Senstant kūno sudėtis keičiasi: liesoji masė – pirmiausiai skersaruožių raumenų masė ir kaulų mineralų masė – mažėja, o riebalų masė didėja ir vyksta riebalų masės regioninis persiskirstymas. Maža raumenų masė ir maža raumenų jėga arba fizinė funkcija yra vadinama sarkopenija. Siekdami ištirti ir įvertinti senų žmonių kūno sudėtį ir jos sudėtinių dalių tarpusavio sąsajas esant sarkopenijai, ištyrėme šešiasdešimties metų ir vyresnio amžiaus 151 vyrą ir 203 moteris. Kūno sudėtis buvo tirta dvisrautės radioabsorbciometrijos metodu, vyrams, kuriems nustatyta senatvinė sarkopenija, atlikta skersaruožių raumenų mikrobiopsija. Mūsų tyrimas parodė, kad vyrų liesoji masė bei vyrų ir moterų kaulų mineralų masė yra mažiausios 80 metų bei vyresnio amžiaus grupėje. Moterų liesoji masė amžiaus grupėse nesiskiria. Vyrų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase, o moterų kaulų mineralų masė teigiamai koreliuoja su liesąja mase ir riebalų mase. Esant senatvinei sarkopenijai vyrams galūnių raumenų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys, nulemiantis viso kūno, bendrą šlaunikaulio ir šlaunikaulio kaklo KMT. Riebalų masė yra reikšmingiausias veiksnys nulemiantis moterų KMT esant sarkopenijai. Nustatėme, kad vyrų miocito plotas teigiamai susijęs su viso kūno liesąja mase, kojos raumenų mase, šlaunies apimtimi ir su bendru šlaunikaulio KMT. / Body composition in elderly and its features in persons with sarcopenia The body composition is changing with age: the lean body mass – first of all the skeletal muscle mass and later the bone mineral content – reduces and the fat mass increases, also the regional re-distribution of fat mass occurs. The combination of low muscle mass and low muscle strength or physical performance is called sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the body composition in elderly and the associations of body components in age-related sarcopenia. We examined 151 male and 203 female aged 60 years and older. Body composition was investigated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In men with age-related sarcopenia, microbiopsy of skeletal muscle was performed. It was found that in men, the lowest lean mass and bone mineral content (BMC) were at the age of 80 years and older. In women, there were no differences in lean mass between age groups, and the lowest bone mineral content was found in the age group 80 years and older. Bone mineral content was associated with lean mass in both genders, and in women BMC also was associated with fat mass. In men with age-related sarcopenia, appendicular skeletal muscle mass was the most consistently associated with the total body, total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). In women, the fat mass was the most significant determinant of bone mineral density. Cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber was positively... [to full text]

While the excess accumulation of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (abdominal SAT and VAT, respectively), is independently associated with increased health risk, the relative amount of lower body SAT is associated with an improved health profile. In contrast to the established metabolic benefit of reducing VAT and abdominal SAT, the first study in this thesis investigated whether loss of lower-body SAT during diet and/or exercise induced weight-reduction resulted in a deterioration of metabolic profile in a sample of obese men (n = 58) and women (n = 49). After control for potential confounders, reductions in VAT, abdominal and lower body SAT were all associated with improvements in certain metabolic risk factors. However, only reductions in VAT and abdominal SAT remained associated with improvement in risk factors independent of changes in other AT depots. Recently, it was suggested that a large breast size among women may predict type-II diabetes risk independent of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. While the mechanism is unknown, a large breast size may predict health risk by indicating fat deposition in ectopic depots such as VAT or inter-muscular AT (IMAT). The second study investigated the independent associations between breast volume with metabolic risk and regional fat distribution in 92 overweight or obese premenopausal women. Although breast volume was not significantly associated with metabolic risk, after control for age, BMI and waist circumference level, women with the highest breast volume had approximately 1.1 and 1.3 kg more VAT and IMAT, respectively, by comparison to women with the smallest breast volume. In contrast to the metabolic benefits of weight loss among metabolically-abnormal obese (MAO) individuals, weight loss among metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals may be unnecessary or even harmful. In the third study, 63 MHO and 43 MAO men and women participated in an exercise or diet weight-loss intervention. In response to similar weight loss, MHO and MAO men and women showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity. However, significant improvements in other metabolic variables (triglycerides, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and total cholesterol) were only observed among MAO, but not MHO subjects. / Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-29 20:55:08.67

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Traditional indicators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may not be appropriate for Asian Indians. We designed a cross-sectional study of body fat distribution, apoB/apoA1 ratio and adipokines of Northern Indians compared to Caucasians to determine if there is a different relationship between these parameters. Indian (men: n = 54; women n = 28) and Caucasian (men: n= 32; women, n = 51) subjects were recruited who were between the ages of 20 and 60 years. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of CVD or were taking lipid lowering medications. Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Indian subjects had a substantially higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ratio than Caucasian subjects (men: 0.93 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.01, p < 0.001; women: 0.88 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.01, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, while WHR correlated strongly with BF% in Caucasians (men: r = 0.63 p = 0.0002; women: r = 0.74, p < 0.0001, respectively) there was no correlation in Indians (men: r = 0.22, ns; women: r = 0.23, ns). The regression lines for WHR vs. BF% of Indians compared to Caucasians was significantly different (men p = 0.02, women p = 0.002). A similar pattern of correlation was seen with WHR and BMI. In addition, Indian men and women had a higher apoB/A1 ratio than Caucasians: the most powerful lipoprotein measure of CVD risk (men: 0.84+/-0.04 vs. 0.66+/-0.04, p=0.001; women: 0.70+/-0.04 vs. 0.56+/-0.03, p = 0.003, respectively). Leptin levels were higher and adiponectin levels in lower in the Indian men and women. Hypothetically, these alterations in body composition, apoB/apoA1 and adipokines could be due to alterations in adipocyte number.

The association of functional status with fat-free mass (FFM) was examined cross-sectionally in a sample of 30 frail elderly women $(81.5 pm 7$ years) to evaluate potential outcome indicators for nutritional interventions. FFM, determined using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, was lower in this frail group than in previous reports for "younger" elderly females. All measures of muscle strength (handgrip, biceps, quadriceps) were significantly correlated with FFM $ rm (r ge 0.45, p le 0.02),$ while the measures of global function (Timed "Up & Go" Test and walking speed) as well as self-perceived health were not. The measures of muscle strength and global function were found to have good reliability based on measurements taken on two occasions separated by one week $ rm (ICC ge 0.80).$

Tyrimo objektas: 9 - tos klasės mergaičių fizinis aktyvumas, kūno kompozicija, patiriami pojūčiai po kryptingos fizinio ugdymo programos. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti kryptingai taikytų kūno kultūros pamokų poveikį 9 klasės mergaičių fiziniam aktyvumui, kūno kompozicijai, patiriamiems pojūčiams kūno kultūros pamokų metu bei fizinės veiklos metu laisvalaikiu. Išvados: Kryptingos kūno kultūros pamokos turėjo mažai įtakos mergaičių kūno kompozicijos rodiklių pokyčiams. Nežymų, statistiškai nereikšmingą (p>0,05) skirtingų kūno ir jo dalių segmentų pokytį galėjo lemti mergaičių lytinė branda. Dauguma eksperimentinės grupės mergaičių po aerobikos pobūdžio kūno kultūros pamokų patiriamus pojūčius vertino aukštesniais balais (p<0,05). / The object: experienced senses, physical activity and body composition of 9th grade adolescent girls after purposeful program of physical education. The aim - find out the effect of purposeful classes of physical education to the body composition, experiences and physical education of 9th grade adolescent girls during physical education classes and physical activity leisure time. Conclusions: Targeted physical education classes had little impact on girls' body composition. The slight, statistically insignificant (p>0.05) change in parts of the body and its segments could cause girls' puberty. 4. Results of girls of 9thgrade in the survey showed that after the physical education classes of aerobics most girls experienced senses rated with higher grades (p<0,05).

The body composition of female collegiate athletes was measured using the Bod Pod® device. The sample consisted of 75 student athletes, aged 18 to 22 years old. Five sports at the university level were represented, including basketball, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, and soccer. Participants were measured at the preseason and postseason periods. Overall, participants in all five sports were not found to change significantly in total body mass, fat mass, fat free mass, percent body fat, or body mass index from the preseason period to the postseason period at the alpha = 0.05 level. On average, the members from each of the different teams were found to be significantly different from each other for one or more variables. In general, basketball and volleyball players were found to be similar in body composition. The average member on the swimming & diving, soccer, and gymnastics teams was found to vary from the average team member on each of the other teams.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between oral health status and body mass index for residents in a Transitional Care Center. The population utilized in this study were 193 males and females between the ages of 16-98 years old who were admitted to the Transitional Care Center at Columbus Regional Hospital in Columbus, Indiana. The researcher obtained informed consent from each participant upon admission to the subacute unit. The information used for this study was obtained from the Minimum Data Set located in each resident's medical record. Subjects were divided in two groups according to age, less than 75 years old and > 75 years old to determine whether age had an effect on oral health status and body mass index.The conclusion was that there was a difference between males and females. Women had a higher BMI than males for both age groups. Participants less than 75 years old were more likely to have a higher body mass index compared with subjects > 75 years of age. Seventy-four percent of those aged > 75 years old wore dentures or a removable bridge compared with 56% of younger subjects (< 75 years old).Although no statistically significant relationship was found between oral health status and body mass index, a trend was noted. As the number of oral health problems increased for individuals, body mass index decreased. The types and prevalence of specific oral health problems were reported indicating a need for further research into relationship between obesity, oral health, lifestyle factors, availability of dental care, and nutrient intakes for the elderly population. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) is state-listed as threatened or as a species of special concern throughout most of its range, suffering from extensive loss of breeding habitat. Although the Cerulean Warbler has been classified as a species of high conservation concern, little is known about its life history. Conservation and management efforts directed toward protecting forested landscapes on the breeding and non-breeding grounds, with the specific habitat requirements that this species prefers, are paramount. Yet, there is little specific quantitative data in existence regarding the pertinent vegetation structure in which the Cerulean Warbler can successfully breed. During the two field seasons of this project (2000 and 2001), sixty-two territories were located, monitored, and mapped during the nesting season. To determine the habitat selection of Cerulean Warblers, twenty-seven habitat variables were measured within the center of mapped territories and random sites (0.04 ha circle). The size of territories (n = 59) ranged from 0.036 ha to 1.427 ha. The number of large trees (> 38 cm DBH) was significantly higher in territories, as was the total density of all trees than in random sites. Vertical stratification between 0 - < 2 m was also significantly higher in territories than in random sites. Territories were located significantly closer to water bodies, roads, and agricultural fields. The relative abundance of Cerulean Warblers differed greatly among study sites (O/km2-3.86/k m2). In all study sites containing at least two birds throughout the breeding season, territories exhibited a significantly clumped distribution. As expected, canopy gaps were present in all territories, and perch trees were significantly larger than average trees available to males within territories. This species was located almost exclusively along ridgetops and mesic slopes. The greatest number of birds occurred in study sites that were located within state forests that are currently being managed for timber harvest versus national forest. / School of Physical Education

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides accurate measurements of percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM), however no reference standards currently exist using DXA-derived data. This study’s purpose was to develop reference data sets for DXA-derived %BF and LBM, and to characterize the agreement of obesity classifications between BMI (≥30 kg/m2) and %BF (≥25% for men and ≥30% for women). 2,761 subjects were scanned from 2003-2013 using either the GE Medical Systems Lunar Prodigy or Lunar iDXA. Normative reference tables displaying mean values and select percentiles were created for %BF and LBM across defined age groups for both genders. Mean %BF and LBM closely reflected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across age groups in both genders. Agreements between BMI and %BF were 97% when identified as obese and 33% when identified as non-obese. Future research should consider creating a national registry for DXA-derived measurements. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science