The importance of coronary microcirculatory perfusion is highlighted by the severe impact of microvascular diseases such as diabetes and hypertension on heart function. Recently, highly-detailed three-dimensional (3D) data on ex vivo coronary microvascular structure have become available. However, hemodynamic information in individual myocardial capillaries cannot yet be obtained using current in vivo imaging techniques. In this thesis, a novel data-driven modelling framework is developed to predict tissue-scale flow properties from discrete anatomical data, which can in future be used to aid interpretation of coarse-scale perfusion imaging data in healthy and diseased states. Mathematical models are parametrised by the 3D anatomical data set of Lee (2009) from the rat myocardium, and tested using flow measurements in two-dimensional rat mesentery networks. Firstly, algorithmic and statistical tools are developed to separate branching arterioles and venules from mesh-like capillaries, and then to extract geometrical properties of the 3D capillary network. The multi-scale asymptotic homogenisation approach of Shipley and Chapman (2010) is adapted to derive a continuum model of coronary capillary fluid transport incorporating a non-Newtonian viscosity term. Tissue-scale flow is captured by Darcy's Law whose coefficient, the permeability tensor, transmits the volume-averaged capillary-scale flow variations to the tissue-scale equation. This anisotropic permeability tensor is explicitly calculated by solving the capillary-scale fluid mechanics problem on synthetic, stochastically-generated periodic networks parametrised by the geometrical data statistics, and a thorough sensitivity analysis is conducted. Permeability variations across the myocardium are computed by parametrising synthetic networks with transmurally-dependent data statistics, enabling the hypothesis that subendocardial permeability is much higher in diastole to compensate for severely-reduced systolic blood flow to be tested. The continuum Darcy flow model is parametrised by purely structural information to provide tissue-scale perfusion metrics, with the hypothesis that this model is less sensitive and more reliably parametrised than an alternative, estimated discrete network flow solution.

Many cerebral diseases are associated with abnormal cerebral hemodynamics and impaired cerebral autoregulation (CA). CA is a mechanism to maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF) stable when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates. Evaluating these abnormalities requires direct measurements of cerebral hemodynamics and MAP. Several near-infrared diffuse optical instruments have been developed in our laboratory for hemodynamic measurements including near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), hybrid NIRS/DCS, and dual-wavelength DCS flow-oximeter. We utilized these noninvasive technologies to quantify CBF and cerebral oxygenation in different populations under different physiological conditions/manipulations. A commercial finger plethysmograph was used to continuously monitor MAP. For investigating the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on cerebral hemodynamics and CA, a portable DCS device was used to monitor relative changes of CBF (rCBF) during bilateral thigh cuff occlusion. Compared to healthy controls, smaller reductions in rCBF and MAP following cuff deflation were observed in patients with OSA, which might result from the impaired vasodilation. However, dynamic CAs quantified in time-domain (defined by rCBF drop/MAP drop) were not significantly different between the two groups. We also evaluated dynamic CA in frequency-domain, i.e., to quantify the phase shifts of low frequency oscillations (LFOs) at 0.1 Hz between cerebral hemodynamics and MAP under 3 different physiological conditions (i.e., supine resting, head-up tilt (HUT), paced breathing). To capture dynamic LFOs, a hybrid NIRS/DCS device was upgraded to achieve faster sampling rate and better signal-to-noise. We determined the best hemodynamic parameters (i.e., CBF, oxygenated and total hemoglobin concentrations) among the measured variables and optimal physiological condition (HUT) for detecting LFOs in healthy subjects. Finally, a novel dual-wavelength DCS flow-oximeter was developed to monitor cerebral hemodynamics during HUT-induced vasovagal presyncope (VVS) in healthy subjects. rCBF was found to have the best sensitivity for the assessment of VVS among the measured variables and was likely the final trigger of VVS. A threshold of ~50% rCBF decline was observed which can completely separate subjects with or without presyncope, suggesting its potential role for predicting VVS. With further development and applications, NIRS/DCS techniques are expected to have significant impacts on the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and autoregulation.

<p>The human stomach normally contains high levels of bioactive nitric oxide (NO). This NO derives from salivary nitrate (NO₃^-) that is converted to nitrite (NO₂^-) by oral bacteria and thereafter non-enzymatically reduced in the acidic gastric lumen to NO. Nitrate is a common component in vegetables, and after ingestion it is absorbed in the small intestine. Interestingly, circulating nitrate is then concentrated by the salivary glands. Hence, intake of nitrate-rich vegetables results in high levels of NO in the stomach. The physiological effects of the high concentration of NO gas normally present in the gastric lumen have been hitherto unknown, and the present investigations were therefore conducted to address this issue.</p><p>NO produced in the gastric lumen after nitrate ingestion increased gastric mucosal blood flow and the thickness of the firmly adherent mucus layer in the stomach. The blood flow and mucus layer are essential defense mechanisms that protect the mucosa from luminal acid and noxious agents. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly prescribed and effective drugs for treating pain and inflammation, but are associated with severe gastrointestinal side effects. We demonstrated that a nitrate-rich diet protects against NSAID-induced gastric damage, as a result of the increased formation of NO in the stomach. We also showed that the gastroprotective effect attributed to nitrate depended completely on conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the bacterial flora colonizing the tongue, and that the oral microflora is therefore important in regulating physiological conditions in the stomach.</p><p>In summary, this thesis challenges the current dogma that nitrate intake is hazardous, and on the contrary suggests that dietary nitrate plays a direct role in regulating gastric homeostasis. It is likely that a sufficient supply of nitrate in the diet together with the oral microflora is essential for preventing pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.</p>

Das bildgebende Prinzip des B-Flow® beruht nicht auf dem Dopplereffekt und hat dadurch Vorteile gegenüber den Dopplerverfahren bezüglich Winkelabhängigkeit, Orts- und Zeitauflösung. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich vor allem durch eine sehr wirklichkeitsgetreue überlagerungsfreie Echtzeitdarstellung von Blutfluss aus (WESKOTT 2000). Veterinärmedizinische Untersuchungen zum B-Flow® gibt es nur wenige (KIEFER et al. 2002) (KIEFER et al. 2004). Um Möglichkeiten und Grenzen dieses neuen Flussdetektionsverfahrens zu evaluieren, wurde folgende Untersuchung durchgeführt. Material und Methoden An verschiedenen Flussphantomen wird die Darstellbarkeit und Genauigkeit der Flussdarstellung vergleichend für den Farbdoppler, Powerdoppler und für B-Flow® untersucht. Der Einfluss von Untersuchungstiefe, Gefäßdurchmesser, Fluss-geschwindigkeit, Einfallswinkel der Schallwellen und Hämatokritwert auf Darstellbarkeit und Genauigkeit aller drei Verfahren wurde unter standardisierten Bedingungen analysiert. Die Flussphantome bestehen aus Plastikgefäßen, die mit Gewebeimitat aus Stärke, Gelatine und Wasser befüllt wurden und deren Innenraum mit jeweils einem Silikonschlauch des Innendurchmessers 1 mm, 2 mm beziehungsweise 5 mm in einem Winkel von 30°, 60° oder 90° durchzogen wurden. Durch die Schläuche wurde mit Hilfe einer Flusspumpe porcines Blut der Hämatokritstufen 10 %, 30 % und 60 % in vier verschiedenen Flussgeschwindigkeiten (0,4 m/s, 0,8 m/s, 1,2 m/s und 1,4 m/s) ge¬pumpt. Die Kombinationen dieser Parameter wurden jeweils in einer Tiefe von 3 cm, 5 cm und 7 cm untersucht. Die Darstellung erfolgte mit einem in seiner Position fixierten ML12 Matrixlinearschallkopf an einem Logiq 9 der Firma General Electrics. Aus den für jede Einstellungskombination erstellten Videosequenzen wurden Standbilder erstellt, im DICOM-Format gespeichert und mit einer für diesen Versuch entwickelten Software nachvermessen. Für die Beurteilung der Darstellbarkeit wurde ein Scoresystem eingeführt. Für die Beurteilung der Genauigkeit der Darstellung wurde aus der Differenz des gemessenen Lumens mit dem tatsächlichen Gefäßinnendurchmesser die absolute Abweichung in mm berechnet und bezüglich der Einflussgrößen ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Die Darstellbarkeit des B-Flow® war den Dopplerverfahren bei 5 mm Gefäßdurchmesser in 3 cm Tiefe überlegen. In Tiefen ab 5 cm ist die Aussagekraft des Verfahrens stark eingeschränkt. In 7 cm Tiefe ist B-Flow® nicht sinnvoll einsetzbar. Es konnte ein Einfluss des Einfallswinkels der Schallwellen sowohl für die Darstellbarkeit als auch für die Genauigkeit der Messung auf alle drei Verfahren festgestellt werden. Nur in 3 cm Tiefe bei einem Gefäßdurchmesser von 5 mm konnte bezüglich der Darstellbarkeit für den B-Flow® eine Winkelunabhängigkeit bestätigt werden. Der Hämatokritwert hatte bei allen drei Verfahren weder auf die Darstellbarkeit noch auf die Genauigkeit einen signifikanten Einfluss. Der Einfluss der Flussgeschwindigkeit auf die Darstellbarkeit war für alle drei Verfahren nicht signifikant. Auf die Genauigkeit konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss nachgewiesen werden. Je schneller der Fluss, desto größer werden die Werte für die absolute Abweichung. Für die Darstellung oberflächennaher Blutflüsse eignet sich B-Flow® sehr gut. Durch die weniger aufwändigen Einstellungsmodalitäten und die sehr detailgetreue Darstellung von Flussmustern ergänzt die Methode mit wesentlichen Zusatzinformationen die Dopplerverfahren.

Le couplage neuro-vasculaire est un domaine grandissant. Ce dernier étudie les effets de l’activité cérébrale sur le comportement du flux sanguin cérébral (cerebral blood flow, CBF) et sur le flux des vaisseaux sanguins. Avec l’aide de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM), il est possible d’obtenir des images comme les images pondérées par susceptibilité (susceptibility weighted imaging, SWI) pour voir les veines ou bien avec des images de temps de vol par angiographie (time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, TOF MRA) pour imager les artères. Ces images permettent d’avoir une représentation structurelle des vaisseaux dans le cerveau. Ce mémoire présente une méthode permettant la segmentation des vaisseaux sanguins à partir d’images structurelles afin d’en extraire les caractéristiques. En utilisant le masque de segmentation, il est possible de calculer le diamètre des vaisseaux ainsi que leur longueur. Avec l’aide de tels outils de segmentation automatique, nous avons conduit une étude permettant d’analyser le comportement des vaisseaux sanguins lors d’activités neuronales. Grâce à une stimulation visuelle, nous avons fait l’acquisition de deux images; la première dite au repos et la seconde avec stimulation. Nous avons pu comparer le diamètre dans chacune des images et ainsi obtenir la vasodilatation en millimètre, mais également en pourcentage, et cela pour chaque voxel. Nous avons également calculé la distance entre le site d’activation et un voxel pour observer l’amplitude de la vasodilatation en fonction de la distance. Tout ceci permet d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du système vasculaire du cerveau humain. / Abstract : The neurovascular coupling is a growing field; it studies the effects of cerebral activity on the behaviour of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the blood vessels themselves. With the help of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is possible to obtain images such as susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) to see the veins or time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF MRA) to visualize the arteries. These images allow having a structural representation of vessels in the brain. This thesis presents a method to segment blood vessels from structural images and extract their features. Using the segmentation mask, it is possible to calculate the diameter of the vessels as well as their length. With the help of such automatic segmentation tools, we conducted a study to analyze the behaviour of blood vessels during neuronal activities. Due to visual stimulation, we have acquired two images; one at rest and the other with stimulation. We compare the diameter in each of the images and obtain vasodilation in millimeters, but also as a percentage in each voxel. We also calculated the distance between the activation site and each voxel to see the magnitude of the vasodilation function of the distance. All this provides a better understanding of the vascular system of the human brain.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les diagnostics cliniques des maladies cardio-vasculaires sont principalement effectués à l’aide d’échographies Doppler-couleur malgré ses restrictions : mesures de vélocité dépendantes de l’angle ainsi qu’une fréquence d’images plus faible à cause de focalisation traditionnelle. Deux études, utilisant des approches différentes, adressent ces restrictions en utilisant l’imagerie à onde-plane, post-traitée avec des méthodes de délai et sommation et d’autocorrélation. L’objectif de la présente étude est de ré-implémenté ces méthodes pour analyser certains paramètres qui affecte la précision des estimations de la vélocité du flux sanguin en utilisant le Doppler vectoriel 2D. À l’aide d’expériences in vitro sur des flux paraboliques stationnaires effectuées avec un système Verasonics, l’impact de quatre paramètres sur la précision de la cartographie a été évalué : le nombre d’inclinaisons par orientation, la longueur d’ensemble pour les images à orientation unique, le nombre de cycles par pulsation, ainsi que l’angle de l’orientation pour différents flux. Les valeurs optimales sont de 7 inclinaisons par orientation, une orientation de ±15° avec 6 cycles par pulsation. La précision de la reconstruction est comparable à l’échographie Doppler conventionnelle, tout en ayant une fréquence d’image 10 à 20 fois supérieure, permettant une meilleure caractérisation des transitions rapides qui requiert une résolution temporelle élevée. / Clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is dominated by colour-Doppler ultrasound despite its limitations: angle-dependent velocity measurements and low frame-rate from conventional focusing. Two studies, varying in their approach, address these limitations using plane-wave imaging, post-processed with the delay-and-sum and autocorrelation methods. The aim of this study is to re-implement these methods, investigating some parameters which affect blood velocity estimation accuracy using 2D vector-Doppler. Through in vitro experimentation on stationary parabolic flow, using a Verasonics system, four parameters were tested on mapping accuracy: number of tilts per orientation, ensemble length for single titled images, cycles per transmit pulse, and orientation angle at various flow-rates. The optimal estimates were found for 7 compounded tilts per image, oriented at ±15° with 6 cycles per pulse. Reconstruction accuracies were comparable to conventional Doppler; however, maintaining frame-rates more than 10 to 20 times faster, allowing better characterization of fast transient events requiring higher temporal resolution.

Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour quantifier la vorticité intracardiaque (vortographie Doppler), basée sur l’imagerie Doppler conventionnelle. Afin de caractériser les vortex, nous utilisons un indice dénommé « Blood Vortex Signature (BVS) » (Signature Tourbillonnaire Sanguine) obtenu par l’application d’un filtre par noyau basé sur la covariance. La validation de l’indice BVS mesuré par vortographie Doppler a été réalisée à partir de champs Doppler issus de simulations et d’expériences in vitro. Des résultats préliminaires obtenus chez des sujets sains et des patients atteints de complications cardiaques sont également présentés dans ce mémoire. Des corrélations significatives ont été observées entre la vorticité estimée par vortographie Doppler et la méthode de référence (in silico: r2 = 0.98, in vitro: r2 = 0.86). Nos résultats suggèrent que la vortographie Doppler est une technique d’échographie cardiaque prometteuse pour quantifier les vortex intracardiaques. Cet outil d’évaluation pourrait être aisément appliqué en routine clinique pour détecter la présence d’une insuffisance ventriculaire et évaluer la fonction diastolique par échocardiographie Doppler. / We propose a new method for quantification of intra-cardiac vorticity (Doppler vortography) based on conventional Doppler images. To characterize the vortices, an index called “blood vortex signature” (BVS) was obtained using a specific covariance-based kernel filter. The reliability of BVS measured by Doppler vortography was assessed in mock Doppler fields issued from simulations and in vitro experimentations. Some preliminary results issued from healthy subjects and patients with heart disease were also presented in this research project. Strong correlations were obtained between the Doppler vortography-derived and ground-truth vorticities (in silico: r2 = 0.98, in vitro: r2 = 0.86, in vivo: p = 0.004). Our results demonstrated that Doppler vortography is a potentially promising echocardiographic tool for quantification of intra-ventricular vortex flow. This technique can be easily implemented for routine checks to recognize ventricular insufficiency and abnormal blood patterns at early stages of heart failure to decrease the morbidity of cardiac disease.

Malfunction of the system which regulates the bloodflow in the brain is a major cause of stroke and dementia, costing many lives and many billions of pounds each year in the UK alone. This regulatory system, known as cerebral autoregulation, has been the subject of much experimental and mathematical investigation yet our understanding of it is still quite limited. One area in which our understanding is particularly lacking is that of the role of nitric oxide, understood to be a potent vasodilator. The interactions of nitric oxide with the better understood myogenic response remain un-modelled and poorly understood. In this thesis we present a novel model of the arteriolar control mechanism, comprising a mixture of well-established and new models of individual processes, brought together for the first time. We show that this model is capable of reproducing experimentally observed behaviour very closely and go on to investigate its stability in the context of the vasculature of the whole brain. In conclusion we find that nitric oxide, although it plays a central role in determining equilibrium vessel radius, is unimportant to the dynamics of the system and its responses to variation in arterial blood pressure. We also find that the stability of the system is very sensitive to the dynamics of Ca²⁺ within the muscle cell, and that self-sustaining Ca2+ waves are not necessary to cause whole-vessel radius oscillations consistent with vasomotion.

La rupture de la plaque d'athérome carotidienne est la première cause des infarctus cérébraux. Pour prévenir ces accidents, l'endartérectomie carotidienne est le traitement le plus utilisé. La vulnérabilité de la plaque est en relation avec les efforts que le sang applique sur la plaque. Ces actions sont différentes suivant les propriétés constitutives, mécaniques et géométriques de la plaque. Plusieurs auteurs ont développé des modèles numériques de la plaque d'athérome carotidienne à partir desquels une analyse mécanique a permis de caractériser les déformations et les contraintes en lien avec la rupture de la plaque. Néanmoins, les caractéristiques d'une plaque vulnérable sont encore mal connues. Dans ce manuscrit, un modèle numérique de plaque d'athérome carotidienne est développé en interaction fluide-structure dans le but mieux comprendre comment les actions mécaniques du sang sur la plaque sont affectées par les propriétés mécaniques et géométriques de la plaque. Plusieurs résultats sont en concordance avec la littérature : la vulnérabilité de la plaque est associée à la sévérité de sténose et à l'épaisseur de la chape fibreuse. De plus une analyse de l'écoulement du sang, de la déformation de la plaque et des contraintes dans la plaque révèle que les effets de l'écoulement du sang sont amplifiés si la plaque est courte, si la pente en amont de sténose est raide ou si la morphologie de la plaque est irrégulière et asymétrique. Ces résultats offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la vulnérabilité de la plaque. / The rupture of carotid atheromatous plaques is the major cause of cerebrovascular thromboembolic events such as strokes and ischemic attacks. To prevent this issue, carotid endarterectomy is the preferred treatment. The vulnerability of the plaque is related the mechanical action of the blood onto the plaque. This action is different according to the plaque morphology, the plaque constitution and the mechanical properties of the constituents. Several authors developed computational models to perform mechanical analyses for carotid atherosclerotic plaques and to identify critical mechanical descriptors as stresses or strains related to plaque rupture. But the question of which plaque characteristics affect the plaque rupture is not closely elucidated. In this manuscript a fluid structure interaction model is developed, questioning how the mechanical action of the blood onto an atheromatous plaque is affected by the mechanical and geometrical properties of the plaque. Many results are in agreement with the literature: the vulnerability of atheromatous plaques is related to the degree of severity of the endoluminal stenosis and the thickness of the fibrous cap. Moreover the resulting flow patterns, wall shear stresses, plaque deformations and stresses in the fibrous cap reveal that the effects of the blood flow are amplified if the plaque is short, if the slope upstream stenosis is steep or if the plaque morphology is irregular and asymmetric. These results offer new perspectives for understanding the vulnerability of plaques.