A tradução de protocolos na área da saúde tem possibilitado a aplicação de testes elaborados internacionalmente em virtude da baixa elaboração de instrumentos no Brasil, sendo, dessa forma, a tradução, uma ferramenta para a validação desses instrumentos e sua utilização por pesquisadores brasileiros. Entretanto, a maioria das traduções não é realizada por profissionais de tradução, mas sim por qualquer indivíduo que tenha o conhecimento linguístico do idioma estrangeiro e da língua portuguesa não sendo, dessa forma, profissional da área. Esse aspecto desfavorece a inteligibilidade do texto, isto é, o instrumento é traduzido, sua interpretação por parte dos participantes, torna-se ambígua ou confusa, em virtude da falta de compreensão na própria língua portuguesa do documento. Ao propor a tradução em língua portuguesa do instrumento Measure of Processes of Care 56 (MPOC-56), elaborado no Canadá e com a finalidade de verificar o atendimento do paciente por profissionais e pelo centro de terapia sob a perspectiva dos pais e a verificação da inteligibilidade permite ao tradutor não somente legitimar sua tradução, como também tornar mais acessível ao público em geral uma construção semântica, para que não ocorram equívocos na aplicação do questionário validado, tornando-o, dessa forma, um instrumento relevante para a área da Saúde e da Tradução Científica. Desse modo, o objetivo geral buscou traduzir o instrumento e verificar sua inteligibilidade na Língua Portuguesa. A pesquisa teve caráter metodológico, em virtude de investigações dos métodos de obtenção, organização e análise dos dados para a tradução de um instrumento. Para compor a metodologia, também foi utilizada a etapa do brainstorming, a qual contribuiu para o diálogo entre os peritos da área e a pesquisadora, objetivando a inteligibilidade do instrumento. Por meio do brainstorming, foi possível constatar que a etapa da retrotradução pode ser dispensada do processo tradutório em consequência do trabalho do profissional de tradução com os peritos bilíngues da área. / Health protocols translation has made possible the application of tests internationally organized due to a low production of instruments in the Brazilian Health area. So, translation is made a tool to validate these instruments and its utilization by Brazilian researchers. Nevertheless, most translations are not elaborated by translator professionals, but by any individual who knows the linguistic system of a foreign language and the Brazilian Portuguese language, not being, in this case, a professional translator. This point disfavors the readability of texts, that is, the translated instrument and its interpretation by participants become ambiguous or confused, due to the lack of comprehension in the Portuguese language itself in the document. When proposing the translation in the Brazilian Portuguese language of the protocol Measure of Processes of Care-56 (MPOC-56), produced in Canada in order to verify the attendance of patients by professionals and the therapy Centre from the perspective of parents and, specially, to Speech and Language area, the analysis of readability allows the translator not only to justify his/her translation, but also to make it more available to public in general a semantic construction not to occur mistakes on validated instrument and contributing to be a relevant protocol not only to Health, but also to the Scientific Translation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and to verify the readability of the questionnaire translated into the Brazilian Portuguese. For this study, a methodological research was used in order to obtain and organize documents to translate the instrument. By means of brainstorming step, it was possible to conclude that one professional translator is enough to translate and to do the back translation and, by consulting experts in a certain area can contribute to Brazilian Heath Area to improve validation of protocols or to translate Brazilian protocols to another foreign language.

A tradução de protocolos na área da saúde tem possibilitado a aplicação de testes elaborados internacionalmente em virtude da baixa elaboração de instrumentos no Brasil, sendo, dessa forma, a tradução, uma ferramenta para a validação desses instrumentos e sua utilização por pesquisadores brasileiros. Entretanto, a maioria das traduções não é realizada por profissionais de tradução, mas sim por qualquer indivíduo que tenha o conhecimento linguístico do idioma estrangeiro e da língua portuguesa não sendo, dessa forma, profissional da área. Esse aspecto desfavorece a inteligibilidade do texto, isto é, o instrumento é traduzido, sua interpretação por parte dos participantes, torna-se ambígua ou confusa, em virtude da falta de compreensão na própria língua portuguesa do documento. Ao propor a tradução em língua portuguesa do instrumento Measure of Processes of Care 56 (MPOC-56), elaborado no Canadá e com a finalidade de verificar o atendimento do paciente por profissionais e pelo centro de terapia sob a perspectiva dos pais e a verificação da inteligibilidade permite ao tradutor não somente legitimar sua tradução, como também tornar mais acessível ao público em geral uma construção semântica, para que não ocorram equívocos na aplicação do questionário validado, tornando-o, dessa forma, um instrumento relevante para a área da Saúde e da Tradução Científica. Desse modo, o objetivo geral buscou traduzir o instrumento e verificar sua inteligibilidade na Língua Portuguesa. A pesquisa teve caráter metodológico, em virtude de investigações dos métodos de obtenção, organização e análise dos dados para a tradução de um instrumento. Para compor a metodologia, também foi utilizada a etapa do brainstorming, a qual contribuiu para o diálogo entre os peritos da área e a pesquisadora, objetivando a inteligibilidade do instrumento. Por meio do brainstorming, foi possível constatar que a etapa da retrotradução pode ser dispensada do processo tradutório em consequência do trabalho do profissional de tradução com os peritos bilíngues da área. / Health protocols translation has made possible the application of tests internationally organized due to a low production of instruments in the Brazilian Health area. So, translation is made a tool to validate these instruments and its utilization by Brazilian researchers. Nevertheless, most translations are not elaborated by translator professionals, but by any individual who knows the linguistic system of a foreign language and the Brazilian Portuguese language, not being, in this case, a professional translator. This point disfavors the readability of texts, that is, the translated instrument and its interpretation by participants become ambiguous or confused, due to the lack of comprehension in the Portuguese language itself in the document. When proposing the translation in the Brazilian Portuguese language of the protocol Measure of Processes of Care-56 (MPOC-56), produced in Canada in order to verify the attendance of patients by professionals and the therapy Centre from the perspective of parents and, specially, to Speech and Language area, the analysis of readability allows the translator not only to justify his/her translation, but also to make it more available to public in general a semantic construction not to occur mistakes on validated instrument and contributing to be a relevant protocol not only to Health, but also to the Scientific Translation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and to verify the readability of the questionnaire translated into the Brazilian Portuguese. For this study, a methodological research was used in order to obtain and organize documents to translate the instrument. By means of brainstorming step, it was possible to conclude that one professional translator is enough to translate and to do the back translation and, by consulting experts in a certain area can contribute to Brazilian Heath Area to improve validation of protocols or to translate Brazilian protocols to another foreign language.

As mental health professionals seek to disseminate information in many languages in order to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population, it is important to consider the methods of written translation that the field is choosing to employ. The method chosen for translation can affect the accuracy and usability of the translated text. This study begins with a survey of current literature, the results of which suggest that the most popular translation method in the mental health field is back-translation, a translation method based in the premise that translating a text back into its original English after it has been translated into a second language provides an accurate indication of the success of the translation. This study then compares back-translation with an alternative translation approach based in skopostheorie, an area of translation theory that asserts that translational activity should be ultimately grounded in the purpose of the translation rather than the objective equivalency of the source and target texts. Each of the two approaches is applied separately in the translation of the Centers for Disease Control's handout, "Helping Parents Cope with Disaster," into Spanish and Chinese. The two resulting target texts for each language are compared in terms of linguistic equivalence by review committees and compared in terms of usability by individuals from the target audiences. Feedback from reviewers and audience members in both languages suggest that the skopostheorie based approach to translation may facilitate higher quality translation than back-translation in terms of both equivalence and usability. Suggestions for mental health professionals engaging in translation are then offered, as well as directions for future research.

The thesis deals with with handwriting in adult patients after stroke. The main aim is to design and evaluate a therapeutic program for stroke patients focused on hand function and handwriting. The secondary aims are to translate Handwirting Assessment Battery for Adults into the Czech language by the method of back translation and to determine patient satisfaction with the program. The theoretical part of the thesis briefly summarizes the issue of stroke. General knowledge about handwriting is followed by a summary of handwriting difficulties of stroke patients. The theoretical part is concluded by available handwriting examinations and different ways of occupational therapy intervention. The practical part of the thesis was a case study. Five patients participated in the four- week therapeutic program. The designed program includes task-specific training and Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) elements. The tools of the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test, the Frenchay Arm Test and Score for Visual Evaluation of Functional Task of the Hand were used to assess the effect of the program on hand function. The practical part mentions the back translation of the handwriting tool Handwriting Assessment Battery for Adults, which was used to evaluate the effect of the program on handwriting...

Att utveckla en sofistikerad chatbotlösning kräver stora mängder textdata för att kunna anpassalösningen till en specifik domän. Att manuellt skapa en komplett uppsättning textdata, specialanpassat för den givna domänen och innehållandes ett stort antal varierande meningar som en människa kan tänkas yttra, är ett enormt tidskrävande arbete. För att kringgå detta tillämpas dataaugmentering för att generera mer data utifrån en mindre uppsättning redan existerande textdata. Softronic AB vill undersöka alternativa strategier för dataaugmentering med målet att eventuellt ersätta den nuvarande lösningen med en mer vetenskapligt underbyggd sådan. I detta examensarbete har prototypmodeller utvecklats för att jämföra och utvärdera effekten av olika textaugmenteringsstrategier. Resultatet av genomförda experiment med prototypmodellerna visar att augmentering genom synonymutbyten med en domänanpassad synonymordlista, presenterade märkbart förbättrade effekter på förmågan hos en NLU-modell att korrekt klassificera data, gentemot övriga utvärderade strategier. Vidare indikerar resultatet att ett samband föreligger mellan den strukturella variationsgraden av det augmenterade datat och de tillämpade språkparens semantiska likhetsgrad under tillbakaöversättningar. / Developing a sophisticated chatbot solution requires large amounts of text data to be able to adapt the solution to a specific domain. Manually creating a complete set of text data, specially adapted for the given domain, and containing a large number of varying sentences that a human conceivably can express, is an exceptionally time-consuming task. To circumvent this, data augmentation is applied to generate more data based on a smaller set of already existing text data. Softronic AB wants to investigate alternative strategies for data augmentation with the aim of possibly replacing the current solution with a more scientifically substantiated one. In this thesis, prototype models have been developed to compare and evaluate the effect of different text augmentation strategies. The results of conducted experiments with the prototype models show that augmentation through synonym swaps with a domain-adapted thesaurus, presented noticeably improved effects on the ability of an NLU-model to correctly classify data, compared to other evaluated strategies. Furthermore, the result indicates that there is a relationship between the structural degree of variation of the augmented data and the applied language pair's semantic degree of similarity during back-translations.

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Text in English / Abstracts in English and Venda / This study has investigated the effectiveness of available tools used for translating from English into Tshivenḓa and vice versa with the aim to investigate and determine the effectiveness of these tools. This study dealt with the problem of lack of effective translation tools used to translate between English and Tshivenḓa. Tshivenḓa is one of South Africa’s minority languages. Its (Tshivenḓa) lack of effective translation tools negatively affects language practitioners’ work. This situation is perilous for translation quality assurance. Translation tools, both computer technology and non-computer technology tools abound for developed languages such as English, French and others. Based on the results of this research project, the researcher did make recommendations that could remedy the situation. South Africa is a democratic country that has a number of language-related policies. This then creates a conducive context for stakeholders with language passion to fully develop Tshivenḓa language in all dimensions. The fact is that all languages have evolved and they were all underdeveloped. This vividly shows that Tshivenḓa language development is also possible just like Afrikaans, which never existed on earth before 1652. It (Afrikaans) has evolved and overtaken all indigenous South African languages. This study did review the literature regarding translation and translation tools. The literature was obtained from both published and unpublished sources. The study has used mixed methods research, i.e. quantitative and qualitative research methods. These methods successfully complemented each other throughout the entire research. Data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews wherein both open and closed-ended questions were employed. Both purposive/judgemental and snowball (chain) sampling have been applied in this study. Data analysis was addressed through a combination of methods owing to the nature of mixed methods research. Guided by analytic comparison approach when grouping together related data during data analysis and presentation, both statistical and textual analyses have been vital in this study. Themes were constructed to lucidly present the gathered data. At the last chapters, the researcher discussed the findings and evaluated the entire research before making recommendations and conclusion. / Iyi ṱhoḓisiso yo ita tsedzuluso nga ha kushumele kwa zwishumiswa zwi re hone zwine zwa shumiswa u pindulela u bva kha luambo lwa English u ya kha Tshivenḓa na u bva kha Tshivenḓa u ya kha English ndivho I ya u sedzulusa na u lavhelesa kushumele kwa izwi zwishumiswa uri zwi a thusa naa. Ino ṱhoḓisiso yo shumana na thaidzo ya ṱhahelelo ya zwishumiswa zwa u pindulela zwine zwa shumiswa musi hu tshi pindulelwa vhukati ha English na Tshivenḓa. Tshivenḓa ndi luṅwe lwa nyambo dza Afrika Tshipembe dzine dza ambiwa nga vhathu vha si vhanzhi. U shaea ha zwishumiswa zwa u pindulela zwine zwa shuma nga nḓila I thusaho zwi kwama mushumo wa vhashumi vha zwa nyambo nga nḓila I si yavhuḓi. Iyi nyimele I na mulingo u kwamaho khwaḽithi ya zwo pindulelwaho. Zwishumiswa zwa u pindulela, zwa thekhnoḽodzhi ya khomphiyutha na zwi sa shumisi thekhnoḽodzhi ya khomphiyutha zwo ḓalesa kha nyambo dzo bvelelaho u tou fana na kha English, French na dziṅwe. Zwo sendeka kha mvelelo dza ino thandela ya ṱhoḓisiso, muṱoḓisisi o ita themendelo dzine dza nga fhelisa thaidzo ya nyimele. Afrika Tshipembe ndi shango ḽa demokirasi ḽine ḽa vha na mbekanyamaitele dzo vhalaho nga ha dzinyambo. Izwi zwi ita uri hu vhe na nyimele ine vhafaramikovhe vhane vha funesa nyambo vha kone u bveledza Tshivenḓa kha masia oṱhe. Zwavhukuma ndi zwa uri nyambo dzoṱhe dzi na mathomo nahone dzoṱhe dzo vha dzi songo bvelela. Izwi zwi ita uri zwi vhe khagala uri luambo lwa Tshivenḓa na lwone lu nga bveledzwa u tou fana na luambo lwa Afrikaans lwe lwa vha lu si ho ḽifhasini phanḓa ha ṅwaha wa 1652. Ulu luambo (Afrikaans) lwo vha hone shangoni lwa mbo bveledzwa lwa fhira nyambo dzoṱhe dza fhano hayani Afrika Tshipembe. Kha ino ṱhoḓisiso ho vhaliwa maṅwalwa ane a amba nga ha u pindulela na nga ha zwishumiswa zwa u pindulela. Maṅwalwa e a vhalwa o wanala kha zwiko zwo kanḓiswaho na zwiko zwi songo kanḓiswaho. Ino ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa ngona dza ṱhoḓisiso dzo ṱanganyiswaho, idzo ngona ndi khwanthithethivi na khwaḽithethivi. Idzi ngona dzo shumisana zwavhuḓisa kha ṱhoḓisiso yoṱhe. Data yo kuvhanganywa hu tshi khou shumiswa dzimbudziso na u tou vhudzisa hune afho ho shumiswa mbudziso dzo vuleaho na dzo valeaho. Ngona dza u nanga sambula muṱoḓisisi o shumisa khaṱulo yawe uri ndi nnyi ane a nga vha a na data yo teaho na u humbela vhavhudziswa uri vha bule vhaṅwe vhathu vha re na data yo teaho ino ṱhoḓisiso. viii Tsenguluso ya data ho ṱanganyiswa ngona dza u sengulusa zwo itiswa ngauri ṱhoḓisiso ino yo ṱanganyisa ngona dza u ita ṱhoḓisiso. Sumbanḓila ho shumiswa tsenguluso ya mbambedzo kha u sengulusa data. Data ine ya fana yo vhewa fhethu huthihi musi hu tshi khou senguluswa na u vhiga. Tsenguluso I shumisaho mbalo/tshivhalo (khwanthithethivi) na I shumisaho maipfi kha ino ngudo dzo shumiswa. Ho vhumbiwa dziṱhoho u itela u ṱana data ye ya kuvhanganywa. Ngei kha ndima dza u fhedza, muṱodisisi o rera nga ha mawanwa, o ṱhaṱhuvha ṱhoḓisiso yoṱhe phanḓa ha u ita themendelo na u vhina. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Family life is organized by rules, and most of them are unspokenly agreed-upon by family members and may be even out of awareness. Implicit family process and couple rules may facilitate or constrain family relationship and intimate couple relationship growth. Prevalence of family rules may be different across cultures. Family members may perceive their rules and family functioning differently according to their family position and gender. Married couples may view their relationship rules differently than couples who cohabit. This study utilized the Family Implicit Rules Profile (FIRP) and the Couples Implicit Rules Profile (CIRP) Questionnaires to answer these research questions. The questionnaires were translated into Hungarian, and the content validity of the Hungarian translation was established. Hungarian non-clinical families and couples were compared to American (U.S.) non-clinical families and couples to examine how prevalent implicit rules were in the two cultures. According to the findings, Hungarian families and couples scored lower on the total FIRP and CIRP scores. Hungarian families perceived implicit family rules regarding kindness and monitoring less prevalent, and rules regarding constraining their thoughts, feelings and self more prevalent than American families. No differences were found in expressiveness and connection and inappropriate caretaking of parents between the two cultures. Hungarian couples perceived their implicit relationship rules regarding kindness, expressiveness and connection and monitoring less prevalent than American couples. No differences in implicit rules about constraining thoughts, feelings and self and inappropriate caretaking of partner were found between the two cultures. Mothers in both cultures viewed their families in a more positive light than other family members, and female family members (mothers and daughters) were more positive than their male counterparts (fathers and sons) about rules in their families in both cultures. Sons in both cultures perceived more responsibility to protect their parents emotionally than did daughters. Married couples in both cultures perceived their relationship rules more favorably in terms of kindness and monitoring than cohabiting couples. Results were interpreted in the context of cultural differences between the American and the Hungarian cultures. Limitations and the possibility of future research are discussed.