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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Procédés de dopage et de recuit laser pour la réalisation de cellules photovoltaïques au silicium cristallin / Laser doping and laser annealing for crystalline silicon solar cells processing

Paviet-Salomon, Bertrand 12 September 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les procédés de dopage et de recuit laser comme outils permettant la réalisation de cellules photovoltaïques au silicium cristallin. Des émetteurs dopés ou recuits par laser sont tout d’abord réalisés à l’aide de trois lasers et de différentes sources dopantes. Les lasers utilisés sont un laser vert nanoseconde, un laser excimère et un laser ultraviolet à haute cadence. Comme sources dopantes nous avons utilisé le verre de phosphore, des couches de nitrures de silicium dopées au bore ou au phosphore, ou encore des implantations ioniques de bore ou de phosphore. Des dopages très efficaces sont obtenus avec chaque couple laser/source dopante. En particulier, de faibles valeurs de résistances carrées et de densités de courant de saturation sont obtenues. Ces procédés laser sont ensuite appliqués à la réalisation de cellules à émetteur sélectif et à champ arrière au bore. Les cellules à émetteur sélectif dopé par laser (en utilisant le verre de phosphore comme source dopante) atteignent un rendement de 18,3 %, ce qui représente un gain total de 0,6 %abs comparé aux cellules standard à émetteur homogène. Les cellules à champ arrière au bore recuit par laser (à partir d’une implantation ionique de bore) montrent quant à elles un gain de 0,3 %abs par rapport aux cellules à champ arrière à l’aluminium, offrant ainsi un rendement de 16,7 %. / This study aims at investigating laser doping and laser annealing for crystalline silicon solar cells processing. Laser-processed emitters are firstly realized using three lasers and different dopants sources. The lasers are a nanosecond green laser, an excimer laser and a high-frequency ultraviolet laser. As dopants sources we used either phosphosilicate glass, phosphorus and boron-doped silicon nitrides, or phosphorus and boron ion implantation. Efficient phosphorus and boron doping are obtained using any of these laser/sources couple. In particular, low sheet resistances and low emitter saturation current densities are obtained. These laser processes are then applied to selective emitter and boron back-surface-field solar cells. Laser-doped selective emitter solar cells (using phosphosilicate glass as a dopants source) reach 18.3 % efficiency. This represents an overall gain of 0.6 %abs when compared to standard homogeneous emitter. On the other hand, laserannealed boron back-surface-field solar cells (using implanted boron as a dopants source) feature an overall gain of 0.3 %abs when compared to standard aluminium back-surface-field solar cells, thus yielding an efficiency of 16.7 %.
2

Étude, réalisation et caractérisation de dopages par implantation ionique pour une application aux cellules solaires en silicium / Study, realization and Characterization of ion implantation doping for silicon solar cells application

Lanterne, Adeline 04 November 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier le dopage par implantation ionique pour la réalisation des différentes zones dopées des cellules solaires en silicium cristallin (émetteur, champ arrière...). L'avantage de l'implantation ionique, par rapport à la diffusion gazeuse, est de pouvoir contrôler le profil des dopants implantés ainsi que de simplifier les procédés de fabrication des cellules. Deux techniques d'implantation ionique ont été utilisées dans ces travaux, l'implantation classique par faisceau d'ions et l'implantation par immersion plasma. Des dopages au phosphore, au bore et à l'arsenic ont été réalisés par cette technique d'implantation avec une activation par recuit thermique. L'importance de la température de recuit, des doses d'implantation et des couches de passivation sur la qualité électrique des jonctions formées a été mise en évidence. Des jonctions à faible courant de saturation ont pu être obtenues pour les différentes sources dopantes. Ces dopages par implantation ont ensuite été appliqués à la réalisation de cellules solaires en silicium sur substrat de type p (avec un émetteur dopé au phosphore) et sur substrat de type n (avec un émetteur dopé au bore et un champ arrière dopé au phosphore). L'utilisation de l'implantation ionique a permis d'atteindre un rendement de 19,1 % sur les cellules de type p soit un gain de 0,6 %abs par rapport au dopage par diffusion gazeuse, ainsi qu'un rendement de 20,2 % sur les cellules de type n. / This study aims at investigating the use of ion implantation doping for the realization of emitters and back surface fields of silicon solar cells. The benefits of using ion implantation instead of high temperature gaseous diffusion are the possibility to precisely control the dopant concentration profiles as well as to simplify the solar cells fabrication process. Beam line ion implantation and plasma immersion ion implantation techniques have been used and compared during this work. Phosphorus, boron and arsenic have been implanted and activated by thermal annealing to form the various doping layers. The influences of the annealing temperature, of the implantation doses and of the passivation layers on the junction electrical quality have been studied. Low emitter saturation current densities were reached for each dopant. The implanted doped regions were then integrated in p-type silicon solar cell structure (including a phosphorus doped emitter) and in n-type PERT bifacial solar cell structure (including a boron doped emitter and a phosphorus doped back surface field). With the use of ion implantation, efficiency of 19,1 % was reached for the p-type solar cells corresponding to an overall gain of 0,6 %abs as compared to the gaseous diffusion doping, while 20,2 % of efficiency were measured on the n-type bifacial silicon solar cells.
3

Evaluation of Ballasted Sand Flocculation (BSF) and UV-Disinfection Technologies for Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)

Kappagantula, Srinivas 25 August 2004 (has links)
No description available.
4

Impact of fly specific bacteria on fly larvae composting / Flugspecifika bakteriers inverkan på fluglarvskompostering

Lundgren, Kristina January 2019 (has links)
About one third of all edible food is wasted globally each year. This calls for improvements in resource and waste management. An interesting solution for organic waste is fly larvae composting, which both produces protein in the form of larvae and a nutrient rich residue. The larvae can be used as animal feed while the residue can be applied as an organic fertilizer, thus recycling the nutrients. Fly larvae composting with the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is relatively new, but there is extensive research on how the treatment is affected by different parameters, e.g. temperature, moisture and type of organic waste that is treated. The role of bacteria has only been the topic of a few studies in recent years but has shown promising positive effects on larval growth. This study investigated the impact of bacteria isolated from BSF eggs on fly larvae composting of food waste by BSF larvae. The study was done in two experimental phases. In phase I, groups of three bacteria were added to each treatment together with the larvae and only single treatments were executed; in phase II triplicates of promising groups of three, two or single bacteria were evaluated. The results of phase I suggested that selected groupings of bacteria could either decrease or increase the bioconversion ratio and in general decrease the reduction ratio of the food waste, while the survival ratio did not seem to be impacted. However, in phase II no significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments with bacteria and the control were found for any evaluated variables. Interestingly, the variation in resulting bioconversion ratio and reduction ratio (on a VS basis) was found to be reduced when one or more bacteria were present. The coefficient of variation in bioconversion ratio was 9.5% for the control compared to between 2.5% and 6.1% for treatments with bacteria. For the reduction ratio the variation was reduced from 5.6% and to between 0.9% and 4.6% for the bacteria treatments. Hence, seeding with bacteria may improve stability of the process, which is especially interesting when scaling up the process. / Globalt slängs ungefär en tredjedel av all ätbar mat. Därmed finns ett stort behov av säker och hållbar avfallshantering. En intressant lösning för organiskt avfall är fluglarvskompostering, som både producerar protein i form av larver och en näringsrik behandlingsrest. Larverna kan exempelvis användas som djurfoder medan behandlings-resten kan användas som gödselmedel, vilket innebär att näring kan återvinnas. Fluglarvskompostering med amerikansk vapenfluga (BSF), Hermetia illucens, är en relativt ny teknik men det finns redan omfattande forskning på hur olika processparametrar, t.ex. temperatur och vattenhalt, påverkar processen. Bakteriers roll har studerats endast i ett fåtal studier men de indikerar att tillsats av bakterier kan ha en positiv inverkan på larvernas tillväxt. Den här studien har därför undersökt hur tillsats av bakterier isolerade från BSF ägg påverkar fluglarvskompostering av matavfall med BSF larver. Studien gjordes i två experimentella delar. I fas I undersöktes effekten av tillsats av bakteriegrupper om tre bakterier till matavfallet samtidigt med larverna; i fas II utfördes triplikat av lovande bakteriegrupper med tre, två eller enstaka bakterier. Resultaten från fas I indikerade att olika bakteriegrupper antingen kunde höja eller sänka bioomvandlingskvoten och generellt gav en minskning i materialreduktions-kvoten medan överlevnadsgraden inte verkade påverkas i samma utsträckning. I fas II observerades däremot ingen signifikant skillnad (p<0,05) mellan någon av bakteriebehandlingarna och kontrollen för samtliga processvariabler. Variationen i resulterande bioomvandlingskvot och materialreduktionskvot (på VS basis) var dock lägre för bakteriebehandlingarna jämfört med kontrollen. Variationen i bioomvandlings-kvot var 9,5% för kontrollen jämfört med 2,5-6,1% för bakteriebehandlingarna. För materialreduktionskvoten minskade variationen från 5,6% till mellan 0,9% och 4,6%. Detta tyder på att tillsats av bakterier kan förbättra stabiliteten hos fluglarvskompostering, vilket är särskilt intressant vid uppskalning av processen.
5

Sourcing av deadstockmaterial : Utmaningar och möjligheter för Born Sustainable Firms inom modeindustrin / Sourcing of deadstock materials : Challenges and opportunities for Born Sustainable Firms in the fashion industry

Süllmann, Susanna, Voxhed, Moa, Karlsson, Maria January 2023 (has links)
Modeindustrin genererar enorma mängder textilavfall varje år. Detta har resulterat i ett behov av en mer hållbar syn på modeindustrin, med fokus på att bekämpa de negativa effekterna samtidigt som ekonomisk tillväxt upprätthålls. Övergången till en cirkulär ekonomi samt implementeringen av hållbara processer och material är nödvändiga steg att ta framåt. Att integrera deadstockmaterial i ett företags sourcingstrategi kan vara ett sätt att minska avfallsmängden och miljöpåverkan, samtidigt som ekonomiska fördelar uppnås. Vi har identifierat att Born Sustainable Firms (BSF) kan använda olika sourcingprocesser för att säkerställa tillgången till deadstockmaterial, såsom hands-on-sourcing, sourcing via tredjepart och sourcing direkt från leverantörer. Utmaningarna inom deadstocksourcing inkluderar spårbarheten av materialen och bristen på etablerade system för att tillgängliggöra deadstockmaterial. Möjligheter inkluderar framtida lagstiftning och regleringar, vilka förväntas främja utvecklingen av nya processer och strategier för att minska avfallsmängden samt uppmuntra användningen av deadstockmaterial. En industriell symbiosplattform kan vara en möjlig lösning för att underlätta tillgången till och användningen av deadstockmaterial inom modeindustrin, vilket kan bidra till hållbar utveckling inom branschen. / The fashion industry generates enormous amounts of textile waste every year, which has led to a need for a sustainable approach that combats the negative impact while maintaining economic growth. Transitioning to a circular economy and implementing sustainable processes and materials are necessary steps to move forward. Integrating deadstock materials into a company's sourcing strategy can be a way to reduce waste and environmental impact while achieving economic benefits. We have identified that Born Sustainable Firms (BSF) can employ various sourcing processes to ensure access to deadstock materials, such as hands-on-sourcing, third-party sourcing, and supplier sourcing. Challenges in deadstock sourcing include traceability of materials and the lack of established systems for accessing deadstock materials. Opportunities include future legislation and regulations, which are expected to promote the development of new processes and strategies to reduce waste and encourage the use of deadstock materials. An industrial symbiosis platform may be a potential solution to facilitate access to and utilization of deadstock materials in the fashion industry, contributing to a more sustainable development within the sector.
6

Can secondary school architecture build community, encourage working successfully and enhance well-being? : student and staff evaluations

Sheehan, Daniel January 2015 (has links)
In Britain, the ‘Building Schools for the Future’ (BSF) programme numbered among its aims: ‘the building of sustainable communities in which students and teachers alike [could] thrive’ (DfES, 2003, p.88). Modern, purpose-built and ecologically efficient architecture was regarded as central to this. What is less clear is how particular architectural features could contribute to the positive effects hypothesized in BSF literature. Vischer (2008) has identified three areas in which environmental psychology research explores the effects of workspaces and workplace design on individuals: Territoriality and Belonging (how much users feel a part of the organisation, as a result of using the space); Productivity (how the space affects the performance of the individual, the team and the organisation) and Satisfaction (how users feel about the physical and aesthetic aspects of a space). However, the experiences of children working in schools may be very different to that of adults working in offices; and the role of the architecture in these different contexts may also vary between them. In addition, there remains an opportunity to explore these issues in secondary school settings as BSF was initially set-up in response to concerns about secondary school architecture. This research re-conceptualized Vischer’s three areas as Community (Territoriality…), Working Successfully (Productivity) and Well-being (Satisfaction), to explore experiences of architecture in a school context. This study over two phases operated from a Realist perspective (Blaikie, 1993) and used an Exploratory Evaluation Research methodology (Clarke, 2005) to explore the responses of students and staff to the architecture in 8 secondary schools: Schools A-D in the South-West of England (total sample n=105 students; n=26 staff) and Schools E-H in London (total sample n=83 students; n=2 staff). Schools A, E, F and H are BSF schools; B, C, D and G are non-BSF (mixed architectural styles). Phase 1 used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to explore student and staff responses to the architecture in their schools; and how this architecture affects their sense of Community, Working Successfully and WellBeing. Phase 2 used a classroom-based computer-aided design (CAD) activity to explore whether participants could offer architectural design solutions for classrooms and schools, according to their needs. Thematic analysis revealed common definitions of Community, Working Successfully and Well-Being across all schools; design choices which aimed to maximize natural light; beliefs that SEN status is central to school functioning well as a community; and beliefs about the role of curved architecture in improving acoustical quality. Implications for EP practice are considered and future research directions proposed.
7

INFLUENCIA DE LA COMPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA DE LOS SUBSTRATOS DE SILICIO MONOCRISTALINO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO ELÉCTRICO DE LAS CÉLULAS FOTOVOLTAICAS CRISTALINAS DE ALTA EFICIENCIA

Cascant López, Miguel 08 April 2016 (has links)
[EN] Crystalline silicon solar cell performance and durability is highly influenced by substrate structure and composition. In this sense, the presence of impurities and lattice imperfections degrades the electrical behavior of the substrates limiting the power conversion efficiency potential of photovoltaic devices. The influence of material electrical behavior on device performance, is further increased in next generation silicon solar cells demanding high quality substrates to reach high efficiency. A industrial-like Czochralski (Cz) p-type, ingot was grown and sawed in wafers with resistivity ranging from 0.7 Ohm.cm to 2.1 Ohm.cm and thicknesses of 200 µm. The characterization of the radial and longitudinal distribution of resistivity as well as carbon, oxygen and iron content lead to a broad characterization ot the impurity distribution at the ingot level. The low carbon content ([C]<5E15 cm-3) contrasts with remarkable high interstitial oxygen (Oi). On the other hand, while effective carrier lifetime is not significativelly affected by the high Oi content, low Fei concentrations in the ingot tail ([Fei]>1E11 cm-3) and surface ([Fei]>1E12 cm-3) led to significant lifetime degradation. In addition, lifetime mapping of the tail of the ingot showed high density of crystal dislocations. The influence of the boron and phosphorus diffusion on the electrical performance of silicon substrates was studied. Phosphorus diffusion from a POCl3 source showed a beneficial effect on lifetime that was associated with the reduction of Fei content (external gettering effect). On the other hand, boron diffusion from a BCl3 source revealed a detrimental effect that could be related to a substantial increase of [Fei] in the range of one order of magnitude. A process sequence including consecutive boron and phosphorus diffusions showed a substantial degradation of lifetime at the ingot top that could be explained by Oi precipitation rings. The influence of the crystal defects, found at the ingot tail, on lifetime degradation after the diffusion processes was also confirmed. Al-BSF cells were manufactured from a batch of wafers extracted along the ingot with efficiencies ranging between 17.8% and 18.2% and showing low dependence of solar cell performance on the solidified fraction of the ingot. Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) and minority carrier diffusion length (Ld) mappings further confirmed the external gettering effect developed by the phosphorus diffusion. In a further stage, Passivated Emiteer Rear Totally-diffused (PERT) cells were manufactured with efficiencies in the range of 18.8% and 19.6%. As opposed to Al-BSF cells, electrical parameters of PERT cells were influenced by solidified fraction with a reduction of cell performance near the top and tail of the ingot. In a later stage, an additional batch of solar cells of three different architectures, including Al-BSF, PERT and Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (PERC), was successfully manufactured from the same region of a Cz boron-doped ingot. Real time monitoring of the Voc enabled the study of the influence of the cell architecture on the Light Induced Degradation (LID) and Regeneration (LIR) kinetics and amplitudes. Strong correlation between the cell architectures and the degradation amplitude were observed with higher efficiency losses for PERC cells mainly due to a higher sensibility to bulk carrier lifetime degradation. In addition, the potential of LIR processes to permanently suppress the LID effects on the studied solar cell architectures was confirmed. Main causes driving the influence of the architecture in LID amplitude and LIR kinetics were further investigated. / [ES] Las características de los substratos sobre los que son fabricadas las células fotovoltaicas cristalinas constituyen un elemento fundamental en su comportamiento y durabilidad. En este sentido, la presencia de impurezas e imperfecciones en la red cristalina reduce el comportamiento eléctrico de los substratos limitando el potencial de generación eléctrica de las células. Esta limitación se acrecienta en las células de nueva generación, en las que su potencial para aumentar la eficiencia de conversión fotovoltaica solo puede hacerse efectivo al utilizar substratos con altas prestaciones eléctricas. En la presente investigación se ha procedido a la cristalización mediante la técnica Czochralski (Cz) de un lingote monocristalino, tipo p con resistividad en el rango de 0.7-2.1 Ohm.cm y tamaño industrial. Su posterior corte en obleas de 200 µm de espesor nominal ha permitido disponer de obleas distribuidas a lo largo del lingote en una fracción solidificada entre el 2.0% y el 99.4%. La caracterización del lingote ha incluido la medida de la resistividad así como la reconstrucción longitudinal y radial de su concentración en carbono, oxígeno y hierro. El reducido contenido en carbono obtenido ([C]<5E15 cm-3) contrasta con una elevada concentración en oxígeno intersticial (Oi) sin efectos apreciables en las propiedades eléctricas del lingote. Contrariamente, la reducción del tiempo de vida efectivo en la periferia y cola del lingote, es atribuido al aumento de la concentración en hierro intersticial [Fei] en dichas regiones. El estudio de la influencia de las difusiones en la evolución de las propiedades eléctricas del material incluyó difusiones de boro y fósforo mediante BCl3 y POCl3. El estudio ha constatado el efecto benéfico de la difusión de fósforo en la periferia del lingote asociado a la reducción del contenido en Fei. Por el contrario, se ha constatado el efecto perjudicial de la difusión de boro explicado en buena medida por un aumento superior a un orden de magnitud en [Fei]. La aplicación sucesiva de difusiones de boro y fósforo ha revelado una degradación apreciable en la cabeza del lingote tras la aparición de patrones circulares en la medida del tiempo de vida característicos de la precipitación de Oi. Se ha podido constatar la influencia de la elevada densidad de dislocaciones, observada en la cola del lingote, en la respuesta del substrato ante las difusiones. La fabricación de células de tecnología Al-BSF, con eficiencias comprendidas entre 17.8% y 18.2%, ha evidenciado una reducida influencia de las variaciones de las propiedades eléctricas del substrato en el comportamiento de las células finales. A su vez, la cartografía de la eficiencia quántica interna (IQE) y de la longitud de difusión (Ld) ha confirmado el efecto benéfico de la difusión de boro en la periferia y cola del lingote. La fabricación de células Passivated Emiteer Rear Totally-difused (PERT), ha permitido la obtención de dispositivos con eficiencias entre 18.8% y 19.6%. Las eficiencias muestran valores máximos en el centro del lingote y una reducción apreciable en la cabeza y cola.En una última etapa, se ha procedido a la fabricación de arquitecturas de células fotovoltaicas Al-BSF, PERT y Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (PERC), con el objetivo de estudiar los procesos de degradación y regeneración asociados a la formación de pares boro-oxígeno (B-O). El estudio de la evolución de Voc con el tiempo ha constatado una dependencia de la amplitud de degradación y cinética de regeneración con la arquitectura de célula. En este sentido se ha observado una degradación significativamente superior en las células PERC principalmente atribuible a una mayor sensibilidad a degradaciones de la calidad del substrato. A su vez se ha confirmado el potencial de los procesos de regeneración inducidos por la luz para suprimir de manera permanente los efectos de la degradación inducida por la for / [CAT] Les característiques dels substrats sobre els quals són fabricades les cèl·lules fotovoltaiques cristal·lines constitueixen un element fonamental en el seu comportament i durabilitat. En aquest sentit, la presència d'impureses i imperfeccions en la xarxa cristal·lina redueix el comportament elèctric dels substrats limitant el potencial de generació elèctrica de les cèl·lules. Aquesta limitació es veu augmentada en les cèl·lules de nova generació, en què el seu potencial per augmentar l'eficiència de conversió fotovoltaica només pot fer-se efectiu mitjançant la utilització de substrats amb altes prestacions elèctriques. En la present investigació s'ha procedit a la cristal·lització mitjançant la tècnica Czochralski (Cz) d'un lingot monocristal·lí, tipus p amb resistivitat en l'interval de 0.7-2.1 Ohm.cm i mida industrial. El seu posterior tall en oblees de 200 micres de gruix nominal ha permès disposar d'oblees distribuïdes al llarg del lingot en una fracció solidificada entre el 2.0% i el 99.4%. La caracterització exhaustiva del lingot ha inclòs la mesura de la resistivitat així com la reconstrucció longitudinal i radial de la concentració en carboni, oxigen i ferro. El reduït contingut en carboni obtingut ([C]<5E15 cm-3) contrasta amb una elevada concentració d'oxigen intersticial (Oi) sense efectes apreciables en les propietats elèctriques del lingot. Contràriament, la reducció del temps de vida efectiu dels portadors de càrrega a la perifèria i cua del lingot, és atribuïda a l'augment de la concentració en ferro intersticial [Fei] en aquestes regions. L'estudi de la influència de les difusions en l'evolució de les propietats elèctriques del material va incloure difusions de bor i fòsfor mitjançant BCl3 i POCl3. L'estudi ha constatat l'efecte benèfic de la difusió de fòsfor en la perifèria del lingot associat a la reducció del contingut en Fei. Per contra, s'ha constatat l'efecte perjudicial de la difusió de bor explicat en bona mesura per un augment superior a un ordre de magnitud en [Fei]. L'aplicació successiva de difusions de bor i fòsfor ha revelat una degradació apreciable en el cap del lingot després de l'aparició de patrons circulars en la mesura del temps de vida efectiu característics de la precipitació d'Oi. Igualment s'ha pogut constatar la influència d'una elevada densitat de dislocacions, observada a la cua del lingot, en la resposta del substrat davant les difusions. La fabricació de cèl·lules de tecnologia A-BSF, amb eficiències compreses entre 17.8% i 18.2%, va permetre evidenciar una reduïda influència de les variacions de les propietats elèctriques del substrat en el comportament de les cèl·lules finals. Al mateix temps, la cartografia de l'eficiència quàntica interna (IQE) i de la longitud de difusió (Ld) ha confirmat l'efecte benèfic de la difusió de bor en la perifèria i cua del lingot. La fabricació de cèl·lules Passivated Emiteer Rear Totally-difused (PERT), ha permès l'obtenció de dispositius amb eficiències entre 18.8% i 19.6%. Les eficiències mostren valors màxims al centre del lingot i una reducció apreciable en el cap i cua. En una última etapa, s'ha procedit a la fabricació d'arquitectures de cèl·lules fotovoltaiques Al-BSF, PERT i Passivated Emitter Rear Contact(PERC), amb l'objectiu d'estudiar els processos de degradació i regeneració associats a la formació de parells bor-oxigen (B-O). L'estudi de l'evolució de Voc amb el temps s'ha constatat una dependència de l'amplitud de degradació i cinètica de regeneració amb l'arquitectura de cèl·lula. En aquest sentit es va observar una degradació significativament superior en les cèl·lules PERC principalment atribuïble a una major sensibilitat a degradacions de la qualitat del substrat. Al mateix temps es va confirmar el potencial dels processos de regeneració induïts per la llum, per suprimir de manera permanent els efectes de la degradaci / Cascant López, M. (2016). INFLUENCIA DE LA COMPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA DE LOS SUBSTRATOS DE SILICIO MONOCRISTALINO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO ELÉCTRICO DE LAS CÉLULAS FOTOVOLTAICAS CRISTALINAS DE ALTA EFICIENCIA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62356 / TESIS
8

BSF-colony management efficiency at a large scale fly larvae composting company in Kenya – A field study / Utvärdering av flugkolonieffektiviteten på ett storskaligt fluglarvskomposteringsföretag i Kenya – En fältstudie

Anderberg, Hilda January 2023 (has links)
The majority of organic waste globally is either dumped or placed on landfills, which can result in spreading of disease and pests, methane gas emissions, the deterioration of landscapes and odour pollution. One of the solutions to poor organic waste management is to create value from waste. A way to do this is with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) composting. The interest for BSFL composting has increased the past 10 years mainly because it is a technology with relatively low investment costs. The part of the process where the seed larvae that are used in the treatment are produced is called BSF-colony. Producing seed larvae in an efficient way is an important part of the technology’s feasibility. However, there is limited research published on BSF-colony management, especially on a larger scale. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors that impact the efficiency of the BSF-colony on a large scale BSFL composting company in Kenya in a semi-open setting. The efficiency of the BSF-colony management was assessed in terms of emergence rate (percentage of pupa that emerge as flies), hatching rate (percentage of eggs that hatch and survive to 5 day old larva) and number of eggs laid per female BSF. The result of the study suggests that parasitic wasps (Dirhinus giffardii) can reduce the emergence rate significantly, and high temperatures and water shortage for the adult BSF can reduce the egg production. Observations made during the study indicate that personnel routines and how the BSF-colony is arranged also could affect the egg production significantly. The overall variation in the results suggests that other factors, beyond the ones investigated in the study, impact the efficiency of the BSF-colony, and further research regarding BSF-colony management is recommended / Merparten av det organiska avfallet i världen dumpas eller läggs på deponier, vilket kan leda till spridning av sjukdomar och skadedjur, utsläpp av metangas, förstörelse av landskap och luktföroreningar. En av lösningarna på bristfällig hantering av organiskt avfall är att skapa värde av avfallet. Ett sätt att göra det är med hjälp av fluglarvskompostering med amerikansk soldatfluga (Hermetia illucens). Intresset för fluglarvskompostering har ökat under de senaste tio åren, främst på grund av att det är en teknik som inte behöver innebära höga investeringskostnader. Flugkolonin är den del av processen där sättlarverna som användes i komposteringen produceras. Att sättlarver produceras på ett effektivt sätt är en viktig del av teknikens genomförbarhet. Det finns dock begränsad forskning publicerad om effektivisering av flugkolonier, speciellt sådan som berör storskaliga kolonier. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar flugkolonins effektivitet på ett storskaligt fluglarvskomposteringsföretag i Kenya i en halvöppen miljö. Flugkolonins effektivitet bedömdes i termer av metamorfosfrekvens (den andel av pupporna som blir flugor), antalet lagda ägg per fluga och kläckningsfrekvens (den andel ägg som kläcks och överlever till 5-7 dagar gamla larver). Resultatet av studien tyder på att parasitsteklar kan minska metamorfosfrekvensen avsevärt, och att höga temperaturer samt vattenbrist kan minska äggproduktionen. De observationer som gjordes under studien tyder på att personalens rutiner och hur flugkolonin är anordnad också kan påverka äggproduktionen avsevärt. Den relativt stora variationen i alla resultat tyder på att andra faktorer än de som undersökts i studien påverkar flugkolonins effektivitet, fortsatta studier inom effektivisering av flugkolonier rekommenderas
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Effects of Physical Disturbances on BioSand Filters Used for Point-of-Use Water Treatment

Mahaffy, Naomi C. 04 1900 (has links)
<p>Over 750 million people, 80% of whom live in rural communities, lack access to improved water sources. Even where an improved water source is easily accessible, recontamination and/or inadequate infrastructure may make it unsafe for human consumption. A lack of safe water leads to elevated rates of waterborne diseases and can exacerbate cycles of poverty by forcing individuals to miss school and work and to travel greater distances to secure better-quality water. Households in rural and remote communities may thus choose to use point-of-use treatment as a means of gaining greater control over their water quality and the health of their families. The BioSand Filter (BSF) is one such technology: it is an intermittently-operated household-scale slow sand filter currently used in over 70 nations around the world.</p> <p>This thesis situates point-of-use water treatment, and specifically the BSF, within the context of the relationship between water and health and the continuum of technologies used for water treatment. From this foundation, it presents the methodology and results of a study carried out to inform best-practices around BSF use by: (a) examining the effects on BSF media and filtration performance of physical disturbances that may commonly occur in the field; and (b) assessing whether the biological community within BSFs promotes nitrification that could produce elevated nitrate/nitrite levels.</p> <p>Results demonstrated that disturbing the filters through moving and side impacts caused marked sand compaction and decreased flow rates for plastic (Hydraid) BSFs. Although these decreased flow rates may contribute to user frustration and disuse, they were not associated with reduced filtration performance. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were well below WHO guidelines for all samples, but changes in nitrogen speciation suggested that nitrification was mediated by the biological community within the filters. Recommendations for practitioners and for future research are discussed in light of these findings.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)
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T cell dependent B lymphocyte activation, growth and maturation : the role of lymphokines

Pettersson, Sven January 1984 (has links)
The present work concerns the regulation of B cell activation, growth and terminal differentiation of helper T cells. T cell dependent (TD) B cell activation requires physical cell to cell contact between competent helper T cells (TH) and B cells and the recognition of MHC Class II antigens. The involvement of immunoglobulin receptors in TD B cell induction and maturation of B cells to plasma cells, however, are still unclear. Long term helper T cell lines and clones were raised against naturally expressed minor transplantation antigens. Using such antigen specific TH lines and clones, the mechanisms controlling growth and maturation of B cells to plasma cells were studied. Specific TH cells against both H-Y and C3H/Tif "minor" antigens were able to polyclonally induce small, resting B lymphocytes to proliteration and high rate antibody secretion. This observation definitively excludes an obligatory role of membrane immunoglobulin molecules in TD B cell triggering. In contrast to other similarly derived TH clones, a variant clone, was isolated which was fully competent to activate B cells to proliferation but did not induce PFC in T cell depleted "target" spleen cells. This defect could, however, be fully reconstituted by cell culture supernatants derived from competent TH clones (but not from the variant clone). These results indicated the presence of two distinct factors in such supernatants, controlling either growth or maturation in TD B cell responses, and lead to further efforts in their characterization. A B cell growth factor (BSF-pI) derived from such supernatants, with a Mr of 15-20 kD, displayed no mitogenicity on small, resting B lymphocytes and failed to induce PFC in prol iterating B cells. On the other hand, two distinct species of B cell maturation factors (BMA) were separated from the supernatants with Mr of 60 kD and 30 kD, respectively. These factors induced PFC of several antibody isotypes in assays were only maturation activity was limiting, but only the 60 kD species induced Ig-secretion, in pure populations of lymphoma cells (WEHI-279.1). Finally, neonatal B cells were shown to be inducible to growth but not to immunoglobulin secretion by competent TH cells, in the absence of suppressive effects in the neonatal spleen cell population. These results suggest that "early" B lymphocytes are intrinsically defective in the reception or processing of maturation signals. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1984, härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

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