Located at the intersection of literary, journalistic, and socio-historical discourses, “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” looks at diaristic texts in post-war German literature through the lens of news reporting and mass media. Since the 1970s, diaristic texts in German emerged across genres in the works of canonical authors. These works are widely read as subjective texts and linked to their authors’ supposedly diaristic interest in introspection and self-expression. However, these texts’ orientation towards the outside world and their interest in the temporality and scene of writing does not fit into this existing narrative. This dissertation looks at four decades worth of journal texts by Peter Handke, Sarah Kirsch, Jürgen Becker, and Rainald Goetz. Considering these texts between the poles of diary and news(papers), “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” argues that the modes of writing that emerged must be read as a new genre. Looking at novels, poetry, prose, blogs, and epics, “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” analyses writing as the site of narrative experiments that resulted in new attempts to define literary categories. “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” establishes links between the accelerating and alienating effects of mass media and the narratological impact of journalistic reporting on literary writing. The project takes reporting and the report as its methodological cornerstones and looks at the journal’s conception of scene, time, image, narrative, and writing through the lens of contemporary literary theory. My project situates itself within the temporal turn and contributes to recent studies on literature and time. The three chapters of this dissertation trace different modes of journal writing emerging since the early 1970s. Chapter I investigates how the texts of Jürgen Becker focus on the temporality of short-term memory and its implications for a new definition of plot. Chapter II traces journal writing in Sarah Kirsch’s poetry and prose and the way in which it focalizes settings of spatio-temporal liminality. Chapter III looks at the works of Peter Handke and their focus on the temporal simultaneity of writing and its relation to the surrounding scene. My conclusion revisits these modes through the lens of 2000s journal writing in the works of Rainald Goetz. “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” suggests that these texts’ very rigid repudiation of mass media and journalistic reporting lies at odds with the extraordinary phenomenological influence both have on the conceptions of writing contained in them. This dissertation, therefore, intervenes in a literary history of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s by challenging common center/periphery binaries that imply an author’s supposed degree of (non)involvement with the modern world. It expands existing theories on diaristic writing, looking at journal writing as a specific genre that transcends existing categories. “Writing Scenes and Telling Time” concludes that a broad range of supposedly diaristic texts from the German post-war era must be reconceived with regards to their genre status. Through its focus on writing, this dissertation ultimately aims at establishing journal writing as a new theory of genre.

Introduction/Aims Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DBMD) are X-linked neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness, leading to decreased mobility and multisystem complications. We estimate productivity costs attributable to time spent by a parent caring for a male child under the age of 18 y with DBMD, with particular focus on female caregivers of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) who have already lost ambulation. Methods Primary caregivers of males with DBMD in the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance and Research Tracking Network (MD STARnet) were surveyed during 2011–2012 on family quality of life measures, including labor market outcomes. Of 211 respondents, 96 female caregivers of boys with DBMD were matched on state, year of survey, respondent's age, child's age, and number of minor children with controls constructed from Current Population Survey extracts. Regression analysis was used to estimate labor market outcomes and productivity costs. Results Caregivers of boys with DBMD worked 296 h less per year on average than caregivers of unaffected children, translating to a $8816 earnings loss in 2020 U.S. dollars. Caregivers of boys with DMD with ≥4 y of ambulation loss had a predicted loss in annualized earnings of $23,995, whereas caregivers of boys with DBMD of the same ages who remained ambulatory had no loss of earnings. Discussion Female caregivers of non-ambulatory boys with DMD face additional household budget constraints through income loss. Failure to include informal care costs in economic studies could understate the societal cost-effectiveness of strategies for managing DMD that might prolong ambulation.

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A study of Neil Gaiman's The Sandman, particularly "The Sound of Her Wings" and "The Kindly Ones: Part 13," demonstrates its theological richness. The Sandman's ability to participate in theodicy becomes clear by framing that study within a framework provided by Ernest Becker's ideas about the terror of death and Karen Armstrong's observations of the historical utility of negative theology and compassion. The analysis of the formal characteristics of The Sandman shows the range of aesthetic possibility inherent in the comics form. Lastly, the study makes apparent the continued readerly desire for engagement with questions about God, transcendence, death, and evil.

This research focuses on estimating the shift in consumer willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium/discount for Native warm season grassed beef and for Bermuda grassed beef, an exotic species to the U.S. We utilized sensory analysis and the Becker-Degroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism to elicit consumers’ preference for four different types of beef to determine how the premiums/discounts consumers place on these differentiated products change across information regimes: perception, experience, and complete information. Subjects participated in the BDM mechanism three times to determine their WTP: once after observing the raw packaged product with standard labeling information, once after a blind taste sample of the products, and once after complete information has been provided that links the raw packaged product to the blind taste sample. Results revealed strong preferences for NWSGed beef regardless of finishing methods, and positive impacts of the sensory results and label information on grassinished beef steaks.

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[pt] Esta tese realiza um estudo da história e do desenvolvimento das agências de propaganda do Brasil, a fim de compreender os principais movimentos do campo da publicidade no país ao longo de cem anos. Parte-se da premissa de que a agência é a organização responsável por traçar as condições de existência do setor da publicidade e do aparecimento social do anúncio, como resultado e expressão de tipos de interação social e ação coletiva. O marco cronológico é fixado a partir da fundação da Eclética, em 1914, a primeira empresa que elabora uma disposição profissionalizante e coopera para a formação de um segmento profissional, até então inexistente. A pesquisa procura mapear o curso das agências, suas conexões com as transformações histórico-culturais, realçando o desenvolvimento empresarial para discutir o peso do discurso publicitário na constituição dos códigos culturais. O foco recai no exame dos agentes sociais e suas ações, como partes determinantes da produção do conhecimento e da elaboração das identidades culturais em um determinado sistema social. Através da pesquisa bibliográfica e aproximação da rotina produtiva da publicidade, é possível perceber a importância da atuação conjunta de identidades para a viabilidade do trabalho. Neste sentido, a teoria da ação coletiva de Howard Becker ancora a reflexão sobre as identidades culturais dos sujeitos que produzem os anúncios dentro de uma agência de propaganda e suas formas de operação, elaboradas, historicamente, para a produção deste dispositivo de comunicação. O quadro teórico adotado também enfatiza a perspectiva cultural da publicidade e trabalhos que destacam a preponderância do simbólico na construção dos seus significados públicos. Além da conjuntura interna das empresas de propaganda, o estudo também pondera, de forma mais ampla, a publicidade como uma narrativa central na sociedade moderno-contemporânea, uma vez que ela produz e faz circular temas que impactam subjetividades e oferecem componentes para o estabelecimento de signos e práticas que nos definem como uma sociedade de consumo. / [en] This dissertation provides an interpretative analysis on advertising agencies in Brazil in order to broadly examine the main movements in the field of advertising during the past one hundred years. We have relied on the assumption that the agency is the ownership that establishes conditions for the advertising sector s recognition as well as the social emergence of the ad, as an outcome and expression of social interaction and collective action types. The chronological framework is set as of the establishment of Eclética, in 1914, the first organization that devises a professional approach and sets the capacity building of a yet unknown professional segment. The survey pursues a constant on-going mapping of the agencies, the paths, and linkages with historical-cultural transformations, enhancing the entrepreneurial development in order to discuss the burden of the advertising speech vis-a-vis the cultural code heritage. The core focus is on the consideration of the social players and their actions as inherent part of the production of knowledge and issuance of cultural identities in a specific social system. By means of a bibliographic intersection with the productive routine of advertising, have endeavored to reach the final result of a joint performance of identities which crossing is of the utmost importance for its feasibility. Furthermore, Howard Becker s collective action theory anchors a profound reflection of the cultural identities of the subjects that convey the ads in an advertising agency, inasmuch as its ways of performance, historically produced for this communication device. The theoretical framework that has been considered, highlights as well, the cultural perspective of advertising and papers that enhance the prominence of symbolism when establishing cultural meanings. Besides the internal environment of the advertising organization, this survey contemplates, in a broader sense, advertising as a central narrative of modern contemporary culture inasmuch as it produces and circles issues that impact subjectivities and convey components to establish signs and practices that define us as a Consumption Society.

L’hypothèse à l’origine de ce travail est que les remises en question récentes du concept de capital humain sont inextricablement liées aux conditions dans lesquelles cette théorie a émergé. En conséquence, remonter aux origines de la révolution du capital humain permet d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les problèmes de définition et de mesure que le conceptrencontre aujourd’hui. Dans une perspective d’histoire de la pensée économique, nous nous proposons d’analyser les ondements conceptuels du cadre théorique du capital humain qui a émergé à la fin des années 1950 sous l’impulsion de trois auteurs : Gary Becker, Jacob Mincer et Théodore Schultz. Au début des années 1950, Schultz utilise le concept de capitalhumain pour expliquer le résidu de croissance. Le programme de recherche qu’il lance s’inscrit ainsi dans le corpus des théories de la croissance. Schultz parvient immédiatement à faire la preuve de la pertinence de ce facteur de production oublié. Au même moment, c’est-à-dire au milieu des années 1950, Mincer travaille lui aussi sur le concept de capital humain, mais comme déterminant de la distribution des revenus individuels. Quant à Becker, ce n’est qu’à la fin des années 1950 qu’il s’intéressera au capital humain : il propose d’analyser les choix individuels de formation au moyen de la théorie du choix rationnel et d’étudier le taux de rendement privé de l’investissement dans l’éducation. Le modèle microéconomique élaboré par Becker sera immédiatement utilisé par Mincer et va s’imposer aux dépens de l’approche macroéconomique de Schultz. / The hypothesis underlying this work is that the recent criticism faced by human capital concept are inextricably linked to the emerging conditions of the theory. Getting to the roots of the human capital revolution gives a new perspective on both theoretical and measurement issues. Using the history of economic thought perspective, we analyse the conceptual foundations of the human capital theory developed by Gary Becker, Jacob Mincer and Theodore Schultz in the late fifties. In 1950, Schultz used the concept of human capital in order to explain growth residual. His research program is embodied in the corpus ofgrowth theory. Schultz promptly succeeds to show the importance of this forgotten factor. Simultaneously, Mincer works on the same concept considering it as the main determinant of the personal income distribution. Few years later, Becker tried to understand the individual choice of training using the rational choice theory, and study the private rate of return of investment in education. His model, immediately adopted by Mincer, will establish itself as the standard model, vanishing the macroeconomic approach of Schultz.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jussara Trindade de Almeida.pdf: 2997922 bytes, checksum: 3b19c5030f23d612e8f6ff0e5198b0a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation seeks to accomplish an analysis of the human condition in Ernest Becker (1924-1974) and the role of religion to sustain human beings in face of the fear of death and the precariousness of his creatureliness. The central object of research is his most important work, The Denial of Death. Initially, we present the main concepts of Becker used to describe the human existence: the creatureliness of human beings, torn between their animality and the self-consciousness that helped them to emerge from nature in comparison to all of the other animals; the existential paradox; the fear of life and fear of death which cause anxiety and the need to deny death; the twin ontological motives Eros and Agape that attract human beings in opposite directions; the basic need to feel a sense of self-worth and find meaning to human existence; the defense mechanisms used to repress from consciousness the fear of death and the reality of the creatureliness; the development of human character as a vital lie; the human dependence on and fascination with an external source power, related to the transference mechanism; and the oedipal transition that develops into the causa sui project, when the socialization of the individual occurs. Then we investigate Becker s view of religion and the reasons for considering it as one of the most effective ways of providing meaning to human life, as well as ideal forms of heroism that are not found in cultural hero systems and ways of transcending creatureliness symbolically. Finally, we present an outline of the heroic individual, the main reasons for Becker to glimpse the possibility of the fusion of psychology and religion, and a reflection on his expectations for this approach. It starts with the hypothesis that the possibility of heroism offered by religion is broader than the cultural forms, since religion takes into account the dimension of the invisible; also that the individuals can develop, with the support of religion, a greater strength to bear the contradictions of their human condition, together with a safer way to find meaning to their existences. We conclude that the Becker s heroic individual must have the courage that few possess to face anxiety, despite the support offered by religion and psychoanalysis / A presente dissertação busca realizar uma análise da condição humana em Ernest Becker (1924-1974) e o papel da religião para sustentar o ser humano diante do temor da morte e da precariedade de sua condição de criatura. O objeto central da pesquisa é sua mais importante obra, A Negação da Morte. Inicialmente, são apresentados os principais conceitos de Becker utilizados para descrever a existência humana: a condição de criatura do ser humano, dividido entre sua animalidade e a auto-consciência que o destacou dos outros animas na natureza; o paradoxo existencial; os temores da vida e da morte, que provocam angústia e necessidade de negar a morte; os dúplices motivos ontológicos Eros e Ágape que atraem o ser humano para direções opostas; a necessidade básica de sentir o próprio valor e encontrar sentido para a existência; os mecanismos de defesa utilizados para reprimir da consciência o temor da mortalidade e a realidade da condição de criatura; o desenvolvimento do caráter como mentira vital; a dependência e o fascínio por uma fonte de poder externo, relacionados ao mecanismo de transferência; e a transição edipiana que se desenvolve para o projeto causa sui, a partir da socialização do indivíduo. Em seguida, investiga-se a compreensão de Becker sobre a religião, e as razões para considerá-la como um dos meios mais eficientes para fornecer significado à vida humana, assim como: proporcionar formas de heroísmo ideal que não se encontram nos sistemas de heróís da cultura; e permitir uma transcendência simbólica da condição de criatura. Por último, é apresentado um esboço do indivíduo heróico, as principais razões de Becker para vislumbrar a possibilidade de uma aproximação entre psicologia e religião, e uma reflexão sobre suas expectativas em relação a essa aproximação. Parte-se da hipótese que, sendo a possibilidade de heroísmo oferecida pela religião mais abrangente que a cultural, ao levar em conta a dimensão do invisível, o ser humano pode desenvolver, com o auxílio da religião, uma maior resistência para suportar as contradições de sua condição e um meio mais seguro de encontrar significado para a existência. Conclui-se que o indivíduo heróico de Becker precisa possuir uma coragem que poucos possuem para enfrentar a angústia, apesar do suporte oferecido pela religião e pela psicanálise

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