Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Banca: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Banca: Márcia Helena Machado da Rocha Fernandes / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do sexo na composição corporal e exigência de proteína para mantença e ganho, em caprinos Saanen na fase inicial de crescimento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em que no primeiro utilizou-se 40 animais (14 machos não castrados, 14 machos castrados e 12 fêmeas) com peso inicial de 4,93 ± 0,1 kg de peso corporal (PC), para determinar a exigência de proteína para mantença. Os animais de cada sexo foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 níveis de restrição (0, 25 e 50% de restrição). Os animais 25 e 50% de restrição foram abatidos quando os animais 0% de restrição atingiram 15 kg PC. No segundo experimento, considerou-se para a estimativa da composição do ganho os animais alimentados à vontade (abate inicial, intermediário e final - 0% restrição), em que 6 machos não castrados e 6 fêmeas foram abatidos no começo do experimento (5 kg), 6 machos não castrados, 6 machos castrados e 6 fêmeas foram abatidos com 10 kg PC (abate intermediário) e o restante foi distribuído em 3 grupos alimentados à vontade e abatido aos 15 kg PC. Foi utilizado o método direto para determinação da composição corporal e o método fatorial para estimativa das exigências de proteína. A quantidade de água, proteína e cinzas não diferiu entre os sexos e diminuiu em 1%, 62% e 17% com a mudança do PC de 5 para 15 kg respectivamente. Já em relação ao conteúdo de gordura, conforme o PC variou de 5 para 15 kg, os machos não castrados e machos castrados aumentaram de 54,6 para 88,17 g/kg PCV e as fêmeas aumentaram de 45,1 para 117,67 g/kg PCV. Não houve efeito do sexo sobre a exigência de proteína para mantença e nem para ganho de peso. A exigência de proteína líquida e metabolizável para ganho diminuiu à medida que o PC variou de 5 para 15 kg. Cabritos Saanen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex on body composition and nutritional requirement of protein for maintenance and gain in Saanen goats at early growth stages. There were two different experiments, the first was used 40 animals (14 non-castrated males, 14 castrated males and 12 females) with initial weight of 4.93 ± 0.1 kg body weight (BW), to determine the protein requirement for maintenance. The animals of each sex were randomly divided into three levels of restriction (0%, 25% and 50% restriction). Animals with 25% and 50% restriction were slaughtered when the animals who were feed with 0% restriction reached 15 kg BW. In the second experiment to estimate the composition of the gain was used animals feed ad libitum (initial slaughter, intermediate and final - 0% restriction), in which 6 non-castrated males and 6 females were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment, 6 non-castrated males, 6 castrated males and 6 females were slaughtered at 10 kg BW (intermediary slaughter) and the remainder distributed in three groups feed ad libitum. Was used the comparative slaughter technique for obtaining the body composition and the factorial method for estimating protein requirements. The amount of water, protein and ash decreased by 1%, 62% and 17% with the change of PC from 5 to 15 kg and did not differ between the sexes. In relation to fat, as the PC ranged from 5 to 15 kg, non-castrated males and castrated males increased from 54.6 to 88.17 g / kg EBW and females increased from 45.1 to 117.67 g / kg EBW. No effect of sex in the protein requirement for maintenance and for gain. The net requirement for protein and metabolizable gain decreased as the PC ranged from 5 to 15 kg. Saanen goats non-castrated males, castrated males and females at early growth stages (5 to 15 kg BW), have the same nutritional requirement of protein for maintenance and gain / Mestre

Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da menopausa sobre a composição corporal, a distribuição de gordura abdominal, o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência cintura, os percentuais de gordura androide, ginoide e a relação androide/ginoide, o consumo calórico total da alimentação diária e o nível de atividade física de mulheres climatéricas. Modelo: Estudo transversal com mulheres climatéricas recrutadas através de divulgação nas mídias eletrônica e impressa e realizado de março de 2014 a outubro de 2015. Local: Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (CPC/HCPA), RS/Brasil. Amostra: A amostra foi constituída por mulheres na pré e pós-menopausa com idade entre 44 e 52 anos. Medidas de avaliação: Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10 (STRAW +10, para a classificação de mulheres em relação ao estadiamento menopausal); Recordatório alimentar de 24 horas (para medir o consumo alimentar); um questionário semiestruturado sobre aspectos de saúde, hábitos de vida, familiares e parâmetros socioeconômicos; o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ – versão curta, para a mensuração de atividade física da última semana); o Questionário de Avaliação da Menopausa (MRS, para quantificar a severidade dos sintomas da menopausa); avaliações antropométricas (estatura, peso, índice de massa corporal – IMC, circunferência abdominal e circunferência do quadril); absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia (DEXA, para avaliação da composição corporal, estimativas de massa magra e gorda); e a Escala Visual Analógica de Apetite (para quantificação do nível de fome). Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para a análise de níveis de hormônios (estradiol e folículo estimulante – FSH) e parâmetros bioquímicos de metabolismo (colesterol total e frações – triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL – e glicemia de jejum). O banco de dados foi digitado e analisado no programa SPSS versão 18.0. Testes univariados (Teste t de Student e de Mann-Whitney) foram aplicados para comparações de médias/medianas entre os grupos, conforme normalidade da variável contínua pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Análises de distribuições (Qui-quadrado com análises de valores residuais ajustados) foram aplicadas para comparações de frequências de variáveis categóricas entre os grupos. Correlações de Spearman foram aplicadas entre todas as variáveis analisadas. O nível de significância adotado para todas as análises foi fixado em 5%. Resultados: Avaliaram-se 114 mulheres, categorizadas em pré-menopausa (n=60), mediana de idade [Intervalo de Confiança – IC95%] de 47,5 [47,01–48,35 anos] e na pós-menopausa (n=54) com mediana de idade de 49 anos [48,29–49,56]. O tempo de pós-menopausa foi (mediana [95%IC] de 1,50[1,63–2,41] anos) e as mulheres na pré-menopausa classificadas como -3b segundo os critérios de STRAW+10. A maioria das participantes apresentava ensino médio ou superior (35,96% e 39,47%, respectivamente), era solteira ou sem parceiro (57,02%), não tabagista (97,37%) e não consumia álcool (57,89%). Quanto ao IMC, foram categorizadas como eutróficas (31,86%) ou obesas (40,71%), sem doença hipertensiva (98,25%), tireoidiana (97,37%) ou cardiovascular (100%). Em relação à atividade física, a maioria das mulheres apresentava nível ativo (51,75%). Na avaliação do apetite, as mulheres na pós-menopausa apresentaram escores maiores do que as prémenopáusicas (p=0,013). Níveis de colesterol total e de HDL foram maiores nas mulheres na pós-menopausa (p=0,040 e p≤0,0001, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos quanto à massa corporal total, gordura androide e ginoide, conteúdo mineral ósseo, massa magra, consumo calórico, triglicerídeos e glicemia de jejum (p>0,05). Quanto aos sintomas climatéricos, as mulheres na pósmenopausa apresentaram mais queixas de fogachos e ressecamento vaginal (de moderado a extremamente severo) (p=0,056 e p=0,007, respectivamente) e significância marginal em relação aos problemas sexuais (p=0,086). O IMC, os triglicerídeos séricos e a glicemia de jejum foram positivamente correlacionados à circunferência da cintura, massa corporal, massa adiposa, massa magra e gorduras androides e ginoide. Colesterol HDL foi negativamente relacionado à circunferência da cintura, massa corporal, massa adiposa, massa magra e gordura androide. A escala visual analógica de apetite foi positivamente relacionada a humor deprimido, problemas sexuais e fogachos. Conclusões: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto à massa corporal total, gordura androide e ginoide, conteúdo mineral ósseo, massa magra, consumo calórico, triglicerídeos e glicemia de jejum, possivelmente, porque no início da pós-menopausa as possíveis modificações na composição corporal não sejam impactantes, o que permite considerar esse período como uma janela de oportunidade para intervenções precoces direcionadas ao estilo de vida, prevenindo-se agravos como perfil aterogênico e aumento do risco cardiovascular. / Objetives: To evaluate the effect of menopausal transition on body composition, abdominal fat distribution, body mass index, waist-hip circumference, percentages of android, gynoid and android/gynoid fats ratio, total daily caloric intake and the level of physical activity of climacteric women. Model: A cross-sectional study with climacteric women recruited by electronic and printed media and carried out from March 2014 to October 2015. Place: Clinical Research Center of Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (CPC/HCPA), RS/Brazil. Sample: The sample consisted of pre and postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 52 years. Measures of evaluation: The instruments used were: the Executive Summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10 (STRAW +10, for the classification of women in relation to menopausal staging); 24- hour food recall (to measure food consumption); a semi-structured questionnaire on aspects of health, life habits, family and socioeconomic parameters; the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ – short version, for the measurement of physical activity of the last week); the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS, to quantify the severity of menopausal symptoms), anthropometric assessments (height, weight, body mass index – BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference); Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, to evaluate body composition, estimates of leand and fat mass); and the Visual Analogue Appetite Scale (to quantify the level of hunger). Blood samples were collected for the analysis of female hormone levels (estradiol and follicle-stimulating – FSH) and biochemical parameters of metabolism (total cholesterol and triglyceride fractions – HDL, LDL – and fasting glycemia). The database was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 18.0. Univariate tests (Student’s t test and Mann-Whitney test) were applied for comparisons of means/medians between groups, according to the normality of the continuous variable by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Distribution analyzes (Chi-Square with adjusted residual values) were applied for comparisons of frequencies of categorical variables between the groups. Spearman’s correlations were applied among all analyzed variables. The level of significance adopted for all analyzes was set at 5%. Results: A total of 114 women, pre-menopausal women (n=60) with median age [95% Confidence Interval – CI] of 47.5[47.01–48.35] years and postmenopausal women (n=54) with median age [95%CI] of 49.0[48.29–49.56]. Postmenopausal time median [95%CI] time was of 1.50[1.63–2.41] years and premenopausal women were classified as -3b, according to the STRAW + 10 criteria. The majority of participants had high school education (35.96% and 39.47%, respectively), was single or without partner (57.02%), non-smoker (97.37%) and did not consume alcohol (57.89%). Regarding BMI, they were categorized as either eutrophic (31.86%) or obese (40.71%), without hypertensive (98.25%), thyroid (97.37%) or cardiovascular (100.0%) diseases. In relation to physical activity, the majority of women had an active level (51.75%). In the evalution of appetite, postmenopausal women had higher scores than premenopausal women (p=0.013). Total cholesterol and HDL levels were higher in postmenopausal women (p=0.040 and p≤0.0001, respectively). There were no statistical differences between the groups regarding total body mass, android and gynoid fats, bone mineral content, lean mass, caloric intake, triglycerides and fasting glycemia (p>0.05). Considering the climacteric symptoms, postmenopausal women presented more complaints of hot flashes and vaginal dryness (moderate to extremely severe, p=0.056 and p=0.007, respectively) and marginal significance in relation to sexual problems (p=0.086). BMI, serum triglycerides, and fasting glycemia were positively correlated with waist circumference, body mass, adipose mass, lean mass, android and gynoid fats. HDL cholesterol was negatively related to waist circumference, body mass, adipose mass, lean mass and android fat. The visual analogue scale of appetite was positively related to depressive mood, sexual problems and hot flashes. Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences in total body mass, android and gynoid fats, bone mineral content, lean mass, caloric intake, triglycerides and fasting glycemia, possible because at the the beginning of postmenopausal period the possible changes in body composition are not impacting, which allows us to consider this period as a time window of opportunity for early interventions directed to lifestyle, preventing ailments such as atherogenic profile.

Orientadores: Andre Moreno Morcillo, Sofia Helena Valente de Lemos Marini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T15:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulino_MariaFernandaVantiMacedo_M.pdf: 4248055 bytes, checksum: 4a647b5ad30984e118f43c7235cea7e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar o crescimento e a composição corporal de diabéticos tipo 1, pré-púberes, em relação à idade de início e tempo da doença, sexo, dose de insulina e hemoglobina glicada média. Pacientes e métodos: Foram incluídas no estudo 59 crianças diabéticas (30M; 29F), 1,2 - 11,5 anos, e 67 controles (36M; 31F), 1,2 - 11,7 anos. Peso, altura, IMC, áreas de massa gorda e muscular braquial foram determinados e transformados em escore z. Perímetro braquial e pregas cutâneas foram medidas e somatória de três e quatro dobras foram calculadas. Resultados: Verificou-se que entre os diabéticos a média de escore z de altura foi -0,13 (± 0,97) enquanto no grupo controle foi 0,28 (±0,86) (p=0,013). A diferença entre os escores de altura inicial e atual mostrou perda estatural (p<0,001) e a análise multivariada demonstrou associação com tempo de doença. Também observou-se diferença na prega cutânea tricipital, soma de 4 dobras e área de gordura braquial. As médias de escore z de peso, IMC, soma de 3 dobras e área muscular braquial não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusões: as crianças diabéticas apresentaram perda de estatura durante o período de acompanhamento e eram significativamente mais baixas que os controles, embora suas alturas ainda estivessem dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Também mostraram área de gordura braquial aumentada em relação aos controles, e esta diferença parece ser devida à prega cutânea tricipital superestimada em razão da hipertrofia local induzida pela insulina / Abstract: Objective: to evaluate the growth and body composition of pre-pubertal diabetic children, and to check for influence of the age of diabetes onset and length, sex, insulin requirement and glycosylated hemoglobin. Patients and methods: 59 diabetic children (39M; 29F), age 1,2-11,5 years, and 67 controls (36M; 31F), age 1,2-11,7 years, were included. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass and muscle areas were evaluated and transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS). Arm circumference and skinfolds thickness were measured and addition of 3 and 4 skinfolds were calculated. Results: among the diabetic children the mean height SDS was -0,13 (±0,97) while in the control group it was 0,28 (±0,86) (p=0,013). The difference between the first and the current height SDS showed that height SDS decreased significantly (p<0,001) and, multiple regression analysis indicated correlation with the duration of the disease. The triceps skinfold, the sum of 4 skinfolds measurements and the mean arm fat SDS also revealed differences. The means for weight, BMI, sum of 3 skinfolds measurements and muscle mass did not demonstrate difference between the groups. Conclusions: diabetic children showed reduction of height SDS during the period studied and they were significantly shorter than the controls, even though their statures were within the population standards. The arm fat area also showed to be increased when compared with controls, and this difference seems to be correlated to the overestimated triceps skinfold due the lipohypertrophy induced by insulin / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientadores: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho, Jose Dirceu Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo_DaniellaFernandes_M.pdf: 1470231 bytes, checksum: cae5e3dc328758acd71f8d959fd40ac6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: Gil Guerra Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avila_JosielAlmeidade_M.pdf: 1176258 bytes, checksum: df7403da6e3a0ddbec6d2c7692c75bc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Estudos de tendência secular de crescimento têm procurado analisar o crescimento de diferentes grupos populacionais ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, esses dados são escassos em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a tendência secular da estatura, do peso e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) de alunos de estabelecimentos de ensino militar do Exército Brasileiro nascidos entre as décadas de 20 e 90. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com levantamento de dados dos arquivos existentes em dois estabelecimentos de ensino militar do Exército Brasileiro. A amostra foi composta de indivíduos com idade entre 18 e 20 anos e nascidos entre as décadas de 20 e 90. Foram analisados 2.169 dados de estatura e 1.741 dados de peso e IMC. Durante o período avaliado ocorreu um aumento de 7,3 cm na média da estatura, de 9,8 Kg na média do peso e 1,8 Kg/m2 na média do IMC. Os ganhos mais significativos foram observados entre as décadas de 20 a 40 e de 60 a 70. A tendência secular de crescimento observada nestes jovens adultos brasileiros durante o período analisado, apesar de positiva, foi heterogênea / Abstract: The secular trends of increasing weight and height in the past centuries are well documented in developed countries. However, these data are still scarce in developing countries such as Brazil. The aim of this study was to verify the secular trends of increasing height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of students from military schools of the Brazilian Army born between the 1920s and 1990s. A retrospective study was performed, which included a survey of data from files of two military schools of the Brazilian Army. The sample was composed of subjects aged between 18 and 20 years old. The study analyzed 2,169 heights and 1,741 weights and BMIs. During the evaluation period, height increased by an average of 7.3 cm, weight of 9.8 kg and BMI of 1.8 kg/m². The most significant gains were observed in subjects born from the 1920s to the 1940s and the 1960s to the 1970s. The secular trends of growth in military students born in the 20th century were positive in Brazil, although the increases were not constant decade by decade / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Ciências

Orientadores: Verônica Fabrini Machado de Almeida, Holly Elizabeth Cavrell / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veloso_GustavoAntonioValezi_M.pdf: 3070321 bytes, checksum: d6c74b5045fdf0a6eadd890aa00f3301 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa realiza uma análise reflexiva sobre a construção poética da movimentação corporal dentro de uma "cena híbrida", esta entendida como uma cena que busca integrar diferentes linguagens artísticas. O estudo contempla três frentes sequenciais: a primeira, um estudo teórico a partir da investigação sobre a vida e a obra dos artistas Vsevolod Meyerhold, Rudolf Von Laban, Kurt Jooss e Doris Humphrey - que desenvolveram estudos sobre a poética da movimentação do corpo em cena. O diálogo com os quatro artistas se deve à necessidade artística comum de problematizar o corpo em cena, compondo com as demais linguagens e movidos pelo contexto de sua época. Vsevolod Meyerhold (Rússia) por recuperar a teatralidade da cena como um todo e pelo conceito de trabalho corporal apoiado na precisão biomecânica do movimento. Rudolf Von Laban (Alemanha) pelo estudo minucioso sobre as qualidades do movimento, seus significados e seu desenvolvimento no espaço, os quais Kurt Jooss, seu discípulo, herda e compõe o paradigmático balé com tema político, A mesa verde. Doris Humphrey (Estados Unidos) também foi inovadora em relação à arte de seus antecessores ao buscar, no corpo dos seus bailarinos, uma movimentação legítima que pudesse responder às questões do seu local e de sua época, assim como incorpora na dança a noção estrutural de composição para organização da cena. A partir desta noção, surge a segunda frente da pesquisa: A investigação se desenvolve sobre os princípios gerais da composição, e referentes a cada uma das linguagens expressivas escolhidas (teatro, dança, narração, música e iluminação) e sobre sua aplicação em uma cena híbrida. Para desenvolver o conceito de composição em outras linguagens expressivas, foram estudados compositores como Schoenberg na música, Humphrey na dança, Horst em ambos e Williams no design gráfico. E, por fim, a terceira frente de caráter práxico, desenvolvida concomitantemente com as outras duas, onde foram levantadas cenas da História do Soldado (1918), de Igor Stravinsky e C.F. Ramuz, com a finalidade de problematizar e entender a composição e o desenvolvimento corporal e composicional em uma cena híbrida pelo viés do intérprete que compõe de dentro da cena / Abstract: This research develops a reflexive analysis of the poetic construction of the body's movement within a "hybrid composition", understood as a scene that is composed from different artistic languages. It contains three sequential parts: The first part, a theoretical study of the life and work of Vsevolod Meyerhold, Rudolf Von Laban, Kurt Jooss and Doris Humphrey - all of whom developed studies of poetical construction of body movement. The dialog with these four artists comes from a need to reflect about the body within the scene, composing with other languages and inspired by the context of their time. Vsevolod Meyerhold (Russia) for the recovery of the theatricality of the scene as a whole, and for the concept of a body training as supported by the biomechanical precision of the movement. Rudolf Von Laban (Germany) for the thorough study about the qualities of movement, their meanings and development in space, which Kurt Jooss, his disciple, inherited and composed the paradigmatic ballet with a political subject, The Green Table. Doris Humphrey (United States) is also innovative in relation to the art of her predecessors when she searches for original movements from her dancers that would seek to address the issues of their times in addition to incorporating the notion of composition as the organizing factor in structuring dance. From this notion, the second part of the research arises: An investigation into the general principles of composition, related to each one of the chosen expressive languages (theater, dance, narration, music and lighting) and how this is applied in a hybrid scene. To develop composition in relation to other expressive languages, other kinds of composers were studied, such as Schoenberg in music, Humphrey in dance, Horst in both and Williams in graphic design. And, at last, the research's praxical third part, concomitantly developed with the other two, where scenes from Igor Stravinsky and C.F. Ramuz's, A Soldier's Tale were selected, so that a hybrid scene's body and compositional development were investigated and understood from the point of view of the performer who composes from inside the scene / Mestrado / Mestre em Artes da Cena

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / It is estimated that more than 29% of South African men and 56% of women are overweight or obese (Goedecke et al., 2005). Obesity can be classified as a chronic disease, with a number of detrimental health consequences, including the risk of developing insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Beers et al., 2006). Conventional treatments for weight loss exist, but their use may be associated with unwanted side effects (Beers et al., 1999). While herbal medications are considered safer by many people, in general, studies of herbal medicinal products have been too few, of limited duration and small sample size (Mattsson and Nilsson, 2002). This indicates that further research into herbal weight loss treatments, with minimal or no side-effects, is required. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a herbal formulation consisting of caffeine, Camellia sinensis, Coffea canephora bean, Coleus forskholii, Evodiamine, Ilex paraguariensis and Phaseolus vulgaris on human resting metabolic rate and body composition in overweight and obese individuals. The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study and formed part of a larger study where the research sample was shared by two additional researchers. A sample group of sixty healthy male and female participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years, with a body mass index of more than 25kg/m² and less than 35 kg/m², was recruited from the University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus Homoeopathic Health Clinic. Participants were randomly allocated into either an experimental or placebo group, in matched pairs according to gender and BMI. Both groups underwent an assessment of body composition and resting metabolic rate at the initial consultation, as well as at the two week, six week, and final twelve week follow-up consultations. Participant checklists recorded data documenting changes in general lifestyle factors for the duration of the study (Appendix E). The experimental group took two capsules of the herbal formulation daily and the control group took two capsules of the placebo, five days a week with a two day rest, for a period of twelve weeks. Data was collected and statistically analyzed using the Shapiro Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney test, the Friedman test, and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (Smith, 2011).

Obesity has been referred to as a common and chronic medical condition in our society. It has been associated, directly or indirectly, with numerous medical complications. These have included increased risk of cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, problems during pregnancy and delivery, and low back pain. Psychological complications of obesity have included emotional problems, body image disturbances, and discrimination practices. The literature has utilized numerous methods to measure body composition, particularly according to the underweight overweight continuum. However, these methods have not taken into consideration the importance of social judgement. A scale was needed to further define desirable/undesirable body composition in a way more traditional definitions have not attempted.

Body composition changes drastically in both males and females during the adolescent years. The changes may have a negative effect on their physical health as well as psychological well-being, with respect to attributes such as self-efficacy. Being either overweight or obese during adolescence has social, economic and psychological consequences, which include low self-efficacy. However, very few international studies and not a single South African study could be found which measured the relationship of anthropometric body composition components, general self-efficacy levels and actual measured body size among adolescents, particularly among rural adolescents. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric body composition components and self efficacy, by conducting a comparison of self-efficacy levels among normal, overweight and obese 12 to 14-year-old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample consisted of boys (n=49) and girls (n=43) between the ages of 12 and 14 years. The body composition components were body weight, stature, body mass index, sum of 3 skinfolds, percentage body fat and hip-to-waist ratio. The sample was also classified into normal, overweight and obese groups, according to body mass index. A self-administered Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C) which was developed by Muris (2001) was used to measure general self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation matrix and Cohen's effect size for significance (Cohen, 1992) and a Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine statistical differences. Significance was set at p<0.05. Only 17 percent of the participants in the research sample were found to be overweight or obese. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant (p=0.02) differences between the participants who were classified as having normal weights and the group which comprised the overweight and the obese groups. Overweight and obese boys and girls still had very high levels of self-efficacy, although their body mass index scores were high. Boys scored higher in social self-efficacy and girls in academic self-efficacy. Only girls presented significantly high correlations between body mass index and emotional self-efficacy (r=0.33, p=0.02), total self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.44, p=0.00), social self-efficacy and hip-towaist ratio (r=0.39, p=0.01) and emotional self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.33, p=0.02), while boys presented them only with respect to body weight (r=0.31, p=0.02) and stature (r=0.39, p=0.00). The results suggest that a positive relationship exists between body composition, in terms of hip-to-waist ratio, weight and stature, and self-efficacy among South African rural adolescents. However, girls presented significantly strong and positive correlations between hip-to-waist ratio and self-efficacy, whereas boys presented significant, strong and positive correlations between body weight, stature and self-efficacy. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant differences between normal weight and overweight or obese South African rural adolescents. It seems likely that cultural beliefs may exert an influence on the psychosocial perceptions of adolescents in relation to body size, consequently affecting self efficacy levels.

Orientador: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_HelcioRossi_D.pdf: 1675978 bytes, checksum: 07bdad414787b7e46ac280ff39afebbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar informações de crescimento, desenvolvimento e composição corporal, além de estimativas de consumo e demanda energética durante o dia, em escolares de ambos os sexos de 12 a 14 anos de idade, de estabelecimentos de ensino estaduais e particulares da cidade de Umuarama, Estado do Paraná. Metodologia: Os dados foram coletados de março de 2002 a junho de 2003, sendo avaliados 1760 alunos, 860 do sexo masculino, 960 do feminino de diferentes tipos de escolas (privadas e publicas). As variáveis: estatura, peso corporal, espessuras das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular, IMC, gordura relativa, antropometria nutricional, gasto e consumo energético. Procedimentos estatísticos, utilizou-se informações descritivas, analise de variância e correlações com os níveis de significância estabelecidos em 0,01 e 0,05. Resultados: Os adolescentes apresentaram diferenças significativas de acordo com tipos de escolas, idades e sexos. Dados de composição corporal indicam tendências elevadas de gordura corporal, para os alunos de escolas de menor poder aquisitivo, isso pode ser associado aos menores níveis de gasto energético para estes. As informações de consumo, indicam para maior aporte nos alunos de escolas privadas, e os macronutrientes indicam valores abaixo do recomendado para todos, exceto para as gorduras. Os indices de sobrepeso e obesidade chegaram a 19,6%. A correlação entre os valores de gasto energético com questionários e acelerômetro foram de até r=0,93, indicando que este instrumento pode ser usado nestas populações, devendo haver cuidados especiais quanto as explicações que antecedem seu uso. Conclusão: Acredita-se que as diferenças entre os grupos, são causadoras de comportamentos peculariares a cada um deles quanto ao crescimento e desenvolvimento, sendo que os hábitos e estilo de vida podem interferir neste processos / Abstract: Objective: To analyze information of growth, development and body composition, beyond estimates of consumption and energy demand during the day, in boys and girls school children of 12 the 14 years, of publish and private schools of the city of Umuarama, State of the Paraná. Methodology: The data had been collected of march of 2002 the june of 2003, being evaluated 1760 school children, 860 boys and 960 girls, of different types of schools (private and you publish). The variable: stature, body weight, thicknesses of the cutaneous folds, IMC, relative fat, nutricional anthropometry, expense and energy consumption. Statistical procedures, used descriptive information, analyze of variance and correlations with the established levels of significance in 0,01 and 0,05. Results: The adolescents had presented significant differences in accordance with types of schools, ages and sexs. Data of body composition indicate trends raised for the school children of minor schools purchasing, this can be associated with the lesser levels of energy expense for these. The consumption information, indicate for greater arrive in port in the school children of private schools, and the macronutrients indicate values below of the recommended one for all, except for the fats. The indices of overweight and obesidade had arrived 19,6%. The correlation enters the values of energy expense with questionnaires and accelerometer had been of until r=0,93, indicating that this instrument can be used in these populations, having to have cares special how much the explanations that precede its use. Conclusion: One gives credit that the differences between the groups, are causing of behaviors peculariares to each one of them how much to the growth and development, being that the habits and style of life can intervene with these processes / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente