Tolerable risk Abstract The thesis deals with the topic of tolerable risk. Tolerable risk is a type of criminal defense that has first appeared in the Penal Code, Act No. 40/2009 Coll. Today, after almost ten years since the it came into effect, is the time to summarize the practical use of this institute. Chapter One outlines the types of criminal defenses and looks at the position that tolerable risk takes among them. Chapter Two offers a historical viewon the development of tolerable risk as an institute; first showing how it had been inferred from doctrine and then how the final version of tolerable risk, implemented in the Penal Code, was found. Chapter Three analyses the constructional features of tolerable risk; that means the conditions to be met in order to apply this criminal defense. Chapter Four compares tolerable risk with other criminal defenses, both legally defined (self-defense, necessity, consent, legitimate use of the weapon) and also not legally defined (fulfillment of obligation, exercise of entitlement, performance of a profession). Chapters five, six and sevendeal with the most common areas in which tolerable risk is employed. These areas are healthcare (Chapter Five), economy (Chapter Six) and sport (Chapter Seven).These three chapters focus on those components of tolerable risk that...

Physical inactivity is a growing concern in the world. Exergames, which are physically demanding games, offer a solution to motivate individuals to participate in regular physical activity, and virtual reality (VR) is the latest addition to this field. Visual physical activity data through wearable trackers has also shown promising results to motivate individuals to stay active. This thesis researched the possibility to increase VR players physical activity levels, beneficial movements, and immersion, by involving their physical activity data in the form of a physical activity bar in the gameplay, with a reward being granted upon completion. This was explored through a within-subject user study with 20 participants where they first played a VR game without the physical activity bar and then again with it. The results showed an increase for all activity levels and immersion, however, the conclusion was that players are more likely to perform beneficial movements that fit the gameplay. / Fysisk inaktivitet är ett växande bekymmer i världen. Exergames, som är fysiskt krävande spel, erbjuder en lösning för att motivera individer att delta i regelbunden fysisk aktivitet, och virtuell verklighet (VR) är det senaste tillskottet på detta område. Visuell fysisk aktivitetsdata genom bärbara spårare har också visat lovande resultat för att motivera individer att hålla sig aktiva. Det här examensarbetet undersökte möjligheten att öka VR-spelares fysiska aktivitetsnivåer, speciella rörelser och immersion, genom att involvera deras fysiska aktivitetsdata i form av fysisk aktivitetsdata i spelet, med en belöning som delas ut när de är klara. Detta undersöktes genom en användarstudie inom ämnet med 20 deltagare där de först spelade ett VR-spel utan fältet för fysisk aktivitet och sedan igen med det. Resultaten visade en ökning för alla aktivitetsnivåer och immersion, men kom till slutsatsen att spelare är mer benägna att utföra speciella rörelser som passar spelet.

Comme presque tous les êtres vivants, les insectes et autres arthropodes terrestres évoluent dans des environnements dynamiques et hétérogènes relativement à de multiples facteurs abiotiques incluant le rayonnement ultraviolet (UV). L’absorption de ces photons peut affecter le fitness des individus à travers différents types d’effets physiologiques et comportementaux. Certaines stratégies de lutte intégrée manipulent l’exposition au rayonnement UV en contexte agricole de façon à prendre avantage de son aspect attractif pour de nombreux ravageurs et de leur susceptibilité aux photodommages qu’il induit. Considérant le manque de connaissances sur les conséquences potentielles de telles approches sur les ennemis naturels, j’ai étudié dans cette thèse l’influence du rayonnement UV au fil du cycle de vie de deux espèces de guêpes parasitoïdes d’œufs, Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 et Trissolcus utahensis Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera : Scelionidae), et d’une de leurs punaises hôtes, Podisus maculiventris (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae), une espèce prédatrice qui pond des œufs de différents niveaux de pigmentation photoprotectrice. De façon à examiner divers paramètres d’histoire de vie de ces associations hôtes-parasitoïdes ainsi que certains des comportements liés à la recherche et à l’exploitation d’hôtes chez les parasitoïdes, j’ai réalisé une série d’expériences sous exposition naturelle et artificielle au rayonnement UV à l’aide de matériaux transmettant ou absorbant ces photons. Je démontre qu’une exposition réaliste au rayonnement UV peut entraîner des conséquences négatives sur le fitness des punaises et de leurs parasitoïdes d’œufs, et ce qu’ils y soient exposés durant leur développement ou comme adultes. L’exposition soutenue à un rayonnement UV-A de faible intensité a réduit la survie et la longévité des parasitoïdes adultes, tandis que chez les punaises, elle a induit des effets reportés négatifs sur la survie des nymphes jusqu’au stade adulte. Les conséquences immédiates et ultérieures de l’exposition des œufs de P. maculiventris au rayonnement UV ont été atténuées avec l’augmentation de leur niveau de pigmentation, et ce tant pour l’hôte que son parasitoïde. Au niveau comportemental, j’ai décrit comment les microhabitats exposés au rayonnement UV attirent les femelles parasitoïdes tout en réduisant leur activité locomotrice. Néanmoins, un taux de parasitisme élevé a été observé à diverses intensités d’exposition au rayonnement UV sur des plants de soya en cages de terrain, révélant que l’atténuation de ces signaux ne réduit pas nécessairement la performance de mes parasitoïdes. Dans l’ensemble, ces différentes études expérimentales ont révélé des effets similaires du rayonnement UV chez les trois espèces testées. Elles fournissent d’importantes réponses quant aux interactions complexes entre des insectes bénéfiques et un facteur abiotique associé aux changements climatiques et qui agit simultanément comme source de stress et d’information relativement à l’environnement. / Like most living things, insects and other terrestrial arthropods navigate environments that are dynamic and heterogenous with regards to various abiotic factors including ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Absorbing those photons can affect arthropod fitness via different types of physiological and behavioural effects. Some integrated pest management strategies manipulate UV exposure in agricultural settings to take advantage of its attractiveness to pests and of their susceptibility to UV damage. Considering the lack of knowledge on how such techniques could affect natural enemies, I studied the influence of UV radiation throughout the lifecycles of two egg parasitoid species, Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 and Trissolcus utahensis Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and one of their potential stink bug hosts, Podisus maculiventris (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a predatory species that lays eggs of different photoprotective qualities. To examine various life history parameters in these host-parasitoid associations as well as some of the parasitoids’ host location and exploitation behaviours, I conducted a series of experiments under natural and artificial UV exposure, using UV-transmitting and UV-absorbing materials. I showed that realistic doses of UV radiation can have negative consequences for the fitness of stink bugs and their egg parasitoids, whether they were exposed during their development or their adult stage. Long-term exposure to mild UV-A intensities reduced parasitoid emergence and longevity, while inducing negative carryover effects on stink bug nymph survival to adulthood. Immediate or delayed consequences of exposing P. maculiventris eggs to UV radiation lessened with increasing egg pigmentation levels, both for the hosts and their parasitoids. As for behavioural responses to UV radiation, UV-exposed microhabitats were attractive to foraging female parasitoids but also reduced their walking activity. Nonetheless, high parasitism rates were observed under different intensities of UV exposure on soybean plants in field cages, revealing that UV attenuation does not necessarily impede these parasitoids’ performance. Together, these different experimental studies revealed similar effects of UV radiation on the three species tested. They provide important insight on the complex interactions between beneficial insects and an abiotic factor that is involved in climate change and that can act both as an environmental hazard and a visual cue.

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<p>  </p> <p>Plant roots form an intimate relationship with a diversity of soil microorganisms. Some soil-borne microbes cause harmful diseases on crops, but others promote plant growth and enhance host resilience against stressors. Beneficial bacteria have a high potential as a strategy for sustainable agricultural management, many of which have been recognized and commercialized for improving crop growth. Unfortunately, field inoculants of beneficial bacteria often give inconsistent results due to various environmental factors hindering their beneficial properties. Improving crop production utilizing beneficial bacteria requires two approaches: 1) breeding for crops with the enhanced association for beneficial bacteria and 2) improving formulation methods for producing more potent microbial products. To contribute to these goals, we address three critical questions utilizing the tomato root microbiome as a model system. First, we asked how beneficial root-associated bacteria could be efficiently identified. We developed a strategy to select beneficial bacteria from a novel collection of 183 bacterial endophytes isolated from roots of two field-grown tomato species. The results suggest that isolates with similar traits impact plant growth at the same levels, regardless of their taxonomic classification or host origin. Next, we asked whether host genetics contribute to the root microbiome assembly and response to beneficial microbes. An assessment of the root microbiome profile and plant binary interaction experiments suggested the role of host genetics in influencing root recruitment and response to beneficial bacteria. Subsequently, we asked whether root-associated bacteria induce physiological changes in root tissues in the host. We identified two isolates from our bacterial endophyte collection that significantly promoted the growth of tomato genotype H7996 (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>). Plant-binary interaction experiments suggested a significant increase of cell wall lignification in the root vasculature starting 96-hour post-inoculation with beneficial bacteria. Additional studies are needed to uncover a possible correlation between the induced vasculature lignification and the growth-promoting effects of the two isolates on H7996. Altogether, our findings highlight the multi-faceted role of root-associated bacteria in promoting plant growth and support the development of crop improvement strategies in optimizing host association with soil bacteria.</p>

本論文緣起於本研究者積三十年於醫學教育之教學、研究、服務及醫院臨床經驗之心得，透過近年於國立政治大學商學院EMBA策略管理課程之學習，乃試以北醫大為個案實例，探討大學教學醫院與醫學院資源互惠之最適經營策略，並嘗試提出可能之最適經營模式。 基於管理哲學之建立，首在掌握探討經營目標之界定，運用可能之資源，判別環境之變化，而採取最適經營策略，進而提出最適經營模式。而本研究者，以商學院之理論基礎，檢測台北醫學大學附屬教學醫院之教育目標及使命，深受近年台灣醫學、醫藥之嚴峻挑戰與變遷，以及政府健保政策等之鉅變下，所擁有之有限醫學教育教學資源，必須與現有醫學院系之資源，有所調整與互惠運用之經營策略，故本研究者以近距離觀察，與獨有之醫學教學及臨床實務任務，作此研究，貢獻予台灣各大學教學醫院與醫學院資源互惠之經營策略參考。 關鍵詞：大學教學醫院、醫學院、醫學教育目標及使命、資源互惠、最適經營模式、調整與互惠運用、經營策略 / A study to develop effective cooperation and beneficial collaboration in resources between teaching hospitals and medical schools- a case study of Taipei Medical University Hospital This paper seeks to explore ways through which medical schools and teaching hospitals can better share their medical educational resources. With his thirty odd years of teaching and clinical experience in both Taipei Medical University and the university hospital, coupled with his EMBA structural and management learning, the author plans to develop an effective model drawing on both business management theories and his personal familiarity with the hospital management climate. With a current scarcity in medical education resources, caused by reasons ranging from the government’s recent instatement of the medical care program to the newest wave of changes in medical ethics in Taiwan, the author proposes that Taipei Medical University and its teaching hospital must re-distribute and re-organize the current model with which teaching resources is deployed if it wishes to uphold its vision of educating well-rounded young doctor. To successfully re-invent an effective model, the author proposes to employ a business management approach. According to the basic philosophy of management, a successful model must be established with a firm objective for the institution, an honest evaluation of the institution’s available resources, and careful observation of the current climate of the market. These principles would be the building blocks in the current paper for the development of an efficient model for medical education resource allocation. The following research spans a period of six years, from 2001 to 2007. Done with strict scientific methods, the research aims to provide solutions for medical school and teaching hospitals in Taiwan a better way to allocate medical education resources, and ultimately contribute to the future advancement of medical education and management in Taiwan. Key word：medical school 、teaching hospitals、medical educational resources、effective cooperation and beneficial collaboration in resources、medical education and management、efficient model

本論文在探究日本對中外交政策決策模式的體制變革，過去日本外交主要是受到美國外壓影響，外務省相對保持獨立性，而內閣官邸則受限於人員編制與派閥牽制，使得功能受限。2001年橋本行改實施後，大幅擴增了內閣府的人員編制，使得官邸主導外交成為可能，小泉純一郎善用了體制變革，形成以內閣府為中心展開對中外交的同時，日中關係卻因為其堅持參拜靖國神社陷入了僵局，2005年正值日中關係低盪時，小泉與胡錦濤開啟了第一次總合政策對話(戰略對話)，2006年安倍晉三上任後便以此平台為基礎，成功訪問中國，呼籲日中建立戰略互惠關係，強化兩國在政治、經濟層面的合作，雙方並在2008年福田時代簽訂了確立日中戰略互惠關係的政治文件，日中戰略互惠關係的架構也延續到民主黨政權的對中外交政策。本文以外交政策分析為出發點，嘗試藉由日中戰略互惠關係的案例，來了解日本外交決策模式中各行為者所扮演的角色。

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Pressure is being brought to bear on national resources of air, earth, and water in the growing cities in the arid southwest. Legal questions involved in capturing urban runoff and putting it to a beneficial use are examined. Urbanization of a watershed results in a 3 to 5 fold increase in runoff amounts. Legal aspects include tort liability from floods, water rights to the increased flows, land use restrictions along banks and flood plains, condemnation of land for park development and flowage easements, financing problems, zoning applications, and coordination of governmental bodies responsible for parks, storm drainage and related services. Urban runoff is the most obvious legal problem in the tort liability area. It appears feasible to divert small quantities of water from urban wastes for recreational uses which provide flood control benefits. It appears that municipalities could appropriate increased flows caused by urbanization. The ultimate legal questions remain to be resolved by legislation, litigation or extension of the appropriative system.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The doctrine of prior appropriation used in the arid western states has encouraged rapid exploitation of our natural water resources. Those who beneficially used the water first, regardless of type of use or efficiency, obtained a perpetual right to always be first. As frontiers for exploiting our natural resources shrink, the Appropriation Doctrine is changing under the stresses of the 1970's. Our water allocations system is changing as new water -use priorities emerge along with changing quality standards. Government at all levels, along with planners and engineers, must understand the institutional and legal constraints put on water development by our historic water rights system so that intelligent decisions can be made in developing and maintaining our natural water resources.

Les cultures de Brassicacées sont très courantes en agriculture urbaine à Montréal. Elles comportent cependant leur lot de problèmes liés aux insectes ravageurs, tels que la piéride du chou, Pieris rapae. L’utilisation de méthodes de lutte classique contre les insectes ravageurs, tels les insecticides, engendrent de sérieux dommages environnementaux, incluant la contamination de l’eau et du sol ainsi que la toxicité pour les plantes environnantes, les insectes auxiliaires et les microorganismes du sol. Le compagnonnage végétal, une pratique agroécologique alternative, est connue en tant que stratégie d’IPM (lutte intégrée contre les insectes ravageurs). L'objectif général de l'étude était d'évaluer in situ l'importance de diverses méthodes de compagnonnage sur l'infestation de P. rapae au sein du chou chinois, Brassica rapa. Les plantes utilisées dans les systèmes de compagnonnage étaient des cultures-pièges (Eruca sativa et Brassica carinata), des plantes compagnes principales qui étaient des plantes insectaires et répulsives pour les insectes ravageurs (Tagetes erecta, Amaranthus cruentus et Ocimum grattissimum) ainsi que des plantes compagnes secondaires (Solanum aethiopicum, Ocimum basilicum et Hibiscus sabdariffa). Les paramètres de physiologie végétale ainsi que les structures des communautés microbiennes et d’insectes ont été suivis de près tout au long de la saison croissance où l’expérience a eu lieu. La taille des larves était significativement plus importante au sein de la monoculture (contrôle) et les taux de concentration de glucosinolates dans les feuilles de Brassica rapa étaient deux fois plus élevés dans les contrôles comparativement aux systèmes de cultures plus diversifiés. Une PERMANOVA a confirmé une différence significative entre les méthodes de cultures concernant la composition des communautés d’insectes bénéfiques. Les communautés bactériennes du sol ont été améliorées par l'agriculture durable par rapport au sol d'origine et ont été bonifiées dans les systèmes de compagnonnage végétal (plus diversifiés). L'étude a mis en évidence les avantages de l'agroécologie, y compris le compagnonnage végétal, en termes de lutte intégrée contre les insectes ravageurs et d'autres composantes de l'agroécosystème. / Brassica crops are very common culture for urban farmers in Montreal where insect pests like the cabbage whitefly, Pieris rapae, are a real concern. The use of conventional insect pest control methods, such as insecticides, causes serious damages to a highly anthropized and therefore already constrained environment. These include air, water and soil contamination, as well as toxicity to surrounding beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, plants and the entire food chain. Companion planting, an agroecological practice, is an alternative strategy for insect pest management. The general objective of the study was to evaluate in situ the relevance of various traditional methods of companion planting on infestation of Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa, by P. rapae. The plants used in the companion systems were two trap crop species: Eruca sativa and Brassica carinata; Tagetes erecta, Amaranthus cruentus and Ocimum grattissimum were used like companion plants because of their properties as insectary plants and repellent species against the targeted pest; Solanum aethiopicum, Ocimum basilicum and Hibiscus sabdariffa were also considered (secondary) companion plant species. Plant physiological parameters as well as microbial and insect community structure were carefully monitored over the growing season where this experiment took place. Larval size was significantly greater in the monoculture and glucosinolate concentrations in leaves of Brassica rapa was two-times higher in control than in more diversified cultivation systems. With larger yield and the absence of pest in the field, ‘trap cropping system’ was overall the most efficient albeit the 'mix of companion planting’ system had the lowest leaf area damage. A PERMANOVA confirmed a significant difference between the cultivation methods regarding beneficial insect communities’ composition. Belowground, soil bacterial communities were readily modified by sustainable agriculture practice, even more so in biodiversified systems. The study highlighted benefits of agroecology, including companion planting, in terms of integrated pest management and other components of the agroecosystem.