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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
271

"Influência do treinamento resistido progressivo em idosos portadores do HIV" / Influence of progressive resistance training in HIV+ elderly

Souza, Paula Maria Loiola de 25 August 2006 (has links)
O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a influência do treinamento resistido progressivo em idosos portadores do HIV. Os pacientes foram selecionados prospectivamente do Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes HIV/AIDS – HCFMUSP (Casa da AIDS). Foram incluídos 11 pacientes HIV+ de ambos os sexos e sem atividade física regular. O programa consistiu de 3 séries de 8–12 repetições realizadas 2 vezes/semana, durante 1 ano. O período do treinamento resistido não resultou em qualquer mudança significativa nas medidas analisadas de composição corporal como o DEXA, índice de massa corporal e circunferência, mas as dobras cutâneas do tríceps (p=0,037) e da coxa (p= 0,011) mostraram diferença significativa. Ademais, houve um aumento significativo na força muscular variando de 74% a 122% (p = 0,003 - 0,021) para todos os grupos avaliados, que refletiu positivamente nos resultados dos testes funcionais realizados. Concluindo, o treinamento resistido propicia aumento da força muscular nos idosos portadores do HIV, em paralelo à redução das dobras cutâneas nos membros superiores e inferiores, o que se reflete no incremento da sua aptidão física, seja na velocidade como na força dos movimentos. / This study aims to verify the influence of progressive resistance training in HIV+ elderly. Subjects were prospectively selected from the Service to the Attendance of HIV/AIDS Patients o f the HCFMUSP (Casa da AIDS). Eleven HIV+ patients of both gender and without regular physical activity were included. The program consisted of 3 series of 8-12 repetitions performed 2 times/week during 1 year. The period of resistance training did not result in any significant change on most analyzed measures of body composition such as DEXA, body mass index and circumferences, but the triceps and thigh skinfold showed significant reduction (p= 0,037). However, there were significant increases in strength (ranging from 74% - 122%; p = 0,003-0,021) for all muscular groups evaluated, which reflected positively in the results of the functional tests performed. In conclusion, resistance training increased strength in HIV+ elderly, also reducing upper and lower limbs skinfolds, therefore improving their physical fitness in both speed and strength of movements.
272

Composição corporal de recém-nascidos e de mães com diabetes mellitus gestacional e de recém-nascidos e mães com tolerância normal à glicose / Body composition in newborns and mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and newborns and mothers with normal glucose tolerance

Abreu, Laísa Ribeiro Silva de 02 October 2014 (has links)
Introdução - Em 2012, a Federação Internacional de Diabetes relatou haver no mundo mais de 371 milhões de pessoas diagnosticadas com Diabetes Mellitus. O Brasil ocupa o 3o lugar neste ranking, devido à urbanização crescente, inatividade física e ao aumento do consumo de alimentos com altas densidades energéticas, gordura saturada, açúcar e sal. O subgrupo de gestantes acometidas por Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) (7,6 por cento ), ganha destaque, uma vez que sua incidência acompanha o aumento de sobrepeso e obesidade em mulheres em idade fértil. O ambiente intraútero está alterado nesta condição metabólica, sendo um fator determinante na deposição de gordura fetal. Por sua vez, a porcentagem de gordura corporal de recém-nascidos (RNs) de mães com DMG ultrapassa a faixa de normalidade, expondo a prole a riscos em curto e longo prazo. Objetivo - Comparar medidas antropométricas e composição corporal de RNs e mães portadoras de diabetes mellitus gestacional com as de RNs e mães com tolerância normal à glicose. Métodos - Este estudo caso-controle foi realizado no Hospital Municipal e Maternidade Escola Dr Mário de Moraes Altenfelder Silva - Vila Nova Cachoeirinha e comparou as composições corporais de 62 pares de RNs a termo e mães portadoras de DMG com as de 211 pares de RNs a termo e mães com tolerância normal à glicose (TNG), obtidas através de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar e bioimpedância segmentada, respectivamente. Para detectar diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram utilizados os testes T-Student e Chiquadrado (X²), considerando-se um nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre RNs filhos de mães com DMG e de mães com TNG quanto ao peso ao nascer, porém observou-se, respectivamente, diferença significativa na porcentagem de gordura corporal (10,9 x 9 por cento , p=0,004), massa de gordura corporal (0,36 x 0,3kg, p=0,016), porcentagem de massa livre de gordura (89,2 x 91 por cento , p=0,01) e circunferência abdominal (32,8 x 31,2cm, p<0,001). Em relação às mães, detectou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa, respectivamente, quanto à idade da mãe (29 x 25,9 anos, p=0,001), porcentagem de gordura corporal (36,9 x 32,1 por cento , p<0,001), massa de gordura corporal (33,6 x 24,0 kg, p<0,001), massa livre de gordura (53,6 x 48,3, p<0,001), todas as composições segmentares de massa gorda e massa livre de gordura (p<0,001), ganho de peso durante a gestação (13,7 x 11,0 kg, p=0,022) e IMC pré-gestacional (30,4 x 25,3 kg/m2, p<0,001). Conclusão RNs de portadoras de DMG, embora possuam peso ao nascer semelhante aos RNs de mães com TNG, apresentam maior adiposidade corporal, e, portanto, um risco aumentado de desenvolverem doenças metabólicas e obesidade em diferentes fases da vida, realimentando o ciclo da epidemia de obesidade mundial. / Introduction - In 2012, the International Diabetes Federation reported that there are more than 371 million people diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus worldwide. Brazil ranks third due to increasing urbanization, physical inactivity and increased consumption of high energy density foods, saturated fat, sugar and salt. The subgroup of pregnant women affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (7.6 per cent ), gained prominence since its incidence follows the increase of overweight and obesity in reproductive age women. The intrauterine environment is altered in this metabolic condition, being determinant in fetal fat deposition. Meanwhile, the body fat percentage of infants born to mothers with GDM exceeds the normal range, exposing the offspring to short and long-term risks. Objective - Compare anthropometric measures and body composition in newborns and mothers with GDM with newborns of mothers with normal glucose tolerance. Methods - This casecontrol study was carried out at Dr Mario de Moraes Silva Altenfelder Municipal Maternity and Hospital and compared the body composition of 62 pairs of full-term newborns and mothers with GDM with 211 pairs of full-term newborn and mothers with normal glucose tolerance, obtained by air displacement plethysmography and segmented bioelectrical impedance, respectively. To detect statistically significant differences, the t-Student and Chi-square (X²) tests were used considering the significance level 5 per cent . Results - There was no significant difference in birth weight (p <0.05) between newborns of mothers with GDM and mothers with normal glucose tolerance, however a significant difference in the percentage of body fat (10.9 x 9 per cent , p = 0.004), body fat mass (0.36 x 0.3 kg, p = 0.016), percentage of fatfree mass (89.2 x 91 per cent , p = 0.01) and abdominal circumference (32.8 x 31.2 cm, p <0.001) was observed, respectively. Regarding the mothers, we detected a significant difference in mother\'s age (29 x 25.9 years, p = 0.001), percentage body fat (36.9 x 32.1 per cent , p <0.001), body fat mass (33.6 x 24.0 kg, p <0.001), fat-free mass (53.6 x 48.3, p <0.001), all segmental compositions of fat mass and fat-free mass (p <0.001), weight gain during pregnancy (13.7 x 11.0 kg, p = 0.022) and pre-pregnancy BMI (30.4 x 25.3 kg/m2, p <0.001). Conclusion - Although both groups of newborns have had similar birth weight, those of mothers with GDM had higher body fat and therefore an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases and obesity at different life stages feeding back the global obesity epidemic cycle.
273

Antenatal characterisation and postnatal validation of fetal nutritional status using novel fetal imaging methods, neonatal body composition data, and anthropometry

Knight, Caroline L. January 2014 (has links)
<b>Background</b>: Fetal growth restricted (FGR) infants have increased perinatal morbidity and mortality risks. Standard fetal biometry may identify some FGR babies; amniotic fluid measurement and Doppler assessment of blood vessels provide additional, functional assessments, but are often normal in babies with late-onset FGR who are difficult to diagnose. A marker reflecting nutritional status should help to identify FGR fetuses, enabling effective intervention: increased monitoring or delivery and neonatal management. Arm and/or thigh measurements have previously shown potential in 2D and 3D. Limb fat volume has never been measured and could provide an in utero marker of fetal nutritional status. <b>Aims</b>: 1. To develop an ultrasound scanning protocol to acquire 2D images and 3D volumes of fetal arms and thighs. 2. To develop method(s), suitable for use in clinical practice, to measure fat in these images and volumes. 3. To assess the reproducibility of these methods. 4. To assess the validity of these methods by comparing them with MRI images of fetal limb fat. 5. To use these methods in a healthy population to develop reference ranges. 6. To correlate these methods with validated neonatal measurements, to assess whether the antenatal methods reflect neonatal body composition. 7. To apply these methods to longitudinal prospective ultrasound images from multiple countries to assess SGA fetuses. <b>Method</b>: Ultrasound imaging protocols were developed to obtain accurate images and volumes of fetal arms and thighs. Segmentation tools were designed with biomedical engineers to measure fat, lean and limb compartments, and applied to 2D images and 3D volumes (n=500), with calculation of reference centiles in optimally healthy women (INTERGROWTH-21st study) and MRI validation of the ultrasound measurements. Additional methods were assessed: a two-ellipse method, and a three-thickness Fetal Fat Index (FFI). Reproducibility was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and ICCs. Fetal measurements were correlated with neonatal body composition data and anthropometry. Third trimester fetal thigh fat volumes were compared in sub-cohorts of AGA and SGA fetuses. <b>Results</b>: Reference centiles were calculated for novel fractional arm and leg volumes (fat and lean), from 16 to 41 weeks. 2D reference ranges were also calculated. The FFI technique - quick, simple, 2D - correlated well with fat area and fat volume. DXA analyses showed a strong correlation between neonatal limb and whole body fat. Correlation analyses showed that infants with above- and below-average arm circumferences have significantly different amounts of arm fat as early as 30-35 weeks. The strength of correlation between antenatal limb fat and neonatal PEA POD whole body fat increased with increasing gestational age. Scans at 30-34 weeks showed a significant difference in fractional thigh fat between those who would be born SGA compared with AGA. <b>Conclusion</b>: This thesis explores, in detail, the measurement of fetal arm and thigh fat using 2D and 3D ultrasound, and demonstrates that it is correlated to neonatal body composition thus allowing 'fetal body composition' to be established as a research tool; the ultimate aim is to be able to distinguish growth-restricted fetuses from those of normal nutritional status. Novel measurements have been developed, acquisition protocols described, reproducibility assessed, and reference centiles calculated in an optimally healthy population: 2D Fetal Fat Index, 3D fractional limb fat and lean volumes, and limb fat (2D and 3D) as a percentage.
274

Individual and epistatic genetic effects of quantitative trait loci affecting growth, feed intake, body composition and meat quality in pigs

Duthie, Carol-Anne January 2009 (has links)
Selection of pigs has focussed on the improvement of lean growth with simultaneous reduction in fat tissue, due to the high economic importance of these traits. As a consequence, a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been reported for these traits. In contrast, very few QTL have been reported for chemical body composition (protein and lipid). Knowledge about the deposition rates of these components is important to accurately predict the nutritional requirements of pigs and to determine selection objectives for optimal development of body tissues and feed intake capacity. Therefore, the principle aims of this thesis were to investigate the genomic regulation of physical and chemical body composition as well as feed intake, feed efficiency and meat quality in a commercial pig population. Data for all analyses were derived from a three generation full-sib design created by crossing Pietrain sires with a crossbred dam line. In total, 386 animals were genotyped for 96 molecular markers covering 11 chromosomes. Phenotypic data were available for 315 F2 animals for carcass characteristics measured at slaughter weight, chemical body composition measured at different target weights throughout growth, feed intake measured throughout growth, and meat quality traits collected post-slaughter. Individual QTL analyses of several autosomes and chromosome X uncovered a large number of QTL in different regions of the genome for physical body composition traits as well as novel QTL for chemical body composition and deposition. Associations between QTL for chemical and physical body composition were also detected. The results highlighted that different stages of growth are under different genomic regulation. Further QTL were detected for feed intake and feed efficiency and interesting causative biological reasons for QTL of feed efficiency were derived in associations with QTL for body composition and growth. Epistatic QTL analyses were performed to investigate the contribution of interactions (epistasis) to the genomic regulation of physical and chemical body composition as well as growth and feed intake. Epistasis was found to contribute to the entire growth period, however, different epistatic QTL pairs contributed to different stages of growth. Epistatic QTL pairs mostly accounted for higher proportions of the phenotypic variance than QTL detected from individual QTL analyses. A large number of QTL were identified, which could not be detected from individual QTL analyses, mainly because these QTL did not express individually significant additive or dominance effects and only expressed their effects through interactions with other QTL. Individual and epistatic QTL analyses uncovered numerous QTL as well as epistatic interactions influencing meat quality traits, including pH, meat colour and conductivity, traits which influence the quality of pork. The work of this thesis gives substantial insight into the genomic regulation of economically important traits of pigs. The research highlights that the genomic regulation of growth and body composition, feed intake and meat quality is complex, involving numerous QTL located in different regions of the genome, controlled partly by imprinting effects, as well as a complex network of interactions between QTL. The results obtained in this study can be used in pig breeding to optimise breeding programmes and for marker assisted selection.
275

Comparação de programas de alimentação para frangos de corte : 4 e 14 fases /

Bueno, Camila Ferreira Delfim. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Luciano Hauschild / Coorientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Nelson José Peruzzi / Banca: Daniel Emygdio de Faria Filho / Resumo: Os custos com alimentação na produção de frangos de corte giram em torno de 60 a 70%. Esse valor varia de acordo com o custo de cada ingrediente e a porcentagem dos mesmos para atender as exigências dos animais. No Brasil os programas de alimentação mais utilizados são de 3 e 4 fases. Contudo, nesse sistema parte do período as aves recebem nutrientes abaixo ou acima da exigência. Uma solução para esse impasse é a utilização de programas de alimentação com mais fases, porém não há estudos avaliando a viabilidade desse sistema no Brasil. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, rendimento de carcaça e cortes comerciais, composição corporal, excreção de nitrogênio e viabilidade econômica de aves alimentadas segundo um programa de 14 fases comparado ao de 4 fases. Utilizamos 480 pintos de corte com um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2 (sexo: macho e fêmea; programa alimentar: 4 e 14 fases). Cada tratamento foi constituído por seis repetições, com 20 aves por unidade experimental. Duas pré-misturas de dietas (A e B) foram utilizadas, de modo que a dieta A atendia as exigências no inicio do período de crescimento e a B no final. As pré-misturas A e B foram combinadas para atender a exigência em lisina utilizando um método de formulação especifico. As exigências nutricionais foram determinadas utilizando o software Avinesp. O desempenho foi avaliado nos períodos de 1 a 21, 22 a 42 e 1 a 42 dias de idade por meio do peso vivo (g), consumo de ração (g), consumo de proteína (g), ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O rendimento de carcaça e cortes comerciais foi realizado aos 42 dias. Foram determinadas as deposições de proteína (g) e gordura corporal (g), por meio de abates comparativos no início e ao final da fase experimental. A excreção de nitrogênio foi avaliada no período de ... / Abstract: Feed costs in the production of broilers revolve around 60-70 %. This value varies according to the cost of each ingredient and the percentage thereof to meet the requirements of animals. In Brazil the feeding programs are used most of 3 and 04 phases. However, this system of the period the birds given below or above the nutrient requirement. A solution to this impasse is the use of feeding programs with more stages, but there are no studies evaluating the feasibility of this system in Brazil. The aim of our study animal performance, carcass and commercial cuts, body composition, nitrogen excretion and economic viability of fed birds was to evaluate according to a program of 14 stages compared to 4 phases. We used 480 broiler one day old Cobb strain. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2x2 (gender: male and female; feeding program: 4 and 14 phases). Each treatment consisted of six replicates of 20 birds each. Two premixes diets (A and B) were used, so that the diet met the requirements at the beginning of the growing period and B at the end. The pre-mixes A and B were combined to meet the requirement of lysine using a method specific formulation. Nutritional requirements were determined using the software Avinesp. The performance was evaluated for the periods 1-21, 22-42 and 1-42 days of age by means of live weight (g), feed intake (g), protein intake (g), weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass yield and commercial sections was performed at 42 days. We determined the protein deposition (g) and body fat (g), by comparison at the beginning and the end of the experimental phase slaughter. Nitrogen excretion was evaluated between 1-42 days. In economic analysis, the average weight gain and feed conversion for each treatment were combined with the costs of each diet and live weight price of economic variables to estimate food costs, gross margin and profitability. There was no interaction ... / Mestre
276

Consumo alimentar e metabolismo mineral e ósseo em mulheres idosas com sarcopenia / Dietary intake and bone mineral metabolism in elderly women with sarcopenia

Patricia de Souza Genaro 08 March 2010 (has links)
Introdução a redução da massa muscular esquelética relacionada à idade, denominada sarcopenia, está associada com maior incidência de quedas, fraturas e dependência funcional em idosos. Muitos são os fatores que podem contribuir para o surgimento da sarcopenia, dentre eles a deficiência de vitamina D e a inadequação do consumo alimentar, principalmente a ingestão de proteína. Objetivos investigar a relação da sarcopenia com o consumo alimentar e concentração sérica de 25(OH)D. Métodos Foram avaliadas 200 mulheres acima de 65 anos, sendo 35 com sarcopenia e 165 sem sarcopenia. Avaliou-se a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) da coluna lombar, fêmur proximal e a composição corporal (massa muscular total, massa muscular esquelética, massa adiposa, conteúdo mineral ósseo do corpo total) por meio do densitômetro de dupla emissão com fonte de raios-X (DXA), avaliação radiográfica das colunas dorsal e lombar (T4 a L4). Foi realizada também avaliação da ingestão alimentar (diário de três dias), bioquímica do metabolismo mineral e ósseo (cálcio total, fósforo, creatinina, albumina, paratormônio intacto, calcidiol) e a história clínica das pacientes. Resultados O presente estudo observou que as pacientes que apresentavam um consumo de proteína acima de 1,2g/kg/dia apresentaram massa muscular total [33,94 (4,72) vs 31,87 (3,52) kg, p=0,020], massa muscular esquelética [14,54 (2,38) vs 13,38 (1,95) kg, p=0,013], CMO do corpo total [1,945 (0,325) vs 1784 (0,265) g, p=0,005], DMO de corpo total [1,039 (0,109) vs 0,988 (0,090) g/cm2, p=0,011], DMO coluna lombar [0,983 (0,192) vs 0,903 (0,131) g/cm2, p=0,014], DMO colo de fêmur [0,813 (0,117) vs 0,760 (0,944) g/cm2, p=0,017] e DMO fêmur total [0,868 (0,135) vs 0,807 (0,116) g/cm2, p=0,026] significativamente maior quando comparado com pacientes que apresentavam consumo de proteína abaixo de 0,8g/kg/dia. Além disso, a ingestão de aminoácidos essenciais, principalmente os de cadeia ramificada como a valina [3,10 (0,89) vs 3,40 (1,04) g/dia, p=0,044] foi significantemente menor em mulheres com sarcopenia. O consumo de proteína se correlacionou positivamente com o índice de massa muscular esquelética (r=0,157; p=0,028) e a DMO do trocânter (r=0,185; p=0,010). Adicionalmente, a deficiência de vitamina D associados ao PTH elevado (> 65pg/dL), hiperparatiroidismo secundário, a prevalência de sarcopenia aumentada (77,1 vs 22,9%, p=0,032), além disso mulheres com hiperparatiroidismo secundário apresentaram massa muscular total [29,70 ( 2,99) vs 31,84 (3,65), p=0,043], índice de massa muscular esquelética [5,51 (0,55) vs 5,92 (0,78), p=0,043] significativamente menor. Alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D em mulheres com sarcopenia (71,4%). As mulheres com deficiência de vitamina D apresentaram massa muscular total [30,30 (2,92) vs 32,14 (3,84) kg, p=0,007], massa muscular esquelética apendicular [12,71 (1,59) vs 13,55 (0,82) kg, p=0,031]; índice de massa muscular esquelética [5,67 ( 0,60) vs 5,98 (0,82) kg/m2, p=0,030] e fêmur total BMD [0,791 (0,107) vs 0,838 (0,116) g/cm2, p=0,035] significativamente menor. Conclusões - A ingestão de proteínas acima 1,2g/kg/d, especialmente aminoácidos essenciais e suplementação de vitamina D deve ser considerada como terapia preventiva na redução da massa muscular e óssea em mulheres idosas / Introduction - Reduction of skeletal muscle mass, called sarcopenia, is associated with increased incidence of falls, fractures and functional dependence in the elderly. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of sarcopenia, among them the vitamin D deficiency and inadequate food intake, especially protein intake. Objectives - to investigate the relationship among sarcopenia, dietary intake and serum concentration of 25(OH)D. Methods - We evaluated 200 women over 65 years, 35 with sarcopenia and 165 without sarcopenia. Bone mineral density of lumbar spine, proximal femur and body composition (total muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, bone mineral content of the whole body) were assessed by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), radiological evaluation of the dorsal columns and lumbar (T4 to L4). Three-day dietary records were undertaken to estimate dietary intake and serum total albumin, calcium, phosphorus, creatinin, intact parathyroid hormone, 25(OH)D were measured. Results - Patients who presented protein intake above 1.2g/kg/day showed total muscle mass [33.94 (4.72) vs 31.87 (3.52) kg, p=0.020], muscle mass skeletal [14.54 (2.38) vs 13.38 (1.95) kg, p=0.013], total body BMC [1.945 (0.325) vs 1784 (0.265) g, p=0.005], total body BMD [1.039 (0.109) vs 0.988 (0.090) g/cm2, p=0.011], lumbar spine BMD [0.983 (0.192) vs 0.903 (0.131) g/cm2, p=0.014], femoral neck BMD [0.813 (0.117) vs 0.760 (0.944) g/cm2, p=0.017] and total femur BMD [0.868 (0.135) vs 0.807 (0.116) g/cm2, p=0.026] significantly higher when compared with patients who presented protein intake below 0.8g/kg/day. Essential amino acids intake, especially branched chain such as valine [3.10 (0.89) vs 3.40 (1.04) g/day, p=0.044] was significantly lower in women with sarcopenia. Protein intake positively correlated to skeletal muscle mass index (r=0.157, p=0.028) and trochanter BMD (r=0.185, p=0.010). Additionaly, presence of sarcopenia increases more than 20% when vitamin D deficiency is associated to PTH levels higher than 65pg/dL (77.1 vs 22.9%; p=0.032). Women with secondary hyperparathyroidism presented significantly lower total muscle mass [29.70 (2.99) vs 31.84 (3.65); p=0.043], SMMI [5.51 (0.55) vs 5.92 (0.78); p=0.043]. it was also observed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women with sarcopenia (71.4%). Women with deficiency of vitamin D presented significantly lower TSMM [30.30 (2.92) vs 32.14 (3.84) kg; p=0.007], ASMM [12.71 (1.59) vs 13.55 (0.82) kg; p=0.031]; SMMI [5.67 (0.60) vs 5.98 (0.82) kg/m2; p=0.030] and total femur BMD [0.791 (0.107) vs 0.838 (0.116) g/cm2; p=0.035]. Conclusions Protein intake above 1.2g/kg/d, particularly essencial amino acids and vitamin D supplementation should be considered as preventive therapy in reducing muscle and bone mass in elderly women
277

Pressão arterial, crescimento alcançado e estado nutricional de crianças de seis e de dez anos de idade de escolas públicas de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina / Blood pressure, attained growth and nutritional status of children of six and ten years of age of public schools of Florianopolis, Santa Catarina

Jane Laner Cardoso 01 August 2014 (has links)
Introdução: A detecção de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) em crianças vem aumentando e tem sido relacionada ao aumento da prevalência da obesidade na infância. A evidência da transição nutricional em escolares torna importante o desenvolvimento de pesquisas que avaliem a relação entre pressão arterial (PA), crescimento e estado nutricional em escolares. Objetivos: Avaliar a PA, o crescimento e o estado nutricional de crianças de seis e sete anos e de nove e dez anos de idade de escolas públicas de Florianópolis, SC. Métodos: estudo transversal, analítico de uma amostra aleatória e probabilística de 1082 escolares, de dois grupos de idade. Foram avaliados indicadores antropométricos e de composição corporal: peso (P), estatura (E), prega cutânea tricipital (PCT), circunferência da cintura (CC), cintura abdominal (CA), razão de CC/E e CA/E e índice de massa Corporal (IMC), área gorda (AGB) e área muscular do braço (AMB), analisados pelos referenciais da OMS de 2007 e de Frisancho. Os níveis pressóricos foram classificados individualmente em percentis em relação ao referencial norte-americano, para sexo, idade e estatura, segundo o preconizado pelo National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (NHBPEP). Analisou-se a correlação entre crescimento, estado nutricional, composição corporal e a PA nos dois grupos etários e as relações com peso de nascimento e estado nutricional. A análise de risco para a razão CC/E (sensibilidade e especificidade) foi calculada pela curvas ROC. Resultados: os escolares apresentaram crescimento adequado, superior ao do referencial; observou-se pressão arterial alterada em 13,8 por cento das crianças, com frequência maior para as mais velhas (17,6 por cento ). A análise isolada da PA sistólica e da diastólica revelou a mesma tendência. Quanto ao estado nutricional verificou-se 25,1 por cento das crianças com sobrepeso e 13,0 por cento com obesidade, destas 4,4 por cento apresentavam obesidade grave, mais frequente nos meninos (7,1 por cento ), independentemente da idade. Os níveis de PA (sistólica e/ou diastólica) foram maiores quanto maior o escore z de estatura. Quanto a composição corporal, a PA elevada esteve associada de maneira significante a maiores escores z de IMC, AGB, AMB, PCT, CC, razão da CC/E e CA/E e a uma menor proporção ( por cento ) de AMB. Na Análise de Regressão Múltipla a CC/E mostrou uma OR de 25842,37 e pela curva ROC o ponto de corte otimizado para razão da CC/E foi >0,49, (56,1 por cento de Sensibilidade e 72,6 por cento de Especificidade). Conclusões: Os escolares têm crescimento adequado, superior ao proposto pela OMS e sem relação com o peso de nascimento. Apresentam também prevalência elevada (13.7 por cento ) de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão arterial, que tende a aumentar com a idade. Têm prevalência elevada (42,5 por cento ) de sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade grave, que é proporcionalmente mais elevada entre meninos (7,1 por cento ). Apresentam maiores níveis de PA quanto maior o seu crescimento em estatura e um maior risco de elevação de PA associado a uma maior massa corpórea, maior AMB e menor proporção ( por cento ) de AMB. A razão de circunferência da cintura para a estatura em escolares além de apresentar correlação com a PA elevada, se mostra, para ambos os sexos e nas diferentes idades, um bom marcador de alterações de pressão arterial. / Introduction: The detection of Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) in children is increasing and is being associated with increased prevalence of obesity in childhood. The evidence of the nutritional transition in schoolchildren makes it important to develop studies to evaluate the relationships between blood pressure (BP), growth and nutritional status of schoolchildren. Objectives: Evaluate BP, growth and nutritional status of children six and seven, and nine and 10 years of age, who attend public schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina Method: A cross sectional analytical study of a probabilistic sample of 1,082 school children from two age groups. The following anthropometric and body composition data were evaluated: Weight (W), Height (H), Triceps Skinfold Thickness (TST), Waist Circumference (WC), Abdominal Waist (AW), ratio of WC/H and AW/H, Body Mass Index (BMI), Arm Fat Area (AFA) and Arm Muscle Area (AMA). These measurements were analysed based on the WHO reference (2007) and Frisancho tables. Blood pressure levels were individually classified in percentiles according to the U.S. benchmark test in relation to sex, age and height in line with the recommendations of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (NHBPEP). We analysed the correlation between growth, nutritional status, body composition and BP of the two age groups, as well as the relationship between birth weight and nutritional status. Sensitivity and specificity analyses for the WC/H ratio were calculated by ROC curve. Results: The results showed that the school children had adequate growth and that these measurements were higher than the U.S. benchmark; blood pressure changes were observed in 13.8 per cent of children, most often in the older group (17.6 per cent ). The separate analysis of systolic and diastolic blood showed the same trend. Regarding nutritional status, 25.1 per cent were overweight and 13.0 per cent were obese; 4.4 per cent of the sample evinced severe obesity (more frequent in boys, at 7.1 per cent ) regardless of age. BP levels (systolic/diastolic) were higher in children with high z-scores for height. BP also was significantly associated with higher z-scores for BMI, AFA, AMA, TST and WC, WC/H and AW/H ratio, and an AMA smaller proportion ( per cent ). In the multiple regression analysis, the WC/H and AW/H showed an OR of 25842.37, and in the ROC curve, the optimized cut-off point for the WC/H was > 0.49 (56.1 per cent of Sensitivity and 72.6 per cent of Specificity). Conclusions: The school-children evinced adequate growth, higher than the values proposed by WHO, regardless their birth weight. They also showed a high frequency of pre-high blood pressure and of hypertension (13.7 per cent ), which tends to increase with age. They had a high prevalence (42.5 per cent ) of being overweight and obese, especially severely obese (7.1 per cent higher in boys). They presented greater BP levels associated with a higher stature, as well as an increased risk of BP elevation associated with a higher body mass index, a higher AMB and a smaller AMA proportion ( per cent ). The ratio of waist circumference to height in school aged children, in addition to its correlation with elevated BP, has shown to be a good marker of changes in blood pressure for both sexes and in different age groups.
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Alterações da composição corporal durante a gestação e sua associação com o peso ao nascer / Body composition changes during pregnancy and its association with birth weight

Carolina Harumi Kurashima 27 March 2014 (has links)
A gestação traz diversas alterações metabólicas, fisiológicas e no estilo de vida da mulher, que podem influenciar o ganho ponderal durante a gestação. O ganho ponderal durante a gestação é composto por: massa livre do gordura e tecido adiposo (materno), placenta, fluido amniótico e feto - entretanto não estão claros quais fatores estão associados à composição corporal materna, e se a gordura ou água (principal componente do tecido magro) estão associados ao peso ao nascer. Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito das mudanças da composição corporal durante a gestação sobre o peso ao nascer e os fatores potencialmente modificáveis associados (atividade física). Metodologia. Foi estudada uma coorte de 152 gestantes clientes do Hospital Amparo Maternal, São Paulo. As informações foram obtidas através de entrevistas com as gestantes, em três momentos para investigar a atividade física. O exame antropométrico foi realizado a cada consulta pré-natal, sendo o exame constituído de medidas de peso, altura, circunferência de braço, coxa e panturrilha, e pregas cutâneas de coxa e das regiões subescapular e tricipital, e bioimpedância. A análise de dados longitudinais foi realizada através de análises de regressão linear mista para verificar impactos das variáveis independentes sobre o a composição corporal. Para relacionar o efeito das mudanças na composição corporal durante a gestação sobre o peso ao nascer, foram utilizados modelos GAMLSS (modelo aditivo generalizado para locação, escala e forma), que permitem considerar ajuste para os parâmetros de dispersão. Foi considerado nível de significância inferior a 5%. Resultados. Os ganhos semanais de Água Corporal Total (ACT), Massa Livre de Gordura (MLG) não são diferentes entre os estados nutricionais. A velocidade de ganho semanal de Peso e Massa Gordurosa (MG) são menores para gestantes obesas (-14g/sem p=0,008 e -22g/sem p<0,001, respectivamente). Para cada aumento do nível de atividade física, há diminuição da velocidade de ganho de peso (- 25g/sem, p=0,001); ACT (-13g/sem, p=0,046) e MG (-13g/sem, p=0,049). As mulheres brancas apresentaram 1,5kg (p=0,027) a menos de MG comparadas com outras raças (negras, mulatas, amarelas). O peso padronizado do recém-nascido aumenta em média 9,44g/sem (p=0,017) se a taxa de MLG aumenta em uma unidade; a taxa de MG quase mostrou associação, o acréscimo do peso padronizado seria de 12,04g/sem (p=0,051) se a taxa de MG aumentasse em uma unidade. Em outro modelo, o peso padronizado do recém-nascido aumenta em 10,17g/sem (p=0,022) conforme a taxa de Água corporal (kg/sem) aumenta em uma unidade. Novamente, a taxa de massa gordurosa quase mostrou associação, o peso padronizado do recém-nascido aumentaria em 12,20g/sem (p=0,051) conforme a taxa de Massa gordurosa (kg/sem) aumentasse em uma unidade. Conclusão. A gestação é um período em que ocorrem diversas modificações na composição corporal, na qual a mulher pode ganhar peso em excesso. A atividade física pode ser benéfica para diminuir a velocidade de ganho de peso e massa gordurosa. O peso do recém-nascido está associado à MLG e MG, e ganhos excessivos podem ser prejudiciais ao feto / Pregnancy is a period of metabolic, physiological, and lifestyle changes, that may influence gestational weight gain. Weight gain during pregnancy is composed of fat free mass and fat mass (maternal), placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus. However, it is unclear what factors are associated with maternal body composition, and it is unclear if fat or water (major component of lean tissue) is associated with birth weight. Objective. Evaluate changes in body composition during pregnancy, potentially modifiable associated factors (physical activity) and its effect on birth weight. Methods. A cohort study of 152 healthy low-income pregnant women of one hospital clinics of São Paulo city. Data of biological, obstetrical and socioeconomic variables were obtained from interviews, and in three moments to investigate physical activity. Maternal weight, height, skinfold thickness (thigh, subscapular and triceps), circumferences (thigh, arm, calf) and bioelectrical impedance were measured at each prenatal visit. Longitudinal data were analysed using mixed models to assess the impact of independent variables on body composition. GAMLSS (Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape) was used to evaluate the effect of body composition changes on birth weight. Results. Weekly gains of Total Body Water (TBW) and Fat Free Mass (FFM) were not different among the four nutritional states (BMI). The velocity of weekly gain of Weight and Fat Mass (FM) were smaller for obese women (-14g/week, p=0.008 and -22g/wk p<0.001, respectively). For each increase in physical activity level, the speed of weight, TBW and FM gains decrease (- 25g/wk, p=0.001; -13g/wk, p=0.046; -13g/wk, p=0.049, respectively). White women had 1.5kg less FM than other races (black, mullato, asian). The standardized birth weight increase 9.44g/wk (p=0.017) if the rate of FFM increase one unit; the rate of FM almost was significant, for each increase of one unit of rate of FM, it would be an increase of 12.04g/wk (p=0.051) on standardized birth weight. In another model, the standardized birth weight increase 10.17g/wk (p=0.022) and 12.20g/wk (p=0.051) if the rate of TBW and FM increase in one unit. Conclusion. Pregnancy is a period of many body composition changes, and the women can have excess of weight gain. Physical activity may be beneficial to decrease the velocity of weight and fat mass gains. The birth weight is associated with FFM and FM, and excessive gains may be harmful to the fetus
279

Determinantes da composi??o corporal em crian?as e adolescentes

P?rez, Lisiane Mar?al 14 June 2018 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Pediatria e Sa?de da Crian?a (pediatria-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-11T11:29:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese VFC 09-07-18 Lisi Vers?o Final.pdf: 2404794 bytes, checksum: cc151e819fe2b2d350e28543f9ab9cbf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-12T13:08:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese VFC 09-07-18 Lisi Vers?o Final.pdf: 2404794 bytes, checksum: cc151e819fe2b2d350e28543f9ab9cbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T13:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese VFC 09-07-18 Lisi Vers?o Final.pdf: 2404794 bytes, checksum: cc151e819fe2b2d350e28543f9ab9cbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Introduction: The analysis of body composition is fundamental, since it is associated with the general health of individuals. Objective: To evaluate the association between socioeconomic and clinical variables with body composition in children and adolescents. Methods: Were included for convenience, participants between 5 and 19 years. Socioeconomic and clinical variables were assessed by a standardized questionnaire and corporal bioimpedance by Biospace, model InBodyS10, from Ottoboni. The variables studied were compared in relation to sex by t-test for independent and chi-square samples. The outcome variables (body mass index, skeletal mass, fat free mass and fat percentage )and predictor variables (age, sex, race, place of residence, father's schooling, physical activity, birth weight and breastfeeding )were analyzed using the quantile regression model (percentile 5, 50 and 95). The testes were bidirectional and were compared in comparison with p <0.05. Results: Among the 529 participants included, 284 (53.6%) were female and mean age was 11.41 ? 3.9 years. The body mass index was the only one to be dissociated from the majority of the sexes (p = 0.753). The decrease in weight was associated with lower skeletal muscle mass (Difference = -8.51, 95% CI -11.12 to -5.90, p <0.001), lower fat-free mass (Difference = -13.80, 95% CI (P <0.001) and lower body mass index (Difference = -2.88, 95% CI - 4.42 to - 1.33, p <0.001) when adjusted for birth weight and breastfeeding. The lowest percentage of fat was associated with an inexpensive relative (Difference = -5.01, 95% CI -9.45 to -0.56, p = 0.027) only in the crude analyzes. Conclusion: Muscle mass,fat free mass, skeletal muscle mass and body mass index are associated with family income. / Introdu??o: A an?lise da composi??o corporal ? fundamental, pois est? fortemente associada com sa?de geral dos indiv?duos. Objetivo: Avaliar as associa??es entre fatores socioecon?micos e cl?nicos na composi??o corporal em crian?as e adolescentes. M?todos: Foram inclu?das por conveni?ncia, participantes com idades entre 5 e 19 anos. Crit?rios socioecon?micos e cl?nicos foram analisados por um question?rio padronizado e a composi??o corporal por bioimped?ncia el?trica (Biospace, modelo InBodyS10, da Ottoboni). As vari?veis estudadas foram comparadas em rela??o ao sexo por meio do teste t para amostras independentes e Qui-quadrado. As rela??es das vari?veis de desfecho (?ndice de massa corporal, massa livre de gordura, massa muscular esquel?tica e percentual de gordura) e as vari?veis preditoras (renda familiar, idade, sexo, ra?a, local de moradia, escolaridade do pai, atividade f?sica, peso ao nascimento e amamenta??o) foram analisadas mediante o modelo de regress?o quant?lica (percentil 5, 50 e 95). Os testes foram bidirecionais e as diferen?as foram consideradas significativas com p<0,05. Resultados: Entre os 529 participantes inclu?dos, 284 (53,6%) eram do sexo feminino e m?dia de idade foi de 11,41? 3,9 anos. O ?ndice de massa corporal foi o ?nico desfecho que n?o mostrou diferen?a significativa entre os sexos (p=0,753). A menor renda familiar foi associada com a menor massa muscular esquel?tica (Diferen?a= -8,51; IC95% -11,12 a -5,90, p<0,001), menor massa livre de gordura (Diferen?a= -13,80; IC95% -18,70 a -8,89, p<0,001) e menor ?ndice de massa corporal (Diferen?a= -2,88; IC95% - 4,42 a - 1,33, p<0,001) quando ajustado para peso ao nascimento e amamenta??o. O menor percentual de gordura associou-se a menor renda familiar (Diferen?a= -5,01; CI95% -9,45 a - 0,56, p=0,027) apenas nas an?lises brutas. Conclus?o: A renda familiar est? associada com a menor massa livre de gordura, massa muscular esquel?tica e ?ndice de massa corporal.
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Estado nutricional e composição corporal de pacientes em hemodiálise, segundo ganho de peso interdialítico / Nutritional status and body composition of hemodialysis patients, according interdialytic weight gain

Holland, Héric 18 November 2016 (has links)
Introdução: O ganho de peso interdialítico (GPID), aquele ganho entre sessões de diálise, pode ser considerado um preditor da qualidade de vida e da mortalidade em pacientes de hemodiálise (HD). Fatores nutricionais podem estar envolvidos na preservação ou piora destes parâmetros e estas relações não estão investigadas detalhadamente. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional e composição corporal de pacientes em hemodiálise, em relação ao GPID. Métodos: Foi um estudo transversal, com 102 pacientes em HD, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 80 anos e sem quadros agudos de infecção e/ou inflamação, foi realizado em dois centros de diálise, no Hospital das Clínicas e no Serviço de Nefrologia ambos na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Após o tratamento dialítico, foi avaliado o estado nutricional por meio de dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril, dobras cutâneas e dinamometria manual) além do uso da análise subjetiva global de 7 pontos, de dados de ingestão alimentar avaliados por registro alimentar de 24 horas e de dados bioquímicos e a composição corporal foi avaliada utilizando a bioimpedância unifrequencial - BIA, a análise de bioimpedância vetorial - BIVA e a bioimpedância multifrequencial por espectroscopia - BIS. Resultados: Pacientes com maior ganho de peso interdialítico apresentaram significativamente maior índice de massa corporal (24,5±4,1 vs 28,8±5,5kg/m²), excesso de gordura corporal (22,7±9,5 vs 31,7±14,4kg), sendo evidenciada uma predominância da gordura na região abdominal (91,3±10,8 vs 101,5±15,1cm), de água corporal total (33,4±7,7 vs 40,1±8,6L) e água extracelular (15,1±3,4 vs 18,1±4,2L) além do maior consumo de sódio (2278±755 vs 2906±650mg) e de gorduras (59,8±17,6 vs 71,8±23g). A BIA superestimou a quantidade de água corporal nos pacientes em HD e, consequentemente as massas corporais hidratadas. Ao comparar os valores de BIVA vs BIS foi evidenciada apenas uma fraca concordância (kappa = 0,34). Conclusão: Pacientes com maior GPID além de mais água extracelular apresentam maior gordura corporal e consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura e sódio. A BIS pode ser um método que melhor avalia pacientes em HD com sobrecarga hídrica e desta forma, poderia auxiliar no manejo do GPID, individualizando o cuidado nutricional destes pacientes e propiciando maior qualidade de vida. / Introduction The interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), that gain between dialysis sessions, may be considered a predictor of quality of life and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Nutritional factors may be involved in preserving or worsening of these parameters and these relations are not investigated in detail. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition in hemodialysis patients, in relation to the IDWG. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 102 HD patients, of both sexes, 18 and 80 years old and without acute episodes of infection and / or inflammation, was conducted in two dialysis centers, at the Hospital and the Service Nephrology both in the city of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. After dialysis, it evaluated the nutritional status through anthropometric data (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness and handgrip strength) and the use of subjective global analysis of 7 points, food intake data assessed by food record 24 hours and biochemical data and body composition was assessed using bioimpedance unifrequencial - BIA, the bioimpedance vector analysis - BIVA and multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy - BIS. Results: Patients with higher interdialytic weight gain had significantly higher body mass index (24.5±4.1 vs 28.8±5.5kg/m²), excess body fat (22.7±9.5 vs 31.7±14,4kg), evidencing a predominance of fat in the abdominal region (91.3±10.8 vs 101.5±15,1cm), total body water (33.4±7.7 vs 40.1±8,6L) and water extracellular (15.1±3.4 vs 18.1±4,2L) in addition to the increased consumption of sodium (2278 ± 755 vs. 2906 ± 650mg) and fat (59.8±17.6 vs 71.8±23g). The BIA overestimated the amount of body water in HD patients and consequently the body hydrated masses. When comparing the values of BIVA vs BIS was evidenced only a weak agreement (kappa = 0.34). Conclusion: Patients with higher IDWG as well as more extracellular water have higher body fat and consumption of foods high in fat and sodium. The BIS may be a method that better evaluates HD patients with fluid overload and thus, could help in the management of IDWG, individualizing the nutritional care of these patients and providing better quality of life.

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