In this paper I will discuss the occurrence of ceramic vessels in the graves of the Pitted ware culture on the island of Gotland, Sweden. I will focus on four sites and compare these sites, with hopes of finding some similarities or interesting differences. The sites are Ajvide in Eksta parish, Visby in Visby parish, Västerbjers in Gothem parish and Fridtorp in Västerhejde parish. The idea is to look at the grave goods, with focus on the ceramic vessels, or at least, the bottoms of the vessels, where one can clearly see that it's been deposited in the grave. I will try to analyze the vessels (shape and in some cases height), look where in the grave they've been placed, how many graves contain vessels, who's been given these vessels and if the vessels have filled a certain purpose once they've been deposited in the graves. / Neolitiska Livsstilar

In this essay, material and written sources are compared in an attempt to learn more about the Iron Age religion in Britain. Classical texts and archaeological evidence concerning the Iron Age religion in Britain are presented, after which a comparison is made of the two to try to find out whether the classical authors statements could have been true. The conclusion drawn is that much of the facts in the classical texts are substantiated by material remains, but some information cannot be proved. Furthermore, the archaeological evidence provides us with facts of the Iron Age religion which was not mentioned by the classical authors. / Denna uppsats berör religion under järnåldern i Storbritannien. Den består av en jämförelse mellan klassiska källor och arkeologiskt material. Målet är att får reda på huruvida påståenden av klassiska författare om religionen i Storbritannien under järnåldern kan ha stämt. Mycket av det de klassiska författarna skrev kan stödjas av arkeologiska bevis, men en del har inget stöd i det arkeologiska materialet. Dock ger oss materiella lämningar information om religionen under järnåldern i Storbritannien, som inte nämndes av de klassiska författarna.

Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. Re-used ancient monuments. A study of the cairns on Öland. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. This is a study of the excavated cairns on Öland. The composition consists of three parts, the first part concentrates on what kind of re-uses there are of ancient monuments, the second part tries to tell why people did re-use burials and burial language, in the third part I have studied the excavated cairns on Öland and tried to see if the kinds of re-uses that were discussed in the first part can be seen on the ölandish cairns. Keywords: re-use, cairns, Öland, burials, burial language / Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. Detta är en studie av Ölands utgrävda rösen. Uppsatsen består av tre delar, den första delen tittar på vad det finns för slag av återbruk av fornlämningar, i den andra delen berättas det om varför människor återanvände gravar och gravspråk, i den tredje delen har jag tittat på de utgrävda öländska rösena och försökt se om de slag av återbruk som uppmärksammades i första delen går att se i de öländska rösena. Nyckelord: återbruk, rösen, Öland, begravningar, gravspråk

Darbe nagrinėjama Panevėžio krašto pinigų cirkuliacija XVI – XVIII a. numizmatikos duomenimis. Tyrimo objektas yra monetos, atrastos Panevėžio krašto lobiuose ir senkapiuose. Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti išsikeltas uždavinys – iš surinktų monetų duomenų sudaryti kuo platesnę ir išsamesnę statistinę bazę. Remiantis sudaryta duomenų baze bandoma įvairiais aspektais apžvelgti aptariamajam kraštui būdingas apyvartines tendencijas. Darbo dėstyme pateikiamos monetų lobių ir senkapių radimvietės. Abiejų duomenų bazių turinys atskirai apžvelgiamas pagal nominalus, kaldinimo vietą ir devynis chronologinius etapus. Paskutiniame skyriuje lobių ir senkapių monetų duomenys koreliuojami. Taip bandoma pastebėti naujas apyvartines tendencijas, kurios neišryškėja duomenis tiriant atskirai. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pagal nominalą tiek lobiuose, tiek senkapiuose didžiausią kiekį monetų aptariamajame krašte sudaro šilingai. Pagal kaldinimo vietą daugiausia rasta Rygoje kaldintų monetų. Didžiausią jų dalį sudaro Zigmanto Vazos Rygos šilingai. Analizuojant duomenis pagal chronologinius etapus, pastebima, kad lobių monetų duomenys teikia išsamesnę informaciją nei senkapių. Dėl gausaus monetų kiekio ir jų įvairovės XVII a. pirmosios pusės ir XVIII a. pirmosios pusės etapų apyvartinės tendencijos gali būti vertinamos objektyviausiai ir išsamiausiai. / The study examines circulation of money in Panevėžys region from 16th – 18th c. based on numismatic data. Coins discovered in hoards and old burials are the object of this research. In order to achieve the aim of this study the following task was raised - to create a database as broad and informative as possible. On the basis of the received database, characteristic circulation tendencies of Panevėžys region were examined from various aspects. Money hoards’ and old burials’ original locations are presented to display sources of numismatic data. The contents of both databases are examined separately: firstly by denomination, then by minting place. After these sections numismatic databases are divided into nine chronological periods. In the last section, content of coins found in hoards and old burials was correlated. This was done to perceive new and unseen tendencies which could not have been unveiled by examining data separately. The results of the study show that in both, money hoards and old burials, shillings were the most common denomination in Panevėžys’ region. Hence, at that period shillings played the main role in Panevėžys’ region's money circulation. The biggest number of coins was minted in Riga from which the most were minted under the reign of Sigismund III Vasa. By analyzing the data which was divided into chronological periods, it can be seen that coins from hoards are able to provide comprehensive information while coins from old burials give more specific... [to full text]

A log-coffin excavated in the early nineteenth century proved to be well enough preserved in the early twenty-first century for the full armoury of modern scientific investigation to give its occupants and contents new identity, new origins and a new date. In many ways the interpretation is much the same as before: a local big man buried looking out to sea. Modern analytical techniques can create a person more real, more human and more securely anchored in history. This research team shows how.

Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-19T16:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / COE, Agostinho Júnior Holanda. Nós, os ossos que aqui estamos, pelos vossos esperamos: a higiene e o fim dos sepultamentos eclesiásticos em São Luís (1828 – 1855). 2008. 140 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Discussion about the extinction of church burials and the construction of new cemeteries in São Luís. In the nineteenth century, with the affirmation of medicine, the burials conducted within religious temples became the target of numerous interdictions. The development of “hygienism” gradually constructed the idea that burials within religious temples were harmful to health, since they exhaled miasmatic vapors which caused physical and even moral damages to the living. With the increase of epidemics in the nineteenth century in São Luís, the medical discourse, which claimed for the construction of new cemeteries far from the towns, water fountains, and where the wind blew reversely in relation with the urban environment, acquired further visibility. In 1828, the “Imperial Law of Municipalities Restructuring” became one among various essays of reorganization of São Luís urban space and of construction of new burial places, far away from churches, since the existing cemeteries, up to the middle of the nineteenth century, were basically for poor and helpless. In 1855, after various previous epidemical irruptions, the city was attacked by a big irruption of smallpox, which led the norm into practice, with the building of the Gavião Cemetery. Since then, that cemetery became a burial place not only for indigents and slaves, but also for a considerable part of the wealthier classes of São Luís. / Discussão sobre o fim dos sepultamentos nas igrejas e a construção de novos cemitérios em São Luís. No século XIX, com a afirmação da medicina, os enterramentos realizados dentro dos templos religiosos passaram a ser alvo de merosas interdições. O desenvolvimento do “higienismo” foi gradativamente construindo a idéia de que os sepultamentos nos templos religiosos eram perniciosos à saúde, pois exalavam vapores miasmáticos causadores de malefícios físicos e até mesmo morais aos vivos. Com o acirramento das epidemias, no século XIX, em São Luís, o discurso médico, que primava pela construção de novos cemitérios longe das cidades, das fontes de água e onde os ventos soprassem contrariamente ao ambiente urbano, adquiriu maior visibilidade. Em 1828, a “Lei Imperial de Estruturação dos Municípios” se tornou uma dentre as várias tentativas de reorganização do espaço urbano de São Luís e de construção de novos locais de sepultamento, afastados das igrejas, já que os cemitérios existentes até meados do século XIX eram locais de enterramento basicamente de pobres e desvalidos. Em 1855, após vários surtos epidêmicos anteriores, a cidade é acometida por um grande surto de varíola, que levou a norma à prática, com a construção do cemitério do Gavião. Este passou a ser, a partir de então, local de sepultamento não só de indigentes e escravos, mas também de parte considerável das classes mais abastadas de São Luís.

Birka is Sweden’s first urban settlement during the Viking period and its growth is mainly because of the settlement’s extensive trade. The area has many graves and the female graves in Birka are a good source for interpretation of the Viking woman and the variety of roles and work she had. Archaeologists are assessing graves and interpreters them from the material remains found, such as jewelry, weapons, and gifts. Researchers often have a predetermined interpretation on certain items that are considered feminine or masculine and the gender is determined from this. After the gender is decided it is commonly that the individuals are categorized into groups, and women tend be grouped together into one, regardless that the archaeological data and material shows that they have different attributes, and should be categorized as such. Men on the other hand have a variety of activities and jobs from which they can be determined by, whilst women’s work tends to be highlighted as chores, rather than work, as their doings usually are in the private sphere. To put women together as one simply because they are women is not only problematic regarding what the material shows, but it is also preventing the development in research of women. There will be a gap in the narrative due to the lack of female activities which occurred but are either ignored or reduced. During the last few decades, there has been an increase in research regarding women in all fields of research and a development of several theories on how to interpret various factors. One of them is intersectional theory, which will be used in this paper. A selection of female Viking graves from Birka are used with this theory to develop a greater picture of what women were doing, rather than just being women, and what needs to be considered to do so.

O sítio Hatahara, município de Iranduba/AM, vem sendo estudado desde 1999 e já foi alvo de diversos trabalhos acadêmicos (Machado, 2005; Neves e Petersen, 2006; Tamanaha, 2006; Rebellato, 2007; Lima, 2008 e outros). Esse sítio é excepcional por diversas razões: tamanho, conteúdo, número de ocupações, montículos construídos e principalmente estado de conservação do material orgânico (humano, animal e vegetal). Nesse trabalho optou-se por fazer uma análise mais aprofundada dos sepultamentos pertencentes à fase Paredão (séculos VII a XII) oriundos desse sítio. O objetivo sendo o de obter mais informações sobre as escolhas das comunidades pretéritas, os gestos funerários e o contexto no qual eles se inseriam. Os dados adquiridos através da perspectiva da arqueologia da morte e pela tafonomia estão sendo comparados aos trabalhos já produzidos sobre esse local. Como resultado percebe-se um padrão funerário complexo com variações significativas e estruturas polivalentes (funerárias e habitacionais). Além disso, percebeu-se que a conservação dos materiais orgânicos estão intimamente relacionados a certas variáveis ambientais e culturais que permitem envisajar que mais sítios arqueológicos nessas condições possam ser descobertos na Amazônia. / The Hatahara site, in Iranduba, State of Amazonas, has been studied since 1999 and was at the heart of many papers (Machado, 2005; Neves e Petersen, 2006; Tamanaha, 2006; Rebellato, 2007; Lima, 2008 and others). This site is exceptional for several raisons: size, content, number of occupations, earth mounds and mainly state of conservation of organic material (human, animal and vegetal). For this project it was decided that a more thorough analyses should be conducted on the burials belonging to the Paredão phase (7th to 13th century) found in this site. The main purpose was to obtain information on the life of past societies, funerary rituals and the context in which they were inserted. The data acquired through the perspective of the archaeology of death and taphonomy are being compared to the work already produced about this site. As a result we noticed a complex funerary pattern with meaningful variations and multi-purpose structures (funerary and habitation). Furthermore, it was observed that the preservation of organic materials was closely related to certain environmental and cultural variables that allow us to expect that more archaeological sites having these conditions may be discovered.

The aim of this essay is to evaluate the hypothesis that Öland and Gotland shared a superregional weapon burial custom during the older part of the Scandinavian iron age by comparing the weapon graves and a selection of graves on two cemeteries one from each isle. The essay concludes that the weapon graves on Öland and Gotland (or at least the examined cemeteries) was not connected by a super-regional weapon burial custom.

This thesis aims to identify the possible origins of the peoples who immigrated into the archaeological sites of Guajilar and Lagartero, located in the upper Grijalva River Basin region in southern Chiapas, Mexico, during the Late Classic period (AD 650-900). First, I present the Late Classic burial data from both sites according to four basic descriptive criteria: burial location, grave type, burial type, and grave goods. Then, I conduct a comparative analysis of the burial practices found at these two sites based on these criteria so that patterns in burial practices can be identified. Following the comparative analysis between Guajilar and Lagartero, I then compare their burial practices to those from two sites in the southern Maya Lowlands (Altar de Sacrificios and Seibal) and those found at various sites in the Guatemala Highlands (which border the upper Grijalva River Basin region to the north and east, respectively). The analysis reveals greater similarities in burial practices with sites in the Guatemala Highlands than with those in the southern Maya Lowlands. This suggests that peoples from the Guatemala Highlands were more likely to have immigrated into Guajilar and Lagartero during the Late Classic period.