This study focuses on the burial practices in the Bronze Age Xiaohe-Gumugou cemeteries, north-west China, in order to understand how people constructed their social identities and delivered the social cognitions through generations. The Xiaohe-Gumugou cemeteries, as the main sites of the Xiaohe cultural horizon, have central roles for the understanding of the formation of the Bronze Age cultural groups and the cultural interactions between the west and the east in the Tarim Basin. However, current research is lacking in-depth examinations of the material culture of the cemeteries, and the contexts of the surrounding archaeological cultures in a timespan from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Through detailed comparisons of the construction of coffins and monuments, the dress of the dead, and the burial goods assemblages, this study provides an overview of the social structural development, from the Gumugou group’s heterogenous condition to the Xiaohe group’s homogeneous and mature state. Also, through relating to the results of biological and osteological analyses, and applying geographical analyses to the material, this study suggests that the early settlers in the Tarim Basin, the Xiaohe-Gumugou people have created their own social identities. Although the Xiaohe-Gumugou people might have migrated from southern Siberia or Central Asia, the archaeological material shows indications of their own typical features. When newcomers joined the society, the local burial customs were accepted and applied in a new cultural setting. / Denna studie fokuserar på gravskick på gravfälten Xiaohe och Gumugou i nordvästra Kina, för att förstå hur människor konstruerade social identitet och överförde kulturella föreställningar mellan generationer. Xiaohe-Gumugou-gravfälten, som de viktigaste platserna i Xiaohe-kulturhorisonten, är centrala för förståelsen av bildandet av bronsålderns kulturgrupper och de kulturella växelverkningarna mellan väst och öst i Tarimbäckenet. Tidigare forskning saknar fördjupade undersökningar av gravfältens materiella kultur samt den historiska kontexten med de omgivande arkeologiska kulturerna under tidsperioden från bronsålder till järnålder. Genom detaljerade jämförelser av konstruktionen av kistor och monument samt de dödas klädsel och gravgåvor, ger denna studie en översikt över utvecklingen av sociala strukturer, från Gumugou-gruppens heterogena situation till Xiaohe-gruppens homogena och mogna tillstånd. Genom att relatera till resultaten från biologiska och osteologiska analyser och tillämpa geografiska analyser på materialet, tyder den här studien på att de tidiga bosättarna i Tarimbäckenet, Xiaohe-Gumugou-folket, har utvecklat egna sociala identiteter. Trots att Xiaohe-Gumugou-folket kan ha migrerat från södra Sibirien eller Centralasien visar det arkeologiska materialet indikationer på egna typiska egenskaper. När nykomlingar anslöt till samhället accepterades de lokala begravningssederna och tillämpades i ett nytt kulturellt sammanhang.

Les nécropoles constituent un élément essentiel dans l'étude des caractères définitoires du peuplement et des rituels de la mort dans les sociétés d'entre la fin du Bas-Empire et le début de l'époque mérovingienne (Ve-VIe siècles). Dans le nord de la France, l'archéologie d'époque mérovingienne s'est développée rythmée par les découvertes effectuées depuis le XIXe siècle, au même temps que les sociétés savantes, les musées et congrès scientifiques faisaient leur apparition. À travers l'étude des nécropoles ont peut tracer des lignes essentielles dans l'analyse du peuplement urbain et rural pendant l'Antiquité tardive dans le nord-est de la Gaule, toujours dans un cadre géopolitique pertinent sur la base des démarcations administratives anciennes. Leur étude permet aussi d'observer des changements éventuels opérés dans la dynamique des relations entre les vivants et les morts à partir de la topographie funéraire et son évolution. Ces rapports trouvent leur expression maximale dans les rituels funéraires, considérés comme l'ensemble des pratiques destinées à exprimer les croyances d'un groupe culturel déterminé. D'autre part, le phénomène de l'inhumation habillée et sa conséquence immédiate qui représente la présence du mobilier dans les sépultures, permet d'aborder les rapports socioéconomiques des communautés à travers l'expression matérielle d'un ensemble de phénomènes tels la compétitivité, la solidarité ou l'assimilation culturelle. Un des aspects fondamentaux, issu de l'analyse du mobilier funéraire, regarde la caractérisation des éléments de parure d'influence exogène, une question qui renvoie au concept d'ethnicité à l'époque des Grandes Migrations et les possibilités de l'archéologie à l'heure de déterminer l'identité culturelle des inhumés. / Cemeteries are an essential element in the study of the defining characters of the settlement and death rituals in societies within the end of the Lower Empire and the beginning of the Merovingian period (fifth-sixth centuries). In northern France, Merovingian archaeology developed punctuated by discoveries made since the nineteenth century, at the same time as the learned societies, museums and scientific conferences were appearing. Through the study of cemeteries may have drawn the main lines in the analysis of urban and rural settlement during late antiquity in northeastern Gaul, always in a relevant geopolitical framework based on the old administrative boundaries. Their study also observes any changes of the dynamics of relationships between the living and the dead from the funeral topography and its evolution. These reports find their maximum expression in funeral rituals, considered all as practices to express the beliefs of a particular cultural group of people. On the other hand, the phenomenon of burial dressed and its immediate consequence is that the presence of the furniture in burials, can address the socio-economic relations of communities through the expression of a set of physical phenomena such competitiveness, solidarity and cultural assimilation. A fundamental aspect from the analysis of the grave goods, looks characterization ornamental elements with exogenous influence, a question that refers to the concept of ethnicity in the Migration Period and the possibilities of archaeology to determine the cultural identity of buried people.

L’objet de cette étude est de définir et de préciser les caractéristiques des déplacements de sites dans l’archipel des Cyclades, entre le XIIe siècle et le VIIIe siècle av. n. è. Les quelques études existantes, parfois contradictoires, émettent l’hypothèse que les déplacements se déroulent en trois étapes : un site est abandonné, la communauté se déplace et choisit un nouveau site non loin du premier pour établir un habitat, des lieux de sépulture et des lieux de culte. La validité de ce schéma doit être vérifiée. L’étude établit tout d’abord un bilan du peuplement pour chacune des trente-deux îles retenues. Les sites abandonnés et les sites nouvellement occupés sont répertoriés afin de révéler des discontinuités d’occupation. Des déplacements de sites sont proposés, à titre d’hypothèse. Il est tenu compte du fait que les interprétations sont fondées sur des données matérielles. Les conclusions se révèlent fragiles mais sont fréquemment semblables d’une île à l’autre : les déplacements de sites sont une forme de mobilité spatiale attestée mais dont la mise en œuvre et les facteurs se révèlent plus complexes qu’il ne l’avait été suggéré. Leurs caractéristiques varient aussi en fonction de la période considérée : il faut sans doute envisager une circulation accrue des communautés entre de multiples sites au cours de l’HR IIIC, et non un abandon généralisé des Cyclades ; à partir de la fin du Xe siècle et au cours du Géométrique, les déplacements de sites sont de plus en plus partiels et rares. Cette étude tente de modéliser une forme de mobilité spatiale, ce qui permet de mieux appréhender l’organisation sociale des communautés, objet d’étude central pour cette période. / This doctoral thesis aims at defining and establishing the main characteristics of site relocations, which took place in the Cyclades from the 12th to the 8th centuries BCE. According to scholars who have addressed this form of human mobility and drawn contrasting conclusions, site relocation is a three-stage process: a settlement along with its burial sites and cult places are abandoned, its community moves away and resettles a short distance away, on the very same island. This pattern is placed under scrutiny. First, data is collected in order to describe the islands’ settlement patterns over the period. Abandoned sites and newly occupied sites are recorded; settlement discontinuities are highlighted. Some hypothetical instances of site relocations are suggested. Conclusions are all the more tenuous as they derive from the analysis of artefacts. However, the thirty-two islands that have been investigated seem to follow about the same patterns: site relocation is indeed a relevant notion. Yet, this type of human spatial mobility appears to be far more complex than originally believed, notably in terms of planning and factors. The time span is divided into the LH IIIC, Protogeometric and Geometric periods and site relocation’s definition varies accordingly. Communities probably moved from site to site in the LH IIIC period: the Cyclades were not altogether abandoned. From the 10th century onwards, including the Geometric period, site relocations grew rare or were not completed. This dissertation tentatively models a category of human mobility while trying to offer some insight into the social organisation of communities, which remains a focus of scholarly attention.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErikaASilva.pdf: 3405619 bytes, checksum: d3f09e9868a79b5a848184dd730074d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation titled O cotidiano da morte e a secularização dos cemitérios em Belém na secunda metade do século XIX (1850/ 1891) tried to show understanding around death s meaning along with dead and mortuary ceremonies in Belém in the second half of the 19º century. Thus, the composition studies about the changes in the trip of death from the buries inside a church to open-sky cemeteries, plus the secularization of these spaces. Those questions have gained importance in the following pages cause they started a new parallel about the urban space threated by wide-spread diseases and miasmas exhalated from putrescent bodies. Taking that to explain the tensions formed in the core of Belém s society wich made same significant changes in the path of that specifical society before death and deads. The construction of the cemeteries- Nossa senhora da soledade and Santa Izabel - implacate in complex questios like start to bury dead bodies into open-sky cemeteries intead instead of inside churchs, the wish of the Catolic church to have exclusiveness in these new places, the secularization of those cemeteries and buries keeping in mind the unsolved religious, cultural and social conflicts to understanding the attitudes of the whites, indians, colored, catolics, protestants, masons and the way they used to react before the dead and death. So the city was visualized, it s quotidian and the existing and dying of it s inhabitants and seeing closest the representation before death and dead. To be well acquired with the text the central axel inquire the understanding of how different Belém s social divisions in the 80 s deal with circle of life including bury, mortuary ceremonies and the secularization of the cemeteries / Esta dissertação de título O cotidiano da morte e a secularização dos cemitérios em Belém na segunda metade do século XIX (1850 / 1891) , procurou visualizar o caminhar e o permanecer em torno dos significados da morte, dos mortos e dos ritos fúnebres em Belém durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Assim, a dissertação versa sobre as transformações no cotidiano da morte decorrente da mudança dos locais dos enterramentos do interior das Igrejas para os cemitérios a céu aberto, mas também sobre o projeto de secularização destes espaços. Estas questões, aliás, ganham expressividade nas páginas seguintes, pois delas surgiram outros tangenciamentos como os debates acerca da salubridade do espaço urbano ameaçado por epidemias e miasmas emanados dos corpos em decomposição. Foi nesta perspectiva que se buscou interpretar determinadas tensões que se formaram no interior da sociedade belenense e que contribuíram para mudanças significativas no caminhar dessa sociedade frente à morte e aos mortos. A construção dos cemitérios o de Nossa Senhora da Soledade e o de Santa Izabel envolveram questões complexas como o abandono do costume de enterrar nas igrejas e passar a enterrá-los em cemitérios a céu aberto, a exclusividade que a Igreja Católica desejava ter nesses novos espaços, o debate em torno da secularização dos cemitérios e dos enterros civis levantando questões que não ficaram circunscritas às inquietações religiosas, mas estabeleceram conflitos políticos, culturais e sociais, enfim seguir os passos de brancos, índios e negros, Católicos, Protestantes e Maçons e tentar compreender suas atitudes diante da morte e dos mortos. Para isso procurou-se visualizar a cidade, seu cotidiano, o viver e o morrer de seus habitantes, encarar o mais próximo possível as representações frente à morte e aos mortos. Entenda-se então que os eixos centrais da presente dissertação são os que buscam perceber como diferentes segmentos sociais da Belém oitocentista lidaram com o processo de vida e morte, com os enterramentos, os ritos fúnebres, e a secularização dos cemitérios

Les coutumes funéraires dans les provinces romaines reflètent les changements politiques, ethniques, économiques ou religieux survenus au cours du Haut-Empire. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une synthèse des pratiques funéraires au Haut-Empire en Pannonie et en Gaule lyonnaise afin qu'elle puisse servir de base solide pour de futures études et le traitement des documents inédits. A travers un bilan documentaire le plus exhaustif possible des données publiées et une analyse détaillée des informations aujourd'hui disponibles, il s'agit de mettre en évidence les tendances observables à l'échelle de la province mais aussi des particularités régionales. Cette étude, menée sur deux provinces de population autochtone majoritairement celtique, nous permet ainsi de mieux comprendre les tendances générales des pratiques funéraires dans les provinces occidentales, mais également de mettre en valeur des particularités régionales ou communautaires liées à diverses influences externes et des évolutions internes. Elle montre également la nécessité de s'intéresser à des indices parfois jugés secondaires, comme la position du mobilier ou son état, qui sont pourtant des indicateurs forts sinon plus représentatifs de ce qui était considéré par les communautés comme les moments forts des funérailles. / Funeral customs in the Roman provinces reflect political, ethnical, economical or religious changes which occurred during the Early Roman period. Their extensive study therefore allows understanding the influence of these events and the evolutions of communities. The main goal of this work is to propose a synthesis of the funerary practices of the Early Roman period in Pannonia and in Gallia Lugdunensis, so that it can serve as a solid basis for future studies and the treatment of unpublished documents. Through a documentary overview, as exhaustive as possible, of published data and a detailed analysis of the information available nowadays, it is to highlight the trends observable on the scale of the province but also regional particularities. This study, conducted in two provinces of predominantly Celtic indigenous population, helps us to understand the general trends of burial practices in the western provinces during the Early Roman Period, but it highlights also regional and local particularities, related to various external influences and internal developments. It also shows the need to focus on indices sometimes considered as secondary, as the position of the furnishings or their state, which however are more representative of what was seen by the communities as the strong moments of the funeral.

The subject of this thesis deals with instances where members of the community dig the grave for the grieving family. This thesis is limited to Unicoi County. Looking at past and present occurrences of this practice, this project will explain how it came to be and why it is still being exercised. The primary sources for this project include newspaper articles from the Erwin Record, interviews with members of the community. Secondary sources were used to frame the overall context and draw comparisons with the rest of Appalachia. The digging of the grave by the community began as a necessity in the rural areas of Unicoi County. Due to the growing economic prosperity of these areas, and the eventual easy access to roads, the tradition began to waver and was preserved and practiced only by the small, isolated community churches.

Sierra Leone was heavily affected by the West African Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic from 2013 to 2016. Ongoing EVD transmission during the epidemic was connected to several factors including unsafe traditional burial practices. This phenomenological qualitative study addressed Kono members' perceived knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding how burial practices influenced EVD transmission. Rosenstock's health belief model provided the framework for the study. The participants purposefully selected from various religions and professions were interviewed individually and in focus group settings. Similar phrases and comments were identified from the interview responses resulted which resulted in the following 5 main themes: (a) Kono community leaders and public health workers were cognizant of important EVD issues, but there was a knowledge deficit among Konos about EVD and its mode of transmission; (b) although customary burial rituals were temporarily banned from 2014 to 2016, they were practiced among the Konos to promote culture-driven dignity and respect for the dead; (c) many Konos harbored grudges and mistrusted government officials and public health workers; (d) infrastructural deficits were a barrier to health care as private and public sectors lacked training and equipment to mitigate the 2013-2016 EVD outbreak; and (e) participants were willing to adopt safer burial practices if EVD outbreaks were to reemerge. These findings indicated that EVD transmission was connected to unsafe burial practices. Findings may be used to improve community engagement and public health outreach efforts to promote safer burial practices, especially during periods of infectious disease outbreaks.

Cette thèse étudie, dans toute leur complexité et leur variabilité, les pratiques funéraires au sein du territoire de Forum Iulii (commune actuelle de Fréjus), l’une des civitas de la Province de Narbonnaise définie par Auguste à la fin du Ier siècle av. n. è. Il s’inscrit sur une période chronologique longue riche en bouleversements socio-culturels (Ier s.- IVe s. de n.è.), propre à révéler l’évolution de ces pratiques et ainsi d’appréhender la relation qu’entretiennent les individus et/ou les groupes sociaux avec leurs traditions funéraires. Ce cadre spatio-temporel est également choisi pour sa cohérence et sa richesse documentaire. L’étude est basée sur une approche interdisciplinaire,entre archéologie et anthropologie biologique. Les paramètres étudiés, selon cette double perspective, participent conjointement à une lecture individuelle puis globale des sépultures et des ensembles funéraires afin de restituer les pratiques et l’influence des facteurs socio-culturels sur le traitement des morts. Le recours à ces deux disciplines garantit une compréhension optimale des systèmes de représentations sociales propres à une communauté face au décès de l’un de ses membres. L’analyse des restes osseux humains (âge au décès, sexe, état sanitaire), mais également celle des restes matériels (ensemble de dépôts associés, architecture de la sépulture, mode d’implantation traitement du corps, etc.) constituent les outils incontournables de l’archéologie de la mort qui vise alors à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des populations antiques grâce à une approche bioculturelle. / This study aims to understand, in all their complexity and variability, the funerary practices of the territory of Forum Iulii (Fréjus), one of the civitas of the Gallia Narbonnensis, defined by Auguste at the end of the 1st century. BC. It is part of a long chronological period rich in socio-cultural upheavals (1st-4th century AD), wich reveals the evolution of these practices, and thus allow us to apprehend the relationship between individuals and / or social groups with their funerary traditions. This spatio-temporal framework is also chosen for its coherence and documentary richness. The study is based on an archaeothanatology approach, between archeology and biological anthropology. The studied parameters, considered in the both perspective, participate together in an individual, and then global reading of burials and funerary spaces in order to return practices, funerary rites, but also the influence of socio-cultural factors on the treatment of the dead corpses.The use of these two disciplines insures an optimal understanding of the social systems and religious representations specific to a community confronted with the death of one of its members. The human bones analysis (age and sex determination, health status), but also the study of the material (set of deposits, burial architecture, implantation of the tomb, body’s treatment, etc.) are the essential tools for the archeology of death, which aims to contribute to a better knowledge of ancient populations through a biocultural approach.

<p>This thesis is a historical archaeological essay and deals with the Frankish empire and its sway over the European area. The aim of this essay has been to examine if the sway of the Franks reached the Scandinavian area. The Frankish empire was the most influential power in Western Europe from the 6th century until the death of Charlemagne 814 AD, when the kingdom began to disrupt. The essay is divided into three parts. The first part is a background where I describe the Frankish empire in a historical context. The second part contains the archaeological finds. The third part contains a discussion and conclusions.</p>

In the fall of 1999, human skeletal remains and historic artifacts were discovered on private farmland approximately two kilometres south of the Town of Battleford, Saskatchewan. Document searches and a ground-penetrating radar survey of the property resulted in the discovery that the land was once used as a cemetery for the Catholic Church of St. Vital during the years of 1879 to 1885. Numerous interest groups were brought together in the process of handling this sensitive situation, including the landowners, the Heritage Resource Branch of the Department of Saskatchewan Culture, Youth and Recreation, the Rural Municipality of Battle River, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert, and the Battleford Tribal Council. A decision was made to relocate the burials to the current town cemetery. In the meantime, permission was granted for the University of Saskatchewan to play the lead role in the excavation and analysis process. The partial and complete skeletal remains of thirty individuals were recovered, and in addition to a basic osteological analysis of the individuals that included sex determination, age at death and population affinity, a detailed assessment of the pathological conditions was also undertaken. The document and artifact analyses will be the subject of a separate thesis by Colette Hopkins.