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Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Nutrition Interventions on Child Growth and Body Composition : The MINIMat Trial in Rural BangladeshKhan, Ashraful Islam January 2012 (has links)
Nutritional insults and conditions in fetal life and infancy may influence later growth and body composition as well as the development of chronic diseases in adult life. We studied the effects of maternal food and micronutrient supplementation and exclusive breast-feeding counseling on offspring growth 0-54 months and body composition at 54 months of age. We also validated and developed equations for a leg-to-leg bioimpedance analyzer in order to assess body composition of Bangladeshi children aged 4-10 years. In the MINIMat trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, pregnant women were randomized to Early (around 9 weeks) or a Usual invitation (around 20 weeks) to food supplementation and to one of three daily micronutrient supplementations with capsules of either 30 mg Fe and 400 µg folic acid, or 60 mg Fe and 400 µg folic acid, or multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) (15 micronutrients including 30 mg Fe and 400 µg folic acid). They were also randomized to exclusive breastfeeding counseling (EBC) or to usual health messages (UHM). Growth of their children was measured from birth to 54 months, when body composition also was assessed. There were no differences in background characteristics across the different intervention groups. There was no differential effect by prenatal interventions on birth weight or length. Early invitation to food supplementation reduced stunting from early infancy up to 54 months for boys (average difference 6.5 percent units, 95% CI=1.7 to 11.3, p=0.01), but not for girls (average difference 2.4 percent units, 95% CI=-2.2 to 7.0, p=0.31). MMS resulted in more stunting than standard Fe60F (average difference 4.8 percent units, 95% CI=0.8 to 8.9, p=0.02). Breast-feeding counseling prolonged the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (difference 35.0 days, 95% CI 30.6-39.5, p<0.001). Neither the pregnancy interventions nor the breast-feeding counseling influenced body composition at 54 months. Early food supplementation in pregnancy reduced the occurrence of stunting in boys 0-54 months, while prenatal MMS increased the proportion of stunting. Early food and multiple micronutrient supplementation or exclusive breastfeeding intervention provided to rural Bangladeshi women during pregnancy did not affect offspring body composition at 54 months of age. The effects on postnatal growth suggest programming effects in early fetal life.
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Jaunųjų krepšininkų (8–9 metų) treniravimo ypatumai / Coaching peculiarities of 8–9 years old basketball playersBarčaitis, Mindaugas 18 June 2014 (has links)
Tyrimo problema – rengiant 8–9 metų krepšininkus taikomos skirtingos treniravimo programos, tačiau jų veiksmingumas sportiniam parengtumui nėra pagrįstas. Kokios treniravimo programos yra veiksmingiausios 8–9 metų krepšininkų sportiniam parengtumui? Daroma prielaida (Butautas, 2002), kad integralaus treniravimo programa galėtų būti veiksmingiausia.
Tyrimo hipotezė – treniravimo programa vyraujant integraliajam rengimui turi didžiausią poveikį jaunųjų krepšininkų (8–9 metų) parengtumui.
Tyrimo objektas – skirtingų treniravimo programų poveikis jaunųjų krepšininkų (8–9 m.) parengtumui.
Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti jaunųjų krepšininkų (8–9 m.)skirtingų treniravimo programų veiksmingumą.
Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai:
1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti jaunųjų krepšininkų (8–9 metų) techninio, atletinio parengtumo ir kūno sudėjimo kaitos ypatumus.
2. Nustatyti skirtingų treniravimo programų veiksmingumą techniniam, atletiniam parengtumui.
Tiriamieji – tyrime dalyvavo 8–9 (8,5 ± 0,27) metų amžiaus (n = 38) krepšinio mokyklos „Perkūnas“ krepšininkai. Eksperimento metu tiriamieji buvo paskirstyti į tris (universalaus, techninio, integralaus) skirtingo rengimo programų grupes.
Išvados:
1. Nustatyta, kad jaunųjų krepšininkų dalyvavusių ekperimente techninis ir atletinis parengtumas gerėjo bei atitiko gero parengtumo lygį. Kūno sudėjimo rodiklių kaita atitiko tendencijas šio amžiaus krepšininkams, pateiktas ankstesniuose mokslininkų darbuose. Didėjant ūgiui, didėjo ir kūno masė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem – When developing 8–9 years old basketball players, different types of training programs are used, but effectiveness of those programs are not valid.Which training programs has the best effect on 8–9 years old basketball players ? Others assume (Butautas, 2002), that special training programs might be the most effective.
Reserach hipothesis – training program with integral preparation has the biggest effect on youth basketball players (8–9 years old) qualification.
Reserach object – the effect of different training programs for youth basketball players (8-9 years old).
Research aim – research the effect of different training programs for youth basketball players (8–9 years old).
Research objectives:
1. Determine and evaluate the change of peculiarity in technical, physical qualification and body constitution for youth basketball players (8–9 years old).
2. Determine the effect of different training programs in technical, physical and body constitution.
Participants: basketball players (n = 38) of 8 (8,5 ± 0,27) years old from “Perkūnas” basketball school participated in the research. During the research participants were divided into three (universal, technical and integral) different training groups.
Conclusions:
1. Determined, that technical ant physical qualification of the participants got better, and matched the level of good qualification. Indicator changes of body constitution matched the tendencies that are stated by other authors. When player grow in... [to full text]
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The contribution of selected biomechanical , postural and anthropometrical factors on the nature and incidence of injuries in rugby union players / E.J. BruwerBruwer, Erna-Jana January 2006 (has links)
Background:
The incidence of injuries in rugby union has increased on both professional and amateur
levels since the introduction of professionalism in 1995. Although rugby union is a body
contact sport with an expected high injury rate, limited research has been done regarding
the postural and biomechanical characteristics of the players and the effect these variables
have on the incidence and nature of rugby union injuries. Large body size is a significant
predictor of success in rugby union and the body mass and mesomorphy of players has
increased over the last years. It has, however, not been thoroughly investigated whether
changes in body composition have any effect on the incidence of rugby union injuries.
Intrinsic risk factors that have been identified to contribute to rugby union injuries are
Hyper-mobility of joints, lack of dynamic mobility and core stability, previous injuries,
aerobic and anaerobic fitness as well as the personalities and characteristics of players
which affect their on-field awareness. The findings of studies investigating the relation
between player characteristics and rugby union injuries are inconsistent because of the
differences in player characteristics under investigation and playing conditions, different
research methodologies used as well as differences in the way injury is defined. Therefore,
the need exists to determine the differences in the biomechanical, postural and
anthropometrical characteristics of injured and uninjured rugby union players by making
use of a prospective design and a standardized injury definition.
Objectives:
The objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the incidence and nature of injuries
among U/21 rugby union players at the Rugby Institute (RI) of the North-West University
(NWU) (South Africa) and secondly, to determine which of the selected biomechanical,
postural and anthropometrical characteristics contributed to musculoskeletal injuries
obtained during the first five months of the 2005 season.
Method: s
A prospective once-off subject availability study was performed that included forty-nine
U/21-rugby union players of the RI of the NWU. Biomechanical, postural and
anthropometrical assessments were performed on all subjects before the start of the 2005-
season. All the injuries sustained during the first five months of the 2005 season were
recorded by means of a validated rugby union injury report questionnaire. A stepwise
discriminant analysis identified the independent variables that discriminated mostly
between the players with and without injuries within the different body regions. Back-classification
by means of the "Jack-knife method" determined whether the independent
characteristics that were selected to contribute to injuries was valid and the effect size, I
("better than chance"), was then determined, with I > 0.3 accepted as practically
significant.
Results:
A total of 66 injuries with an injury rate of 8.611000 training hours and 61.811000 game
hours were reported. Severe injuries accounted for 53% of all injuries to forward players
with the ankle being the most injured anatomical region. In the backline severe injuries
accounted for 11% with the shoulder being the most injured region. The tackle was the
phase of play in which most injuries occurred. The statistical analysis identified uneven
hips, pronated feet, tight hamstrings, anatomical leg length differences, gait pronation and
a tall stature to be practically significant predictors for lower extremity injuries (I>0.3).
No practical significance was obtained for the selected biomechanical, postural and
anthropometrical characteristics related to shoulder girdle as well as back or spine injuries.
Conclusions:
The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that the injury incidence of rugby
union players of the U/21-squad of the RI of the NWU is high in comparison with those of
other club level players and that postural and biomechanical imbalances of the lower
extremities may increase the risk for injury in this area. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Die invloed van 'n fisieke aktiwiteitsintervensieprogram op die selfkonsep en voorkoms van obesiteit by adolessente : PLAY studie / Dollien NaudeNaude, Dollien January 2006 (has links)
The prevalence of obesity is a growing problem for children and adolescents
worldwide (Schwellnus & Derman, 2003:12; Verster, 2001:15; Cameron, 1999:75).
Obesity contributes to primary and secondary health risks such as coronary heart
disease and diabetes (Kalk, 2001:576). Obesity is inheritable as well as the health
disorders associated with the type of obesity (Kalk, 2001:576; Dietz, 1995:157;
Garfinkel & Cosina, 1990:511; Bouchard et a/., 1985:64). A possible cause for the
increase of obesity is inactivity, and this generates numerous health problems for
children and adolescents (Du Toit & Van der Merwe, 2003:49; Verster, 2001:15;
Kalk,2001:576; Steinbeck, 2000:28; Cameron, 1999:75; Reilley et a/., 1999:217).
Research has shown that regular exercise can lower the risk of obesity and have
many health benefits in general (Deheeger et a/., 1997:375).Consequently the
participation of physical activity is important for everyone not only for the obese
individual (Van Mil et a/., 1999:842). Physical activity has physical as well as
psychological benefits such as positive development in self-concept (Walters &
Martin, 2000:51).
A positive self-concept during adolescence can have an influence on mental and
physical health, and the development of a positive self-concept is critical during the
adolescent period (Park, 2003:42). Research also indicates that a strong self-concept can lead to an increase in participation physical activity (Park, 2003:47).
Physical activity can also be a social opportunity during which self-concept and
self-worth can develop (Marsh, 1997:28).
The objective of this study firstly was to determine the influence of a 16-week
physical activity intervention program on body composition and self-concept of
black South African adolescents. The second objective was to determine the
incidence of obesity among these adolescents. The third objective was to
determine the influence of body composition on self-concept after participation in a 16-week physical activity intervention program. A total of 95 black adolescents
(ages 13 to 18) were recruited to participate in the PLAY study (Physical Activity
for the Youth). A control group of 24 adolescents did not participate in any
exercise, where an experimental group of 71 adolescents did indeed participate in a 16-week physical activity intervention program. Anthropometric measurements and a comprehensive body composition were taken, using skin folds, BMl and the Bod Pod. The subjects completed a self-concept questionnaire (PASWIN2004 computer program).
The findings in this study seems to indicate that there was a positive relationship,
between physical activity and BMI as well as Bod Pod changes, after a 16-week
activity intervention program in the experimental boys group. No further
correlations were traced in the other groups. Among all the adolescents
(experimental and control groups), were 80.85% overweight, of which 40.42% were classified as obese. This shows that the majority of this group of adolescents were overweight. No significant changes were found in body composition. The girls showed a slight increase in BMI as well as body fat percentage and a decrease in self-concept. This indicates that an increase in body fat can lead to a lower self-concept. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Body composition, physical activity and C-reactive protein in children : the PLAY study / Berna HarmseHarmse, Berna January 2006 (has links)
Obesity is currently the most common and costly nutritional problem in
developed countries and ten percent of the world's school-aged children are
estimated to be overweight to some extent. Low-grade systemic inflammation
is increasingly emerging as a significant component of the metabolic
syndrome. Youth in lower income families are particularly vulnerable because
of poor diet and limited opportunities for physical activity. In developing
countries obesity among youth is rising among the urban poor, possibly due to
their exposure to Westernised diets coinciding with a history of under-nutrition.
The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum CRP and
physical activity and to assess the association between serum CRP and body
composition in black high-school children from a township in the North West
Province (NWP), South Africa.
Methods and results: The study group consisted of 193 school children
between the ages 13 to 18 years (78 boys and 115 girls) residing in lkageng,
the township outside of Potchefstroom in the North West Province, South
Africa. Children were from a black ethnic group, living in a poor socioeconomic
setting. Demographic and body composition measurements were
taken and fasting blood samples were drawn for serum C-reactive protein
(CRP) measurements. The difference between serum CRP of overfat versus
girls with a normal fat percentage was non-significant (p = 0.46). Boys with
body fat percentage >20% (n=16) had .a mean serum CRP of 1.42 2.16
mg/L and for boys with a normal fat percentage (n=53) mean serum CRP was
0.89 k 1.62 mg/L. The Mann-Whitney U-test for the difference between mean
CRP of the two groups of boys was Z=1.39, p=0.16 (no significant
difference), but with a trend of higher serum CRP concentration in the boys
with higher % body fat. For the boys, the only positive partial correlation was
between serum CRP and triceps skinfold (r=0.327, p=0.045). In the girls'
group no statistically significant partial correlations were found between CRP
and body composition variables. There was no significant difference between
serum CRP concentrations of the three physical activity categories of girls.
Interestingly, there was an inverse correlation between percentage body fat and fitness in the boys' group (r=-0.509 and p= 0.008). The difference in log
CRP between activity groups showed a trend of lower serum CRP with higher
physical activity in the girls.
Conclusion: This study showed no statistically significant associations
between serum CRP and body composition, except for the positive correlation
between triceps skin fold and serum CRP in boys, or CRP and physical
activity, but clear trends were noted of an inverse association between CRP
and physical activity in the girls. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007
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The effect of physical activity on the body composition and health related fitness of 9 to 13 year old boys / Susanna Maria du PreezDu Preez, Susanna Maria January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Determinants of Bone Mineral Density Changes in Women Transitioning to Menopause: A MONET Group StudyElnefily, Rasha 27 June 2013 (has links)
Menopause is an important period for bone health in women. Objective: To assess the determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) changes in women transitioning to menopause. Method: A secondary data analysis of the MONET (Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team) study. Outcome measures included yearly assessment of menopause status, body composition, BMD, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes. Results: 84 of the original 102 women had complete data for the purpose of the present study. Repeated measures analysis revealed significant decreases in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD (P< 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that baseline femoral neck BMD, changes in PAEE and trunk fat explained 31% of the variation of BMD changes at the femoral neck, while changes in both PAEE and trunk fat account for 27% of BMD change at lumbar spine. Conclusion: Baseline femoral neck and changes in physical activity energy expenditure and trunk fat are determinants of the reduction of bone mineral density in women transitioning to menopause.
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The effect of physical activity on the body composition and health related fitness of 9 to 13 year old boys / Susanna Maria du PreezDu Preez, Susanna Maria January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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The Relationship Between Alcohol Intake and Body Fat Percentage in Adult University EmployeesBeardsley, Jessica 10 June 2014 (has links)
Background: Factors that contribute to body fat and adiposity include energy consumption, macronutrient intake, and physical activity. Alcohol not only contributes to total energy consumed but also influences metabolic pathways that may alter fat oxidation and storage. Alcohol provides 7.1 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g) and makes up 6-10% of the daily caloric intake of adults in the United States. Cross-sectional studies have shown that increased alcohol intake is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), especially in men. Other studies suggest that there is a “U” shaped association whereby non-drinkers and heavy drinkers have a higher BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) then low to moderate drinkers. While many previous studies evaluate alcohol based on the average consumption (g/day), there is increasing evidence that it is the pattern of alcohol consumption (ie. frequency) that influences body composition. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the frequency of wine, beer, and liquor consumption on body fat percent (BF%) and WHR in a population of university faculty and staff.
Methods: The Center for Health Discovery and Well Being (CHDWB) cohort trial is being conducted at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. Recruitment of faculty and staff for the study began in 2007. Demographic, reported dietary intake including wine, beer, and liquor consumption, and anthropometric data including weight, height, BF%, and waist circumference are collected at baseline and annually thereafter. We used linear regression models to determine the effect of frequency and quantity of wine, beer, and liquor consumption on BF% while controlling for age and the effects of the other types of alcohol. We applied the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine if the median BF% and waist-hip ratio (WHR) was significantly different for those that reported at different five different frequencies (several times a year to 5-7 days a week).
Results: Baseline visits have been conducted on 700 participants. Their median age was 51 years (66% female). Median weight was 76.9 kg (range, 65.3 - 90.5 kg) and mean BMI was 27.9 + 6.4 kg/m2. A significant negative relationship was observed between frequency of beer consumption and BF% in women (p
Conclusions: The frequency of wine intake consumed by university employees and staff independently predicted BF% and BMI. Greater frequency of wine consumption was associated with lower BF%.
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Effect of medium versus long chain triglyceride consumption on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and body composition in overweight men and womenSt-Onge, Marie-Pierre January 2003 (has links)
Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have long been advocated as potential weight-lowering agents or potential tools in the treatment and prevention of human obesity. These statements have been made after findings from human and animal trials that consumption of MCT increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation compared to long chain triglycerides (LCT). In addition, animal studies have resulted in lower body weight gain and smaller fat depots when animals were fed MCT compared to those fed LCT. However, long-term controlled trials studying the effects of consumption of MCT in humans have not been conducted and the longest trial to date, 14 d of duration, has shown that the effect of MCT on energy expenditure may be transient. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether, in controlled feeding conditions, consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to differences in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation versus consumption of an isocaloric diet rich in LCT. Furthermore, our aim was to establish whether consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to greater changes in body composition than would LCT consumption. We conducted two randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trials involving overweight women and men to test our objectives. A secondary objective was to examine the potential satiating effect of MCT, and this was tested in men. Finally, a third objective was to determine whether, when combined with phytosterols and flaxseed oil, MCT consumption would result in different blood lipid profile compared to LCT. Nineteen healthy overweight women and 24 healthy overweight men participated in two separate randomized controlled trials to test these objectives. Energy expenditure and body composition were assessed at the beginning and end of each experimental phases, which differed only in the type of fat included in the controlled diets. Blood samples were also taken at baseline and endpoint of each phase to determine plasma lipid concentrations. Result
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