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The voting system a government chooses has influence upon the way people vote, as it has some bearing on the average person’s utility received from voting. In the United States the Electoral College system is used to determine who becomes president-elect, but theoretical arguments have been made to support a change in voting structure to Proportional Representation. I developed my model to understand more about how a change in the voting structure would affect voter utility. My contribution to the research question focuses upon relative benefits of one voter in a specific party to another voter in another party. I used an empirical approach, using data pulled from past elections and survey data. My model suggests that Republican voters would receive a higher utility from a change in the voting system from the Electoral College to Proportional Representation. It is unclear whether Democrats would receive a higher benefit, but at least would receive a lesser utility change than that of the Republican voters.

Title: Creating credibility within eWOM – A study of the effects of profile characteristics from a gender perspectiveLevel: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business AdministrationAuthor: Sofia Petersson och Samandar SvantessonSupervisor: Jonas KågströmDate: 2017 – MayAim: In the Internet, based society of today; electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) is a vital marketing tool for most companies. As a consumer, trust must be established for the reviewers who have expressed their opinions. The profile characteristics of the reviewer are important in order to be credible. This study aims to examine if there are any differences on perceived credibility through a gender perspective, by applying the bandwagon effect and perceived social presence.Method: The study is done with a quantitative research design, and a survey has been used to collect data. The results have furthermore been analyzed by the use of IBM SPSS.Result & Conclusions: The Study manages to falsify the two hypotheses, and notes that no significant differences over the genders have been found, regarding creating trust based on profile characteristics. The study can however support the current model of the credibility process through the bandwagon effect and perceived social presence.Suggestions for future research: In the future, we would like to see a study being made on the effects of gender in profile characteristics, by the use of a manipulated eWOM platform for a more realistic consumer behavior.Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to the existing research by supporting the model of perceived credibility trough the bandwagon effect and perceived social presence. Italso contributes to existing research by falsifying the hypotheses about gender differences having a significant impact on the perceived credibility. / Titel: Skapandet av förtroende inom eWOM – En studie av profilbildens effekt ur ett könsperspektivNivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomiFörfattare: Sofia Petersson och Samandar SvantessonHandledare: Jonas KågströmDatum: 2017 - majSyfte: Elektronisk Word of Mouth (eWOM) är i dagens internetbaserade samhälle en viktig marknadsföringskanal för de flesta företag. Som konsument måste dock ett förtroende skapas för de recensenter som delat med sig av sina åsikter. Profilegenskaperna hos recensenten är av stor vikt för att skapa ett sådant förtroende. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om det finns könsskillnader i hur profilegenskaper uppfattas, genom att tillämpa bandwagon effekten och upplevd social närvaro.Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsdesign och har utfört en enkätundersökning, vars resultat sedan analyserats med hjälp av IBM SPSS.Resultat & slutsats: Studien kan falsifiera de två ställda hypoteserna, och konstaterar att inga signifikanta skillnader har hittats över könen gällande skapande av förtroende genom profilegenskaper. Studien kan dock stärka den befintliga modellen för den förtroendeskapande processen genom Bandwagon effekten och upplevd social närvaro.Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I framtiden ser vi gärna att en studie utförs med olika kön på profilbilden och där en eWOM-plattform manipuleras för att kunna studera konsumenter i en verklighetstrogen och realistisk miljö.Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till den befintliga forskningen genom att styrka den befintliga modellen över hur förtroendeskapande processen ser ut genom bandwagon effektenoch upplevd social närvaro. Uppsatsen bidrar även genom att falsifierar föreställningen om att könet på profilbilden har en avgörande roll för det upplevda förtroendet.

We consider the class of two-player symmetric n x n games with the total bandwagon property (TBP) introduced by Kandori and Rob (1998). We show that a game has TBP if and only if the game has 2^n - 1 symmetric Nash equilibria. We extend this result to bimatrix games by introducing the generalized TBP. This sheds light on the (wrong) conjecture of Quint and Shubik (1997) that any n x n bimatrix game has at most 2^n - 1 Nash equilibria. As for an equilibrium selection criterion, I show the existence of a ½-dominant equilibrium for two subclasses of games with TBP: (i) supermodular games; (ii) potential games. As an application, we consider the minimum-effort game, which does not satisfy TBP, but is a limit case of TBP. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:15:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1999-04-09T00:00:00Z / Analisa a competição entre produtos com padrões de tecnologia incompatíveis pela dominância do mercado. Um exemplo clássico é a disputa ocorrida entre as plataformas de videocassetes Betamax e VHS. O padrão que vence a disputa é chamado de Design Dominante. Descreve as características que o consumidor avalia na escolha de inovações tecnológicas e as diferentes características encontradas num contexto de disputa de padrões pela dominância. Aborda assuntos como o Efeito Bandwagon e a Rede de Extemalidades que estão presentes nestas disputas.

This research tested a conceptual model predicting the propensity to engage in two distinct forms of conspicuous consumption (bandwagon and snob consumption) that was developed by Kastanakis and Balabanis (2014) in a collectivistic Iranian context. This study found that this conceptual model was more successful in accounting for the variance in bandwagon consumption (i.e., conformity seeking conspicuous luxury consumption) than snob consumption (i.e., uniqueness seeking conspicuous luxury consumption) in the Iranian context. In addition to status seeking, it was found that consumer susceptibility to normative influence (CSNI) and consumer need for uniqueness (CNFU) mediates the influence of self-concept on bandwagon consumption. This finding suggests that the relationship between snob consumption and CNFU may differ in the Iranian context. Results also show that the relationships between CSNI, unpopular counter choice conformity (a sub-construct of CNFU) and status seeking with bandwagon consumption were all negatively moderated by consumer knowledge for fashion luxury goods. These findings extend the original conspicuous consumption model and provide some insight for the development of marketing strategies in Iran.

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Otillbörlig informationspåverkan är ett aktuellt problem för Sverige. I den här uppsatsen undersöks hur politiska aktörer kan använda desinformation för egen vinning och desinformationens påverkan i det deliberativa samtalet i en demokrati. Nordöstra Göteborgs förorter fokuseras, där desinformationskampanjen mot socialtjänsten vuxit fram och genomsyrat den politiska debatten. Nordöstra Göteborgs förorter fungerar här som ett praktiskt exempel på vad desinformation kan åstadkomma i en demokrati, hur samtalets narrativ kan övertas av falsk information, och hur detta kan skada ett samhälle sett utifrån aspekten demokratisk deliberation. I uppsatsen granskas djupgående rapporter kring LVU-kampanjens framfart, statistik om utsatta områdens politiska engagemang och tilltro till myndigheter och informationsutbyte. Vidare undersöks Partiet Nyans snabba avancemang i kommunfullmäktigevalet i nordöstra Göteborg 2022 och teoretiska ramverk appliceras kring hot mot en deliberativ demokrati, bandwagon-effekten och bekräftelsebiaser. Uppsatsen visar att LVU-kampanjen har skadat den politiska debatten i nordöstra Göteborgs förorter och att politiska aktörer kan använda desinformation för att öka sitt politiska inflytande. Vidare kan denna uppsats visa på hur desinformation generellt kan vara skadlig för en deliberativ demokrati.

Esta tese trata de crédito, não da análise dos demonstrativos financeiros, e sim a partir do momento em que o resultado de uma análise criteriosa e competente é colocada à disposição do comitê para decidir pela concessão ou não do crédito. A decisão de crédito é nosso enfoque principal. A tese está dividida em quatro partes. Na primeira parte fazemos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre crédito, dos fundamentos históricos à aplicação de modelos sofisticados de administração de carteiras (o Creditmetrics), passando pelo Estado da Arte das técnicas de credit scoring. A segunda parte trata dos fundamentos da teoria da análise da decisão, onde discutimos e analisamos o comportamento político e racional nas organizações, e os principais problemas decorrentes de atitudes indesejáveis como escalation, groupthink e bandwagon. A terceira parte discorre, inicialmente, sobre a pesquisa e sua metodologia, apresentando as hipóteses a serem testadas. Na seqüência, com base em dezoito entrevistas com diretores das principais entidades bancárias do país, descrevemos o processo geral para a concessão de crédito para grandes corporações e analisamos sete casos de concessões de crédito malsucedidas. Finalmente, com uma amostra de 54 bancos, realizamos a análise estatística dos resultados buscando comprovar nossas hipóteses de pesquisa. Na quarta e última parte apresentamos o sumário e conclusões da tese. Podemos destacar a relevância dos aspectos comportamentais, como fundamento da tomada de decisão e crédito: os testes realizados comprovam a influência do comportamento racional como redutor do índice de inadimplência; enquanto os sintomas de comportamento político, escalation e groupthink contribuem para o aumento do índice de inadimplência. / This thesis is concerned with credit decision and not with financial statements analysis. More specifically, it is focused on the decision making process of the credit committee once the results of a competent anlysis is avalaible. The thesis is divided in four parts. In the first we present a review about credit, from its historical developments up to the applications of sophisticated portfolio management models and other modern techniques. The second part deals with the fundamentals of decision theory. We discuss ans analyze political and rational decision behaviors within organizations, and phenomenon such as escalation, groupthink and bandwagon. The third part presents, initially, the research problem, its methodology and the hypothesis to be tested. Subsequently, based on eighteen interviews with bank executives in Brazil, we describe the decision processes employed in the concession of credits to large corporations. We also analyze seven cases of unsuccessful credit decisions. Finally we present the statistical analysis of a survey by questionnaires from 54 Brazilian banks. In the fourth and last part we present the conclusions of this thesis. The key results in the importance of behavioral aspects in the credit decision processes: the statistical tests confirm that the rational behavior mitigates the bankruptcy index; while the political behavior, escalation and groupthink contribute to an increment of the banruptcy index.