Sob a perspectiva de um reexame do momento de formação do teatro épico contemporâneo, esta dissertação consiste num estudo sobre o trabalho colaborativo de Bertolt Brecht e Kurt Weill nos anos de 1926 a 1933, com ênfase para o assim chamado teatro de atualidades elaborado pelos artistas. Tomando como linha condutora os três momentos centrais da República de Weimar (a crise de 1919-1923, a estabilização econômica e o craque de 1929) tentamos apreender como lírica, teatro e música confluíram criticamente na criação de um teatro político à altura das questões suscitadas pelo processo histórico de realinhamento capitalista sob o governo de coalizão de esquerda SPD/USPD, bem como de suas complexas implicações na cultura. Para tanto, em diálogo com a crítica literária brasileira e alemã, realizamos uma leitura da obra do jovem Brecht pautada pela questão do reaproveitamento que o dramaturgo fizera da música em seu livro de estreia como lírico, Hauspostille (1927), onde certo veio da cultura urbana anticapitalista dos cabarés da belle époque foi mobilizado, através da influência da lírica e do teatro de Frank Wedekind. Noutro nível, sob a linha condutora do projeto brechtiano de uma ópera culinária, procuramos traçar um apanhado das questões que marcaram a formação da linguagem musical de Kurt Weill, problematizando o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho coletivo com o Novembergruppe, sua abordagem da ópera moderna e da música utilitária e finalmentee seu pensamento sobre as potencialidades estético-políticas do rádio. O trabalho se conclui, enfim, pela análise de três obras da parceria Brecht/Weill: Berliner Requiem (1929), Mahagonny Songspiel (1927) e A ópera dos três vinténs (1928). / Through the perspective of a re-examination of contemporary Epic Theater, this dissertation consists of a study about the collaborative work of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill from 1926 to 1933, centered upon the so called Zeittheater invented by both artists. By following the thread between the three main periods of Weimar Republic (the 1919-1923 political crisis, the stabilization period and the economical crash of 1929) our intention was to understand how Brechts previous lyric poetry, music and theatre enabled the autor to critically incorporate into his political theater matters brought up by the context of capitalistic re-alignment made by the left coalision government of SPD/USPD, as well as the impact of this complex political setting on culture. In order to do so and to maintain a dialoge with both brazillian and german literary criticism, we have sketched a reading of young Brechts work, focused on the appreciation of the influence of Frank Wedekinds lyric poetry and theater where a certain tendence of belle époque anti-capitalistic cabaret culture is registered on Brechts music, mainly through an interpretation of his first poetry book Hauspostille (1927). On another level, we have sketched the central issues that oriented the making of a new musical language by Kurt Weill, especifically the meaning of his collective work with Novembergruppe, his approach on Gebrauchsmusik and modern opera, his essays about aesthetical and political potencialities of radio and how they combined with Brechts project of culinary operas. Lastly this study is concluded by the analysis and interpretation of three different works by Brecht/Weill: Berliner Requiem (1929), Mahagonny Songspiel (1927) and The Threepenny Opera (1928).

Analisamos, neste trabalho, o filme Anticristo (2009), do cineasta Lars von Trier, tomando como base um viés crítico que contemplasse a relação entre sua construção formal e seus conteúdos implícitos e explícitos. Assim como outras obras do artista, igualmente questionadoras, perturbadoras e políticas, Anticristo mostra-se capaz de apontar dinâmicas histórico-sociais relevantes para a compreensão de seu tempo, além de desnudar diversas características substanciais do pensamento hegemônico, espantosamente naturalizadas. Nesses termos, a tese proposta é a de que o filme reapropria-se de um método estéticopolítico brechtiano com o fim de criar uma contraposição ao modelo dramático que orienta grande parte das produções cinematográficas mainstream. Sendo responsável por sua estruturação mais ampla, essa reapropriação vincula-se à formatação do foco narrativo do filme, associado à personagem masculina e plasmado com várias nuances de obras de Strindberg e de Freud, bem como do Expressionismo. Configura-se, portanto, essencial o exame da inter-relação que Anticristo apresenta entre os planos histórico e social, e os planos do indivíduo e de sua subjetividade, inclusive de sua construção psíquica. A partir dessa análise revelam-se contradições fundamentais da sociedade ocidental, sobretudo no que se refere às questões de gênero, guarnecidas pela inquietante alusão que o filme faz à caça às bruxas. / In this thesis, we analyze the film Antichrist (2009), by Lars von Trier, from a critical perspective that contemplates the relationship between its formal construction and its implicit and explicit content. As with other works by the artist, equally questioning, disturbing and political, Antichrist has shown itself capable of pointing out historical and social dynamics that are relevant to the comprehension of its time; it also lays bare several substantial characteristics of the hegemonic thinking, which are naturalized in an unsettling way. Accordingly, the proposed thesis is that a Brechtian aesthetic-political method is reappropriated by the film, in order to counterpoint the dramatic model that guides much of the mainstream film productions. Being responsible for the broader structuring of Antichrist, this re-appropriation is linked to the design of the films narrative perspective, which is associated to the male character and shaped by various nuances of works by Strindberg and Freud, and also of Expressionism. The examination of the interrelationship between the historical and social level, and the level of the individual and of his subjectivity, including his mental construction, becomes thus essential in Antichrist. From such analysis, fundamental contradictions of Western society can be unveiled, especially the ones regarding gender issues, which are furnished by the uncanny allusion to the Witch Hunt brought up by the film.

This research-creation thesis describes and analyzes the dramaturgical methodologies of verbatim theatre – a form of documentary theatre that uses transcripts as the dominant source of its dialogue – through the practical exercise of play writing. This paper marks the theoretical component of my thesis, which analyzes both the dramaturgical process and the historical context of my play Exhibit A. Using verbatim transcripts from legal evidence for its dialogue, the play examines the psychology of two teenage boys responsible for the brutal rape and murder of an 18-year-old Canadian woman in 2010. As documentary theatre emphasizes socio-political themes, this thesis considers the dramaturgical, aesthetic, and ethical considerations of verbatim theatre through my experience as a playwright and researcher. Acknowledging both the historical antecedents of documentary theatre and its contemporary examples, this thesis will define an original typology of verbatim theatre entitled the “Subcategories of Verbatim Theatre”. These subcategories are identified as Tribunal, Literary, Historical Drama, Expository and Participatory. Each privileges different types and usages of documents, which are further defined as being primarily related to “text” or “aural” based testimony. The thesis relates the dramaturgical principles of each subcategory to artistic choices made in Exhibit A. A description of the various incarnations of verbatim and documentary theatre, as well as an analysis of my experience as a documentary playwright examines the dramatic representation of reality as highly constructed in this form of theatre where the selection and editing of a documentary play's archive is a creative process that is not dissimilar from the creation of fictional drama. In that sense, the documentary genre can be said to present a dramatic representation of the playwright's subjective version of the truth. Exhibit A thus stands as my creative reconstruction of the evidence presented in the Kimberly Proctor murder trial.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Hochsch. für Musik und Theater, Diss., 2009

This research-creation thesis describes and analyzes the dramaturgical methodologies of verbatim theatre – a form of documentary theatre that uses transcripts as the dominant source of its dialogue – through the practical exercise of play writing. This paper marks the theoretical component of my thesis, which analyzes both the dramaturgical process and the historical context of my play Exhibit A. Using verbatim transcripts from legal evidence for its dialogue, the play examines the psychology of two teenage boys responsible for the brutal rape and murder of an 18-year-old Canadian woman in 2010. As documentary theatre emphasizes socio-political themes, this thesis considers the dramaturgical, aesthetic, and ethical considerations of verbatim theatre through my experience as a playwright and researcher. Acknowledging both the historical antecedents of documentary theatre and its contemporary examples, this thesis will define an original typology of verbatim theatre entitled the “Subcategories of Verbatim Theatre”. These subcategories are identified as Tribunal, Literary, Historical Drama, Expository and Participatory. Each privileges different types and usages of documents, which are further defined as being primarily related to “text” or “aural” based testimony. The thesis relates the dramaturgical principles of each subcategory to artistic choices made in Exhibit A. A description of the various incarnations of verbatim and documentary theatre, as well as an analysis of my experience as a documentary playwright examines the dramatic representation of reality as highly constructed in this form of theatre where the selection and editing of a documentary play's archive is a creative process that is not dissimilar from the creation of fictional drama. In that sense, the documentary genre can be said to present a dramatic representation of the playwright's subjective version of the truth. Exhibit A thus stands as my creative reconstruction of the evidence presented in the Kimberly Proctor murder trial.

This study explored the relationship between the dramatic and the educational theories developed by Bertolt Brecht and selected twentieth-century theories of pedagogy. A survey of Brecht's life and works revealed that although the stimulus-response theories of the associationist psychologists were inappropriate to Brecht's concepts, the three principal aspects of Gestaltism—perception, insight, and life space, as formulated by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Lewin—seemed profoundly related to Brecht's concern with man's ability to perceive and to learn about his environment. Brecht strove to create perceptual images of historical environments. The characters, who represented various ideologies and philosophies in situations which stimulated insightful learning, struggled with life spaces that accurately resembled life outside the theatre. Thus, Brecht utilized elements of the theories of perception, insight, and life space in his dramas as he strove to force his audiences to perceive the characters' environments, to grasp the significance and relationships between the characters' environments and their own social milieu, and to recognize those influences in one's life space which attract or repel the individual. The study also suggested that Brecht's works might be amenable to empirical study.

A completely new idea in any field of artistic endeavor is a rare phenomenon and is, in most instances, worthy of study. Bertolt Brecht, in his theories, writings, and productions, has given the world a theater that is the antithesis of present-day theatrical aims and ideals. It is to the study of this new form of theater that this thesis is devoted.

Makala haya yanalenga kuchambua fani na maudhui, muundo na dhamira za tamthilia za Kiswahili zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI, hasa tamthilia kutoka Tanzania, na uhusiano baina ya VVU/UKIMWI na mila za jadi kama sherehe za jando na unyago. Dhamira muhimu ya kujadili ugonjwa katika kazi za fasihi barani Afrika ilichimbuka katika sanaa za maonyesho ya jadi ya Kiafrika yaani katika shughuli za ngoma na miviga ya kidini kama matambiko kwa miungu, kumtolea Mungu kafara ili mgonjwa apate dawa au kupona. Maudhui yanayohusu ugonjwa yameingia katika tamthilia mamboleo kwa nia ya kuoanisha tamthilia ya kigeni na ngoma ya kijadi, hasa baada ya miaka ya 1980 (ling. Mlama 1983; Hussein 1983). Katika tamthilia za Tanzania za kisasa magonjwa yanayozungumziwa ni mengi, lakini kuanzia miaka ya themanini ugonjwa mpya, yaani VVU/UKIMWI, unachukua nafasi ya dhamira kuu katika kazi nyingi. Lengo kuu la makala haya ni kuchambua na kuhakiki tamthilia teule sita zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI na kuandikwa zote na waandishi wa kutoka Tanzania. Ninachambua vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui nikiangalia uhusiano baina ya sifa za kimapokeo na za mamboleo. Ninafafanua pia athari za kimagharibi kutoka tamthilia ya Wayunani yaani vigezo vya Aristotle na dhana ya tanzia. Kwa kuunganisha nadharia za kale za Kimagharibi na za kisasa kutoka Afrika Mashariki, nitatumia pia nadharia ya korasi (Mutembei 2012), na vilevile kuchambua athari za ki-Brecht yaani ukengeushi ambazo zimekuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa tamthilia ya kutoka nchini kwingi Afrika na ulimwenguni kote.

Ausgehend von einer Analyse zweier Werken der Exilliteratur, Bertolt Brechts Dialogroman Flüchtlingsgespräche (1940/41) und Anna Seghers’ Erzählung Transit (1944), erforscht diese Arbeit das Thema ,Ordnung’ in diesen Texten. In beiden Darstellungen des Exils werden verschiedene Ordnungen dargestellt, deren Durchsetzung im Dasein der ExilantInnen besonders merkbar wird. Pässe und Papiere werden instrumental für die bürokratische Ordnung, die als zentrales Motiv vortritt. Als Hintergrund ist eine militärische Ordnung oder Logik identifizierbar, die mit der bürokratischen Kontrolle von Flüchtlingsströmen verbunden wird. Die ,Ordnungen’ werden in dieser Literatur herausgefordert; durch direkte satirische Kritik und durch die Darstellung militärischer und bürokratischer Logiken, die mit ,menschlichen’ Logiken unvereinbar werden. Die Werke thematisieren auch Nationalsozialismus und Patriotismus mit Bezug zur Exilsituation und zu den ,Ordnungen’, die diese Situation dominieren. / This article explores the theme of order (‘Ordnung’) in german ‘Exilliteratur’, with the examples of Bertolt Brecht’s dialogue novel Flüchtlingsgespräche and Anna Seghers’ novel Transit. Orders which are imposed on the refugee / expat are central in both these accounts of the exile experience. Both texts deal with the bureaucratic order as a central or main motive, for which passports and identity documents are instrumental. In addition, a military order can be identified as a background to the bureaucratic control of migrants and refugees. The literature challenges the ‘orders’ through satirical criticism and through the description of military and bureaucratic ‘logic’ which become incompatible with ‘human logic’. The works also bring up national-socialist ideology and patriotism in relation to the exile situation and to the ‘orders’ which dominate this situation.

Keywords: GDR literature, historical drama, postdramatic theatre, history, memory, Heiner Müller, Walter Benjamin, Bertolt Brecht, Lehrstück Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to analyse the representation of the German history and its relation with the reality of the GDR in selected dramas by Heiner Müller (1929-1995): Germania Death in Berlin, Germania 3 Ghosts at Dead Man, Life of Gundling Frederick of Prussia Lessing's Dream Sleep Scream, The Battle, The Horatian and The Hamletmachine. The main focus of interest is also the approach of the playwright to selected literary and theatrical genres as historical drama, Lehrstück and postdramatic theatre. The philosophical background of the analysis is based mainly on Walter Benjamin's essay On the Concept of History and his description of the painting Angelus Novus by Paul Klee. Furthermore, the thesis examines the methods of dramatization in Heiner Müller's plays.