility of drawings and simplified correspondence.</p><p>The aim with this degree project is to get deepened knowledge about BIM, both theoretical and practical. The practical part consisted in designing a BIM-model of a building. We have used the model to do an amount calculation on the models building parts. This we carried out in ArchiCAD. We also made an energy calculation in the add-on program Vipweb.</p>

Kostnaderna att bygga blir allt högre, man tror att byggkostnaderna väntas öka med 25 procent inom de närmaste tre åren. Mest stiger byggherrekostnaden och kostnaderna för byggmaterial och inget tyder på att detta kommer mattas av. Därför ligger det på byggföretagen att effektivisera och optimera projekteringen för att sänka kostnaderna. För att sänka produktions- och projekteringskostnaderna vill byggbranschen gå från hanteringen av traditionella 2D-ritningar till intelligenta 3D-modeller, BIM – Byggnads Informations Modell. BIM är en metod för att lagra komplett information om en byggnad i en datormodell. Modellen integrerar all geometrisk modellinformation, de funktionella kraven och möjligheterna samt uppförandeinformationen i en enda beskrivning av ett byggnadsprojekt sett över dess livscykel. Vid arbete med ett BIM-projekt använder man en delad projektmodell som alla inblandade parter kan ta del av och jobba med. Med hjälp av denna BIM-baserade arbetsmetod arbetar bland annat byggnadskonstruktörer, vvskonstruktörer, elkonstruktörer och fastighetsförvaltare med samma modell som arkitekten. En av de största fördelarna med att använda BIM vid projekteringen är enkelheten att ändra objekt och dess egenskaper. Eftersom alla i projekteringen jobbar med samma modell av byggnaden ser respektive projektör ändringen. Det man strävar efter är att alla inblandade parter skall jobba med modellen från en gemensam server, för att kunna optimera projekteringen med avseende på tid, åtkomst av ritningar och förenklad korrespondens. Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att skaffa fördjupad kunskap om BIM, både teoretiskt och praktiskt. Den praktiska delen bestod i att konstruera en BIM-modell av en byggnad. De tillämpningar vi gjort på modellen är en mängdberäkning som vi utfört i ArchiCAD, och en energiberäkning i tilläggsprogrammet Vipweb. / The costs to build is steadily increasing, one believes that the construction costs will increase with 25 percents within the next three years. The cost that will increase the most is proprietor cost and the costs for construction materials, and nothing indicates that this will weak of. Therefore it lies on the construction companies to become more effective and to optimize the project planning in order to lower their costs. To be able to lower the cost for production and project planning the construction industry have to go from the handling of traditional 2D-drawings to intelligent 3D-models, BIM - Building Information Model. BIM is a method in order to store complete information about a building in a computer model. The computer model integrates all geometric model information, the functional requirements and possibilities and the behavior information, in only one description of a building project seen over its life cycle. While working with a BIM-project one uses a divided project model that all involved parties can take part of and work with. With the aid of this BIM-based work method construction engineers, electrical engineers, heating- ventilation- and sanitation engineers and real estate managers are able work with the same model as the architect. One of the biggest advantages with using BIM at project planning is the simplicity to change items and its properties. Since everyone in the project planning is working with same model of the building they can all see the changes that have been made. What one strives for is that all involved parties will work with the model from a common server, in order to optimize the project planning with the focus on time, accessibility of drawings and simplified correspondence. The aim with this degree project is to get deepened knowledge about BIM, both theoretical and practical. The practical part consisted in designing a BIM-model of a building. We have used the model to do an amount calculation on the models building parts. This we carried out in ArchiCAD. We also made an energy calculation in the add-on program Vipweb.