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According to Porter (1990), there are certain characteristics of a country that allow its industries to create and sustain competitive advantage, or prevent them from doing so. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the sources of competitive advantage or disadvantage for the Uruguayan and New Zealand beef industries. To accomplish these objectives, Porter’s Diamond Framework was selected as the theoretical framework to assess the competitive advantage of nations. Two case studies “the Beef Industry in Uruguay” and “the Beef Industry in New Zealand” were carried out. The information was obtained from secondary sources and open-ended interviews to key informants in both countries. Uruguay and New Zealand possess observable similarities, such as size, population, similar farmland area, and an economy based on agriculture with low levels of subsidies and trade regulations. In addition, the industries in both countries target the international market. Considering beef production, these countries produce beef based on pastures; hence, they have similar seasonal fluctuations in slaughter and in the product offered into the market. These similarities make these countries interesting to compare. On the other hand, Uruguay and New Zealand have differences. They are in different stages of economic development, and have cultural, sociological and educational differences. The beef industry is the most important economic activity in Uruguay, as can be illustrated by the resources allocated in this sector and in the volume and value of exported beef. In New Zealand, the beef industry is less important; however, it constitutes an excellent complementary activity for sheep and dairy productions. Both beef industries also have differences in their levels of productivity, stock compositions, stock categories, age of slaughtered animals, sanitary status, and locations in relation to markets. This suggests different sources of competitive advantage. The results show that the Uruguayan beef industry has a weaker diamond than its New Zealand counterpart does. However, the industry in Uruguay has been increasing the use of resources in comparison to other pastoral activities such as dairy and sheep. In contrast, the New Zealand beef industry, despite having a stronger diamond than the Uruguayan beef industry, has a secondary role behind the sheep and dairy industry. There are two clear limitations for the Uruguayan beef industry. First, the performance of the primary sector is poor. Second, the Uruguayan exported beef receives a lower price than the New Zealand product, and has difficulties for gaining access to certain markets. These two characteristics were identified as the most dissimilar for both industries. The selected research design and theoretical framework were adequate to accomplish the objectives. Although most of Porter’s findings were not supported in this study, using the framework allowed the development of an exhaustive analysis of the possible factors affecting the sources of competitive advantage in both industries. Comparing diamonds in different countries has not been done before; therefore, this research provides empirical evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of using this framework for international comparisons. Finally, the information presented in this research did not intend to suggest possible strategies or policies to increase the competitiveness of both industries. However, the results are likely to provide useful information for further studies in these industries.

There is currently no strategic marketing plan for stud or commercial breeders of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. This study aims to determine what strategic marketing plans can be employed that could be successful for the different levels of Drakensberger cattle farmers. The analysis set off by a literature review of the beef industry in South Africa. Currently domestic production serves 85% of the local beef market. The literature review showed that, irrespective of breed or geographical area, specific characteristics, such as fertility, adaptability and temperament, could be identified as critical success factors for the beef industry. The Drakensberger as competitive breed of cattle, is also analysed within a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), while the beef industry is analysed by means of Porter's 5-forces model. From the results conclusions were made on the farming profile of the Drakensberger farmers, their marketing orientation, as the important elements relevant to a marketing plan of the Drakensberger breed of cattle. This includes attractive promotional and advertising possibilities, pricing and product promotion activities. A number of marketing recommendations are also made to improve the market share of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There is currently no strategic marketing plan for stud or commercial breeders of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. This study aims to determine what strategic marketing plans can be employed that could be successful for the different levels of Drakensberger cattle farmers. The analysis set off by a literature review of the beef industry in South Africa. Currently domestic production serves 85% of the local beef market. The literature review showed that, irrespective of breed or geographical area, specific characteristics, such as fertility, adaptability and temperament, could be identified as critical success factors for the beef industry. The Drakensberger as competitive breed of cattle, is also analysed within a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), while the beef industry is analysed by means of Porter's 5-forces model. From the results conclusions were made on the farming profile of the Drakensberger farmers, their marketing orientation, as the important elements relevant to a marketing plan of the Drakensberger breed of cattle. This includes attractive promotional and advertising possibilities, pricing and product promotion activities. A number of marketing recommendations are also made to improve the market share of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The closure of the US border to Canadian live cattle and beef products after the confirmation of a single Canadian BSE case in May, 2003 seriously jeopardized the Canadian beef cattle industry, which had relied heavily on exports. The inventory of cattle rapidly increased and farmers were paid record low prices for live cattle. But at the same time, the cattle slaughtering industry experienced a substantial increase in profits. The enlarged price spread between the value of live cattle and beef steak raised concerns about oligopsony market power in the live cattle market. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that the Canadian slaughtering industry exercised this market power in the months following the discovery of BSE. Two models, the conjectural variation model from the New Empirical Industrial Organization and an asymmetric price transmission model were used and the results from both models do not support the hypothesis of oligopsony market power.

Submitted by PRISCILA RIZZI JANOTTI null (pri_janotti@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-03T22:33:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Priscila_Rizzi_Janotti - FINAL.pdf: 1096520 bytes, checksum: 5784169605aa6b52b5617b714aed7bf5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T16:57:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 janotti_pr_me_jabo.pdf: 1096520 bytes, checksum: 5784169605aa6b52b5617b714aed7bf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T16:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janotti_pr_me_jabo.pdf: 1096520 bytes, checksum: 5784169605aa6b52b5617b714aed7bf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / Os impactos ambientais causados pelas operações produtivas têm sido cada vez mais discutidos nos mais distintos âmbitos sociais. Dentre os setores que se apresentam no rol das indústrias com alta geração de resíduos sólidos, efluentes líquidos e emissão gasosas em suas operações produtivas está a indústria frigorífica de bovinos. Maior exportadora mundial de carne bovina, esta indústria tem o desafio de: i) produzir alimentos com garantia de qualidade e segurança microbiana; e ii) garantir que o processo produtivo seja inovador a ponto de proporcionar sustentabilidade e diminuição dos impactos ambientais. Frente a este contexto, este trabalho objetivou elaborar um constructo metodológico quantitativo para auxiliar as empresas pertencentes à indústria frigorífica de bovinos a avaliarem seu desempenho ambiental de forma ampla. Trata-se de um trabalho quantitativo subdividido em três etapas metodológicas sendo: aprofundamento da teoria de Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental, mapeamento do processo produtivo de bovinos, e elaboração do constructo metodológico. Como resultado criou-se um constructo que contempla 31 indicadores agrupados em 6 aspectos, poderados a partir do método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), mensurados através de escalas de avaliação específicas. A título de exemplificação, o constructo foi aplicado em duas empresas do setor. / The environmental impacts caused by productive operations have been increasingly discussed in the most diverse social spheres. Among the sectors that appear in the list of industries with high generation of solid waste, liquid effluents and gaseous emissions in their productive operations is the cattle industry. As the world's largest exporter of beef, this industry has the challenge of: i) producing food with quality assurance and microbial safety; and ii) ensure that the production process is innovative to the point of providing sustainability and reducing environmental impacts. Thus, this study aimed to elaborate a quantitative methodological construct to help beef industry companies to evaluate their environmental performance in a broad way. It is a quantitative study subdivided into three methodological stages: deepening of the theory of Environmental Performance Evaluation, mapping of the productive process of beef, and elaboration of the methodological construct. As a result, the study has created a construct that contemplates 31 indicators grouped in six aspects, weighted by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, measured through specific evaluation scales. As an example, the study applied the construct to two companies in the sector.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Namibia by nature is very well suited for livestock production and is a net exporter of beef. Beef is currently exported to South Africa, the European Union (EU) and Japan while market access to the United States of America is being explored. Food safety, traceability and lately animal welfare are all aspects which are requested by Namibians trading partners when exporting meat to those countries. The first two aspects have been addressed with the introduction of the Farm Assured Namibian Beef scheme (FAN Meat) which also provides basic guidelines for animal welfare. Beef in Namibia is produced from extensively managed enterprises which are privately owned and managed, or state owned and communally utilized. The events of handling and transport are considered stressful to all animals but especially so to extensively raised animals and their reaction to these events has the potential to severely infringe on their welfare. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pre-, during, and post-transportation handling on animal welfare status under Namibian transport conditions. The study also investigated the influence of breed on the meat quality of Namibian beef. The level of bruising recorded on slaughter was used to measure animal welfare. Interviews with producers were conducted to describe the pre-transport handling. Questionnaires that included variables considered as important indicators of animal welfare during transport were distributed to truck drivers. Observations of the off-loading event and animal behaviour were completed in lairage at the export abattoir in Windhoek. The variables that were identified as high risk factors and had a significant influence on the level of bruising under Namibian transport conditions include animal factors (i.e. breed type, age, sex, condition and subcutaneous fat cover), pre-transport handling (i.e. re-branding of animals), transport related risks (loading density and animals lying down during transit) as well as lairage factors (i.e. fit of truck floor to off-loading ramp, the way animals moved to holding pens, pen size and minimum environmental temperatures). The influence of breed on meat tenderness and water-holding capacity of the Longissimus dorsi muscle of the four main beef breeds (i.e. Brahman, Bonsmara, Simbrah and Simmental), as well as the effect of different aging periods on meat quality (i.e. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 & 37 days post mortem) were investigated. The Brahman differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the other three breeds in terms of all aging treatments; with higher Warner-Bratzler shear force values reported for this breed. Interactions between days post mortem and breed were found for the Simbrah, and Simmental breeds, which may be indicative of a delayed response to aging of meat samples obtained from Simbrah animals. This can possibly be ascribed to an increased calpastatin activity in these animals. Meat samples obtained from the Bonsmara steers showed the highest rate of tenderization, with this effect retained until day 30 post mortem. Recommendations as pertaining to the ante mortem handling of cattle are made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Namibië word gekenmerk deur toestande wat uitstekend vir diereproduksie is, met die land wat as ‘n netto uitvoerder van beesvleis beskou word. Vleis word na Suid-Afrika, die Europese Unie (EU) en Japan uitgevoer, met die moontlikheid van die Verenigde State van Amerika wat as ‘n uitvoermark ondersoek word. Voedselveiligheid, naspeurbaarheid en dierewelsyn is drie vereistes wat deur die invoerders van Namibiese vleis daargestel word. Die eerste twee vereistes is reeds deur die implementering van die Farm Assured Namibian beesvleis skema (FAN Meat) aangespreek, met die skema wat basiese riglyne vir dierewelsyn voorskryf. Namibiese beesvleis word geproduseer onder grootskaalse ekstensiewe boerdery omstandighede, wat of privaat besit en bestuur word, of aan die regering behoort en deur plaaslike gemeenskappe benut word. Die invloed van hantering en vervoer is besonder stresvol vir diere en in besonder vir diere wat onder ekstensiewe omstandighede geproduseer word. Omdat diere onder ekstensiewe omstandighede ongewoond aan hantering en vervoer is, kan dié twee aksies ‘n ernstige impak op die welsyn van sulke diere hê. Die doelwit van die studie was om die invloed van hantering voor-, tydens en na-vervoer onder Namibiese vervoertoestande te ondersoek. Die invloed van ras op Namibiese beesvleiskwaliteit is ook ondersoek. Die mate van kneusing waargeneem met slagting was as standaard gebruik om die welsynstatus van diere te bepaal. Onderhoude is met produsente gevoer om inligting oor die pre-vervoer toestande in te win. Vraelyste wat veranderlikes wat as belangrike indikators van dierewelsyn tydens vervoer beskou kan word, ingesluit het, is aan vragmotorbestuurders versprei. Waarnemings van die aflaai en verwante diergedrag was by die houfasiliteite van die uitvoer abattoir in Windhoek, waarnatoe die diere vervoer is, gedoen. Verskeie hoë risiko faktore wat ‘n betekenisvolle invloed op die mate van kneusing wat tydens vervoer opgedoen is, gehad het, is in die studie geïdentifiseer. Hierdie faktore het dierverwante eienskappe (d.i. ras, ouderdom, geslag, liggaamskondisie en onderhuidse vetvoorsiening), voorvervoer hantering (d.i. herbrandmerk van diere), vervoerverwante risiko’s (d.i. aantal diere per trok kompartement en diere wat tydens vervoer gaan lê), asook ontwerp van houfasiliteite (d.i. verbinding tussen trokvloer en laaibrug, die manier wat diere na houkampies beweeg het, grootte van houkampies en lae omgewingstemperature), ingesluit. Die invloed van ras op die sagtheid en waterhouvermoë van die Longissimus dorsi spier van die vier hoof vleisbeesrasse (d.i. Brahman, Bonsmara, Simbrah en Simmentaler), asook verskillende verouderingstydperke op vleiskwaliteit (d.i. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 en 37 dae post mortem) van die vier rasse is ondersoek. Die Brahman het betekenisvol (p < 0.05) van die ander drie rasse in terme van die effek van veroudering op vleiskwaliteit verskil, met hoë Warner-Bratzler skeursterkte waardes wat vir dié ras aangeteken is. ‘n Interaksie tussen aantal dae post mortem en ras is gevind vir die Simbrah en Simmentaler rasse, wat dui op ‘n vertraagde effek van vleisveroudering vir die Simbrah ras, moontlik as gevolg van ‘n hoër mate van kalpastatien aktiwiteit. Vleismonsters bekom van jong Bonsmara bulle het die grootste mate van versagting getoon, met die voordeel wat waargeneem is tot dag 30 van die post mortem vleisveroudering. Aanbevelings betreffende die voorslag hantering van beeste word gemaak.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / During the last 20 years important changes have taken place in the Uruguayan beef chain. Production of grain finished cattle has become a common practice, supply agreements between packers and groups of farmers have increased and packers have begun to own feedyards. Consequently, the number of cattle pre-committed for procurement by a packer has increased significantly. Three sourcing methods are commonly used by packers to ensure captive supply of grain finished fed cattle: marketing agreements, custom feeding and owning a feedyard. The objective of this thesis is to determine the method or combination of methods that result in improved Uruguayan packer profitability through enhanced packer plant management and utilization. To achieve this objective, a quantitative and qualitative analysis using the different sourcing methods was carried out. The analysis looked to identify the drivers that determine why packers resort to one method of procurement rather than other, or a combination of them; and to determine the methods that result in better packer economic results and plant management. The results show that there is no difference between using marketing agreements and custom feedyards, and that resorting to owned feedyards entails higher costs, using current values for feedyard feed and yardage and 2005-2009 average cattle prices. When different scenarios are assessed, custom feeding emerges as the most cost effective option, followed by marketing agreements. However, when qualitative analysis is included, some doubts arise regarding the quantitative advantage of custom feedyards over the alternatives, and a combination of marketing agreements and owned feedyards may be the best option.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa modela a cadeia de suprimentos brasileira da carne bovina industrializada destinada ao mercado internacional e aspectos do conjunto normativo incidente sobre este setor. Por meio desta modelagem, são apresentados os requisitos para um sistema de controle e integração das informações em tempo real em frigoríficos exportadores que atenda as exigências do poder público e de parceiros comerciais, além das principais necessidades do próprio frigorífico. Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta, também, a arquitetura de hardware, de software e a metodologia do sistema operacional proposto, além dos benefícios advindos de sua eventual implementação. Este sistema, ora denominado Cadeia Logística Segura para Exportação de Carne Bovina Industrializada (CLSECB) contém as informações necessárias para a gestão do frigorífico, o controle de qualidade do produto, o trâmite burocrático da mercadoria, através da aplicação de dispositivos de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID) e do sistema operacional proposto. O CLSECB, portanto, permite identificar o produto (individualmente e/ou por lotes), associar informações ao produto (tanto sobre sua qualidade quanto sobre sua procedência), coletar e transmitir essas informações de forma rápida, eficiente e segura. Deste modo, o CLSECB é um sistema que, se implementado, permitirá a rastreabilidade total dentro do processo de industrialização e, será um avanço para a rastreabilidade total ao longo de toda a cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina industrializada. Tais realizações, por fim, aproximam a cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina industrializada dos ideais do programa Brasil-ID, do objetivo de obter uma linha azul para a exportação deste produto e do objetivo de expandir os mercados existentes e conquistar novos mercados internacionais. / This research work models the Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef destined to the international market and regulatory aspects regarding this sector. Through this modeling, the requirements are presented for a system that controls and integrates information in real-time around beef producer exporters that meets the demands of the Government and business partners, including the main needs of the industry itself. This research work also presents the hardware and the software architecture and the methodology of a proposed operating system, including the benefits obtained from its eventual implementation. Thus, the proposed system, called Secure Supply Chain for the Export of Processed Beef (CLSECB Cadeia Logística Segura para Exportação de Carne Bovina Industrializada), contains the necessary information to the management of the industry, the quality control of the product, the bureaucratic processes of goods through the application of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) devices and the proposed operation system. The CLSECB allows the identification of the product (individually and/or by sets), the association of the products information (being it by its quality or by its precedence) and the collection and transmission of this information in a fast, efficient and secure way. Summarizing, the CLSECB is a system that, if implemented, will allow full traceability through the whole Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef to exportation. Such accomplishments, bring together the Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef and the ideals of the Brazil-ID program, the goal to obtain a blue channel to the exportation of this product and the target to expand existing markets and conquer new international markets.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa modela a cadeia de suprimentos brasileira da carne bovina industrializada destinada ao mercado internacional e aspectos do conjunto normativo incidente sobre este setor. Por meio desta modelagem, são apresentados os requisitos para um sistema de controle e integração das informações em tempo real em frigoríficos exportadores que atenda as exigências do poder público e de parceiros comerciais, além das principais necessidades do próprio frigorífico. Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta, também, a arquitetura de hardware, de software e a metodologia do sistema operacional proposto, além dos benefícios advindos de sua eventual implementação. Este sistema, ora denominado Cadeia Logística Segura para Exportação de Carne Bovina Industrializada (CLSECB) contém as informações necessárias para a gestão do frigorífico, o controle de qualidade do produto, o trâmite burocrático da mercadoria, através da aplicação de dispositivos de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID) e do sistema operacional proposto. O CLSECB, portanto, permite identificar o produto (individualmente e/ou por lotes), associar informações ao produto (tanto sobre sua qualidade quanto sobre sua procedência), coletar e transmitir essas informações de forma rápida, eficiente e segura. Deste modo, o CLSECB é um sistema que, se implementado, permitirá a rastreabilidade total dentro do processo de industrialização e, será um avanço para a rastreabilidade total ao longo de toda a cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina industrializada. Tais realizações, por fim, aproximam a cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina industrializada dos ideais do programa Brasil-ID, do objetivo de obter uma linha azul para a exportação deste produto e do objetivo de expandir os mercados existentes e conquistar novos mercados internacionais. / This research work models the Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef destined to the international market and regulatory aspects regarding this sector. Through this modeling, the requirements are presented for a system that controls and integrates information in real-time around beef producer exporters that meets the demands of the Government and business partners, including the main needs of the industry itself. This research work also presents the hardware and the software architecture and the methodology of a proposed operating system, including the benefits obtained from its eventual implementation. Thus, the proposed system, called Secure Supply Chain for the Export of Processed Beef (CLSECB Cadeia Logística Segura para Exportação de Carne Bovina Industrializada), contains the necessary information to the management of the industry, the quality control of the product, the bureaucratic processes of goods through the application of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) devices and the proposed operation system. The CLSECB allows the identification of the product (individually and/or by sets), the association of the products information (being it by its quality or by its precedence) and the collection and transmission of this information in a fast, efficient and secure way. Summarizing, the CLSECB is a system that, if implemented, will allow full traceability through the whole Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef to exportation. Such accomplishments, bring together the Brazilian supply chain of industrialized beef and the ideals of the Brazil-ID program, the goal to obtain a blue channel to the exportation of this product and the target to expand existing markets and conquer new international markets.