Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aida Franco de Lima.pdf: 2826685 bytes, checksum: 6cd34ef59ab8cd9bb152693c4802c9c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research focuses on advertising related to animal origin food, credit cards/ consigned credit and the agrochemical sector, this last according to the so-called Agrinho program. Our purpose is to discuss how violence, consumerism and the lack of communication interconnect by means of themes exemplified from advertisements that have appeared in different periods and were displayed until 2014. Despite the apparent disparity from different contexts of production, our research selection has in common the presence of contents oriented to the consumption by children and an elderly public, even stimulating adhesion and sympathy in consumers. We worked from the hypothesis that media and advertising mechanisms adopted by the above-mentioned sectors accomplish a kind of "asepsis", that is, they detach the end products of their origins and processing. We argue that advertising in print newspapers, websites and television impacts the audience once they reveal the backstage of several advertising strategies. As main concepts we used non-communication , this one triggered by the excessive load of images conveyed by different media; "iconophagy", in which the images and bodies take turns in a devouring act in an environment encompassed by images; and "violence", this last allocated in seemingly innocuous contexts. Regarding our methodology, we studied comparatively concepts about the media universe, the images and the mechanisms of consumerism, confronting the selected ads when appropriated. As for our theoretical framework we had the support of Günter Anders, Norval Baitello Jr., Vilém Flusser, Malena Contrera Segura, Martin Lindstrom, Peter Singer, Sonia Terezinha Felipe, Carol J. Adams works, among others / A presente pesquisa aborda a publicidade relativa a alimentos animalizados, cartões de crédito/crédito consignado e ao setor agroquímico, no contexto do Programa Agrinho, discutindo a maneira como a violência, o consumismo e a incomunicação se interconectam. As temáticas abordadas são exemplificadas a partir de peças publicitárias que emergiram em períodos diferenciados, mas que continuam exibidas até 2014. Apesar da aparente disparidade, com contextos de produção diferenciados, o recorte tem em comum o fato de os conteúdos serem destinados ao consumo entre o público infantil e idoso, promovendo, inclusive, adesão e simpatia de parte do público. Movemo-nos pela hipótese de que os mecanismos midiáticos e publicitários adotados pelos setores em tela operam uma assepsia , isto é, desvinculam os produtos finais de suas origens e de seu processamento. Defendemos que a criação das emissões midiáticas de matriz publicitária em jornais impressos, televisão e sites impacta o público quando se revelam os bastidores dos empreendimentos em questão. Utilizamos como conceitos principais a incomunicação , motivada justamente pela carga excessiva de imagens veiculadas pelas mais variadas mídias; iconofagia , situação em que as imagens e corpos revezam-se no ato de devoração em um ambiente tomado por imagens; e a violência , alocada em contextos aparentemente inofensivos. Em relação à metodologia utilizada, estudamos comparativamente conceitos acerca do universo midiático, das imagens e dos mecanismos de consumo, colocando, quando necessário, as publicidades do recorte também em confronto. Como parte de nosso arcabouço teórico sustentamo-nos em estudos de Günter Anders, Norval Baitello Jr., Vilém Flusser, Malena Contrera Segura, Martin Lindstrom, Peter Singer, Sonia Terezinha Felipe, Carol J. Adams, entre outros

Tidigare forskning visar på att småbolagens existens har en stor betydelse. Småbolag bidrar inte bara till att generera fler jobb, de bidrar också till den ekonomiska tillväxten. Dock kräver deras existens och fortsatta tillväxt mer kapital, de behöver därmed ha tillgång till krediter. Tidigare forskning visar på att småbolag har svårigheter att erhålla bankkrediter jämfört med större bolag. På grund av Basel-regleringarna och de införda kapitalkraven har bankerna blivit mer försiktiga och är inte villiga att ta allt för stora risker. Detta har visat sig påverka småbolagen negativt gällande deras tillgång till bankkrediter, vilka de har ett stort behov av för sin överlevnad och fortsatta tillväxt. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera och belysa de problem som finns vid kreditgivningen gentemot småbolag, även besvara forskningsfrågan: Vilka faktorer är avgörande vid kreditgivning gentemot småbolag?Studien är gjord i Sverige på Högskolan i Borås, uppsatsen är därför skriven på svenska. I studien används kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Efter att ha läst och betraktat tidigare forskning och teorier om utlåning gentemot småbolag har därför sju företagsrådgivare intervjuats. Företagsrådgivarna representerar de fyra största bankerna i Sverige, vilka är Nordea, Handelsbanken, Swedbank och SEB. Syftet med intervjuerna var för att få mer insikt i utlåningsprocessen gentemot småbolagen. För att fullborda studien analyserades informationen från tidigare forskning, teorier och informationen från intervjuerna vidare.Studien visar på att fenomenet Förtroende är avgörande när det gäller bankernas utlåning gentemot småbolag. I studien identifieras det att småbolagen bidrar till kreditrisker för bankerna på grund av att de saknar kvalitativa ekonomiska dokument, pantsäkerheter och en befintlig historik. Detta i sin tur gör att det blir svårt för bankerna att få tillräckligt med information vid bedömningen gällande bolagets kreditvärdighet. På grund av svårigheterna att få tillgång till information om småbolagen så spelar företagaren bakom bolaget en viktig roll för att skapa ett förtroende i bankrelationen. Under förutsättning att bolagets budget och årsredovisning ser presentabel ut, så kan företagarens intryck och hur relationen till banken slutligen blir vara avgörande. Denna studie visar också på att bankernas fokus på information om småbolaget skiljer sig åt från bank till bank, dock är förtroendet alltid det som slutligen avgör. Bankerna måste tro på kunden och se att bolaget är kreditvärdigt innan de ger ut krediter. Detta innebär att det allra viktigaste för ett småbolag för att erhålla krediter från bankerna är att vinna bankens förtroende.Att identifiera och belysa de problem som finns vid kreditgivning gentemot småbolagen och framföra de avgörande faktorerna vid kreditgivningen gentemot småbolagen avser att generera kunskap och uppmärksamma problemen. Detta i sin tur syftar till att få både banker och småbolag att bli medvetna och mer motiverade att möta och motarbeta de problem och brister som finns vid kreditgivningen. Studien belyser problematiken gällande att bankerna inte använder en generell ram vid kreditgivningen och lyfter upp betydelsen av förtroende mellan småbolag och storbanker. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Une fraction non négligeable de la population mondiale n’a pas accès au crédit, en raison d’une insuffisance de ressources, d’une inscription dans un fichier de surendettement ou de la restriction des critères d’octroi du crédit bancaire. Pourtant, devenus incontournables avec la domiciliation des salaires et des prestations sociales, les produits et les services bancaires participent au processus d’exclusion sociale. Ne pas avoir accès au crédit, ou y avoir accès de manière inadaptée, est, en soi, un facteur d’appauvrissement. Faute d’accès à un prêt personnel ou à un découvert bancaire, de nombreux ménages recourent à des crédits renouvelables dont les conditions d’octroi sont de plus en plus contestées par les pouvoirs publics ; aussi, les risques de surendettement s’en trouvent-Ils accrus. Or, dans le contexte actuel de crise économique, de recrudescence du chômage et des emplois précaires, le recours au microcrédit peut être un outil utile pour répondre aux besoins de réinsertion à travers la création, la reprise ou le transfert d'activités rémunératrices. La conjoncture actuelle semble d'autant plus favorable à un renouveau du microcrédit que celui-Ci peut permettre à l’emprunteur de rebondir en créant sa petite entreprise, ou de s’assumer sans détériorer sa situation financière personnelle. Bien géré, il constitue un facteur d’autonomie de la personne,tout en favorisant une pratique nouvelle de la solidarité par des relations plus ou moins directes entre prêteurs, épargnants et emprunteurs. Il a en quelque sorte un caractère universel qui sied à l’esprit du temps. Actualisé et modernisé dans les pays du Sud, le crédit solidaire nécessite une adaptation du concept dans les pays développés, pour tenir compte de leur contexte. Ainsi, une pratique des pays moins développés est « exportée » vers les pays du Nord, qui redécouvrent des pratiques anciennes — mutualisme, prêt sur gages, tontine,solidarité familiale ou de groupe — dont l’esprit originel s’était estompé avec la modernisation de leur système bancaire ou, tout simplement, leur mode de vie plus individualiste. Beaucoup de débats existent entre économistes sur la réalité de l’efficacité du microcrédit. Bien que celui-Ci soit économiquement et socialement séduisant pour les uns,proprement illusoire pour les autres, le juriste semble être placé hors du débat. Il n’existe pas de vrais débats (en Europe en tout cas) sur les aspects juridiques du microcrédit de sorte qu’on pourrait douter de sa place en droit. Est-Ce à dire que cette belle invention économique a manqué de pénétrer le domaine juridique ? Cette thèse tente de jeter les bases d’un vrai débat juridique sur le phénomène du microcrédit. Elle s'efforce de dresser, juridiquement, un état des lieux du microcrédit, l’offre, la demande, mais aussi les perspectives envisageables pour un développement de la pratique. / All over the world, a significant fraction of the population has no access to credit, due to insufficient resources, a registering in a file of big debts or of restriction criteria for the granting of bank credit. However, now indispensable due to the address of wages and social security benefits, banking services are involved in the process of social exclusion. Not having access to credit, or having access in an inappropriate manner is in itself a factor of impoverishment. Without access to a personal loan or to an overdraft, many households relyon revolving credits whose conditions of granting is increasingly challenged by the authorities, and thus the risk of big debt are there by increased. But in the current context ofthe economic crisis of growing unemployment and of part-Time work, the use of microcreditcan be a useful tool to meet the needs of some households in terms of business start-Ups,business transfers or business continuities. The current environment seems to favor a revivalof microcredit, as it allows the borrower to bounce back and create his or her employment orsmall business, or to support themselves without damaging their personal financialsituation. Properly managed, it is a factor of individual autonomy, while promoting a newpractice of solidarity through more or less direct relationship between lenders, borrowers andsavers. There is a sort of universal character that befits the spirit of time. Modernized andupdated in southern countries, solidarity loan requires an adaptation of the concept indeveloped countries, to take their context into account. Thus, a practice of less developedcountries is "exported" towards western countries, which are rediscovering ancient practices –mutualism, pawnshop, tontine, family or group solidarity – whose original spirit had dimmedwith the modernization of their banking system or, simply, their more individualistic lifestyle.There are many debates between economists about the reality of the effectiveness ofmicrocredit. About microcredit which is economically and socially attractive to some, purelyan illusion for others, the legal representative seems to stand aside from the debate. There isno real debate (at any rate in Europe) on the legal aspects of microcredit in such an extent thatwe might question its position in law. Is it that this wonderful economic invention has failedto enter the legal domain ? Our work aims at laying the groundwork for a real legal debate onthe phenomenon of microcredit. Its ambition is to draw, legally, an overview of themicrocredit, the supply, the demand and also the way forward for the development of thepractice.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

The main purpose of this study is not only to prove the impact of loan interest rates on the poor in the case of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia but also to recommend improvements to address the negative effects of interest rates that could benefit both the borrowers and the lenders. Combinations of quantitative and qualitative analytical tools were used; the data were collected through administration of a questionnaire to a sample of 471 respondents from three regulated MCIs, one cooperative enterprise, and one unregulated NGO. Results were analysed by using SPSS software. A multi-dimensional approach with respect to demand for credit, return on loan, loan repayment, savings, indebtedness, multiple loans, graduation process, and wellbeing was used and results were triangulated to obtain a full picture. The study has concluded that the interest rate in general, primarily charged by DECSI, eroded the envisaged profits that poor borrowers expected to gain. This caused diversified negative impacts on the poor, those who were entrusted to MCIs. It thus brings into question the efficacy of the social responsibility of MCIs. From a simple analysis, it is found that there is a trade-off between servicing the poor with a low loan cost and securing MCIs operational self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the poor are not only sensitive to the loan interest rate but also to the saving interest rate. Therefore, not only access but also the cost of credit and savings matters to the poor. Moreover, the study identified a positive relationship between the financial capacity of MCIs and lending interest rates. Institutions with higher profitability tend to offer lower interest rates on micro loans but not when commercialization is an issue. The study grasped that socially oriented and responsible MCIs can reach the poorest without compromising financial performances, a “win-win proposition”. Finally, the study offers comprehensive recommendations on policy and practice that address potential changes to how MCIs redesign their loan and savings interest rate. The recommendations also address how MCIs develop graduation processes and self-revolving credit scheme frameworks that strengthen pro-poor microcredit modality. Additionally, the study provides a way forward in the design of future microcredit that could help MCIs deliver on their core social mandate. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil (Development Studies)

It has long been accepted that changes in monetary policy have real economic effects; however, the mechanism by which these policy changes are transmitted to the real economy has been the subject of much debate. Traditionally the transmission mechanism of monetary policy has consisted of various channels which include the money channel, the asset price channel and the exchange rate channel. Recent developments in economic theory have led to a relatively new channel of policy transmission, termed the credit channel. The credit channel consists of the bank lending channel as well as the balance sheet channel, and focuses on the demand for credit as the variable of interest. The credit channel is based on the notion that demanders and suppliers of credit face asymmetric information problems which create a gap between the cost of external funds and the cost of internally generated funds, referred to as the wedge. The aim here is to determine the size and lag length effects of changes in credit demand, by both firms as well as households, as a result of changes in interest rates. A secondary, but subordinate, aim is to test for a balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission. A vector autoregressive (VAR) model is used in conjunction with causality tests, impulse response functions and variance decompositions to achieve the stated objectives. Results indicate that the interest rate elasticity of credit demand, for both firms and households, is interest inelastic and therefore the monetary policy authorities have a limited ability to influence credit demand in the short as well as medium term. In light of the second aim, only weak evidence of a balance sheet channel of policy transmission is found.

A voluminous literature attempts to explain the various channels of the monetary policy transmission mechanism through which central banks ultimately achieve price stability. However, most research focuses on interest rate pass-through and the demand for money phase, while there is limited research on the demand for credit. This study endeavours to contribute to the understanding of this neglected phase of monetary policy transmission by exploring the response of the real demand for bank credit by the private sector to changes in the real prime rate from 1990:1 to 2004:4 in South Africa. Firstly, the behaviour of the real prime rate in relation to the repo rate is explored using graphical analysis. The study observes that an increase in the repo rate causes an increase in the real prime rate, such that there is always a margin of three or four percentage points between the two rates. Secondly, using secondary data, the Johansen methodology is used to determine the relationship between the demand for bank credit and its determinants (GDP, inflation, real prime rate and real yield on government bonds). Two co-integrating relationships are found. The Gaussian errors from one co-integrating vector are used to model the Vector Error Correction Model, which provides the short-run dynamics and the long-run results, through the use of Eviews 5 software. The results of the study show that while all other variables are negatively related to the demand for bank credit in the long-run, GDP has a positive influence. In the short-run, yield on government bonds and inflation coefficients depict a positive association, while the coefficients of real prime rate and GDP are negative. The error correction coefficient is -0.32, which implies that a 32% adjustment to equilibrium happens in the demand for bank credit in a quarter and that the complete adjustment takes about three quarters to complete. Thirdly, the generalised impulse responses results indicate that the impact on the real prime rate affects the demand for bank credit from the first quarter. The study concludes that the real prime rate has a negative impact on the demand for credit both in the short-run and long-run.

This study investigates the contribution of bank credit extension to the private sector to inflation in South Africa, covering the period 1970:1-2006:4. The long-run impact of bank credit on inflation is investigated by means of the Johansen co integration model. The short-run ynamics of the inflation is subsequently modelled by means of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Using the Johansen methodology, the study identifies two co integrating equations linking inflation and its eterminants. The results suggest that the long-run relationship between inflation and bank credit to the private sector is negative and statistically significant at 10% level. The determinants that are significant at 5% level are: money supply, real gross domestic product, the money market rate, rand/dollar exchange rate and imports. The results are consistent with previous findings. The speed of adjustment in response to deviation from the equilibrium path was found to be negative at 10.56% per quarter, which is consistent with findings by Ohnsorge and Oomes (2003) for Russia. Both the signs and the magnitude of the coefficients suggest that the co integrating vector describes a long-run inflation equation. The impulse response functions confirm the theoretical expectations except for the import prices. The most persistent and significant shocks observed are on impulse response functions of money supply and bank credit to the private sector. The variance decomposition results also suggest that inflation responds quicker to innovations from money supply and the money market rate. The overall results provide evidence that the surge in inflation is associated with an increase in money supply as well as the instability in exchange rate. The effects of exchange rate fluctuation on inflation are reflected through changes in import prices. Based on the results we conclude that an increase in bank credit during the period 1970:1-2006:4 had a negative mpact on inflation in South Africa.

This study is about whether the money supply in South Africa under a monetary policy regime of inflation‐targeting is exogenously or endogenously determined. The proposition of an exogenous money supply has been offered by monetarists, where the Central Bank determines the quantity of money supplied to the economy and this has a causal influence on income and credit extension. The endogenous money theory is a post‐Keynesian proposition whereby the money creation is determined by banks adjusting their responses to demands for credit‐money from economic agents. The data analysis is from 2000Q1 to 2010Q4 and entails the use of the variables monetary base (MB), domestic credit extension (DCE), M3, and gross national product (GDP). All variables are logged. The empirical tests conducted start with the Augmented Dickey‐Fuller unit root test to determine the variables order of integration. Johansen cointegration tests are done followed by Vector Error‐Correction Models (VECMs) and Granger causality tests to determine whether there is unidirectional or bidirectional causality between variables over the long and short‐run. Based on the results of the testing it was discovered that over the inflation‐targeting regime money supply in South Africa was endogenously determined. Furthermore, the data best supports the Accommodationist analysis of endogenous money as opposed to that of Structuralism and Liquidity Preference / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in

This thesis discusses project funding in the public sector. Basic concepts concerning a project and a public project are briefly defined in the theoretical part of this text. Subsequent parts then focus on the options of funding a public project as well as project evaluation using the CBA method. The case study focuses on evaluating and choosing the mean of funding for specific implemented project and its socioeconomic evaluation.