The Gross-Neveu model is a quantum field theory of interacting N-flavor fermions in 1+1dimensions, with interaction term $(\bar{\psi}_f\psi_f )^2$. This model is studied using the property offactorized scattering. The spectrum of bound states including the kinks are discussed andthe thermodynamic state equations are derived using the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz.The full particle-particle integral kernel and corresponding S-matrix is derived startingfrom the Gross-Neveu version of the Y -system introduced by Zamolodchikov. / Gross-Neveu-modellen är en kvantfältteori som beskriver N identiska versioner av fundamentala fermioner i 1 + 1 dimensioner, växelverkande med potentialen $(\bar{\psi}_f\psi_f )^2$. Modellen studeras med utgångspunkt i partiklarnas så kallade faktoriserade spridning. Samtligafysikaliska bundna tillstånd inklusive solitonerna diskuteras och de termodynamiska tillståndsekvationerna härleds med hjälp av Bethe-ansatsen. Alla integralkärnor och motsvarande S-matriselement beräknas på sluten form utifrån Y-systemet som först beskrevs av Zamolodchikov.

Die maximal supersymmetrische Yang-Mills-Theorie im vierdimensionalen Minkowski-Raum ist ein außergewöhnliches Modell der mathematischen Physik. Dies gilt vor allem im planaren Limes, in dem die Theorie integrabel zu sein scheint. So sind etwa ihre Streuamplituden auf Baumgraphenniveau Invarianten einer Yangschen Algebra, die die superkonforme Algebra psu(2,2|4) beinhaltet. Diese unendlichdimmensionale Symmetrie ist ein Kennzeichen für Integrabilität. In dieser Dissertation untersuchen wir Verbindungen zwischen solchen Amplituden und integrablen Modellen, um Grundlagen für eine effiziente, auf der Integrabilität basierende Berechnung von Amplituden zu legen. Dazu charakterisieren wir Yangsche Invarianten innerhalb der Quanten-Inverse-Streumethode, die Werkzeuge zur Behandlung integrabler Spinketten bereitstellt. In diesem Rahmen entwickeln wir Methoden zur Konstruktion Yangscher Invarianten. Wir zeigen, dass der algebraische Bethe-Ansatz für die Erzeugung von Yangschen Invarianten für u(2) anwendbar ist. Die zugehörigen Bethe-Gleichungen lassen sich leicht lösen. Unser Zugang erlaubt es zudem diese Invarianten als Zustandssummen von Vertexmodellen zu interpretieren. Außerdem führen wir ein unitäres Graßmannsches Matrixmodell zur Berechnung Yangscher Invarianten mit Oszillatordarstellungen von u(p,q|m) ein. In einem Spezialfall reduziert es sich zu dem Brezin-Gross-Witten-Model. Wir wenden eine auf Bargmann zurückgehende Integraltransformation auf unser Matrixmodell an, welche die Oszillatoren in Spinor-Helizitäts-artige Variablen überführt. Dadurch gelangen wir zu einer Weiterentwicklung der Graßmann-Integralformulierung bestimmter Amplituden. Die maßgeblichen Unterschiede sind, dass wir in der Minkowski-Signatur arbeiten und die Integrationskontur auf die unitäre Gruppenmannigfaltigkeit festgelegt ist. Wir vergleichen durch unser Integral gegebene Yangsche Invarianten mit Amplituden und kürzlich eingeführten Deformationen derselben. / The maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space is an exceptional model of mathematical physics. Even more so in the planar limit, where the theory is believed to be integrable. In particular, the tree-level scattering amplitudes were shown to be invariant under the Yangian of the superconformal algebra psu(2,2|4). This infinite-dimensional symmetry is a hallmark of integrability. In this dissertation we explore connections between these amplitudes and integrable models. Our aim is to lay foundations for an efficient integrability-based computation of amplitudes. To this end, we characterize Yangian invariants within the quantum inverse scattering method, which is an extensive toolbox for integrable spin chains. Making use of this setup, we develop methods for the construction of Yangian invariants. We show that the algebraic Bethe ansatz can be specialized to yield Yangian invariants for u(2). Our approach also allows to interpret these Yangian invariants as partition functions of vertex models. What is more, we establish a unitary Graßmannian matrix model for the construction of u(p,q|m) Yangian invariants with oscillator representations. In a special case our formula reduces to the Brezin-Gross-Witten model. We apply an integral transformation due to Bargmann to our unitary Graßmannian matrix model, which turns the oscillators into spinor helicity-like variables. Thereby we are led to a refined version of the Graßmannian integral formula for certain amplitudes. The most decisive differences are that we work in Minkowski signature and that the integration contour is fixed to be a unitary group manifold. We compare Yangian invariants defined by our integral to amplitudes and recently introduced deformations thereof.

Inspiriert von den integrablen Strukturen der schwach gekoppelten planaren N=4 Super-Yang-Mills-Theorie studieren wir Q-Operatoren und Yangsche Invarianten. Wir geben eine Übersicht der Quanten-Inverse-Streumethode zusammen mit der Yang-Baxter Gleichung welche zentral für diesen systematischen Zugang zu integrablen Modellen ist. Den Fokus richten wir auf rationale integrable Spinketten und Vertexmodelle. Wir besprechen einige ihrer bekannten Gemeinsamkeiten und wie sie durch Bethe-Ansatz-Methoden mit Hilfe sogenannter Q-Funktionen gelöst werden können. Der Hauptteil basiert auf den ursprünglichen Publikationen des Autors. Zuerst konstruieren wir Q-Operatoren, deren Eigenwerte zu den Q-Funktionen rationaler homogener Spinketten führen. Die Q-Operatoren werden als Spuren gewisser Monodromien von R-Operatoren eingeführt. Unsere Konstruktion erlaubt es uns die Hierarchie der kommutierenden Q-Operatoren und ihre funktionalen Beziehungen herzuleiten. Wir studieren wie der nächste-Nachbarn Hamiltonoperator, sowie höhere lokale Ladungen direkt aus den Q-Operatoren extrahiert werden können. Danach widmen wir uns der Formulierung der Yangschen Invarianzbedingung, wie sie auch im Zusammenhang mit Baumgraphen die bei der Berechnung von Streuamplituden in der N=4 Super-Yang-Mills-Theorie auftreten, innerhalb der RTT-Realisierung. Dies erlaubt es uns den algebraischen Bethe-Ansatz anzuwenden und die dazugehörigen Bethe Gleichungen herzuleiten, welche für die Konstruktion der Eigenzustände die Yangsche Invarianz aufweisen, relevant sind. Die Komponenten dieser Eigenzustände der von uns betrachteten Spinketten können außerdem als Zustandssummen gewisser zweidimensionaler Vertexmodelle angesehen werden. Zudem analysieren wir die Verbindung zwischen den Eigenzuständen und den oben genannten Baumgraphen. Schlussendlich diskutieren wir die von uns vorgelegten Ergebnisse und deren Folgen im Hinblick auf die Erforschung der planaren N=4 Super-Yang-Mills-Theorie. / Inspired by the integrable structures appearing in weakly coupled planar N=4 super Yang-Mills theory, we study Q-operators and Yangian invariants of rational integrable spin chains. We review the quantum inverse scattering method QISM along with the Yang-Baxter equation which is the key relation in this systematic approach to study integrable models. Our main interest concerns rational integrable spin chains and lattice models. We recall the relation among them and how they can be solved using Bethe ansatz methods incorporating so-called Q-functions. In order to remind the reader how the Yangian emerges in this context, an overview of its so-called RTT-realization is provided. The main part is based on the author''s original publications. Firstly, we construct Q-operators whose eigenvalues yield the Q-functions for rational homogeneous spin chains. The Q-operators are introduced as traces over certain monodromies of R-operators. Our construction allows us to derive the hierarchy of commuting Q-operators and the functional relations among them. We study how the nearest-neighbor Hamiltonian and in principle also higher local charges can be extracted from the Q-operators directly. Secondly, we formulate the Yangian invariance condition, also studied in relation to scattering amplitudes of N=4 super Yang-Mills theory, in the RTT-realization. We find that Yangian invariants can be interpreted as special eigenvectors of certain inhomogeneous spin chains. This allows us to apply the algebraic Bethe ansatz and derive the corresponding Bethe equations that are relevant to construct the invariants. We examine the connection between the Yangian invariant spin chain eigenstates whose components can be understood as partition functions of certain two-dimensional lattice models and tree-level scattering amplitudes of the four-dimensional gauge theory. Finally, we conclude and discuss some future directions and implications of our studies for planar N=4 super Yang-Mills theory.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-05T14:14:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRSV.pdf: 1391601 bytes, checksum: fb3e58d9db6c377161785dede432eeee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-05T19:33:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRSV.pdf: 1391601 bytes, checksum: fb3e58d9db6c377161785dede432eeee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-05T19:34:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRSV.pdf: 1391601 bytes, checksum: fb3e58d9db6c377161785dede432eeee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-07T18:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRSV.pdf: 1391601 bytes, checksum: fb3e58d9db6c377161785dede432eeee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / In this dissertation we made an analytic study of the Bethe Ansatz equations for the XXZ six vertex model with periodic boundary conditions. We had show that the Bethe Ansatz equations deduced from the algebraic and coordinate Bethe Ansatze are related by a conformal map. This allowed us to reduce the Bethe Ansatz equations to a system of polynomial equations. For the one, two and three magnon sectors, we succeeded in decouple these equations, so that the solutions could be expressed in terms of the roots of some self-inversive polynomials, Pa (z). Through new theorems deduced here about the distribution of the roots of self-inversive polynomials in the complex plane, we did a thorough analysis of the distribution of the Bethe roots for the two-magnon sector. This analysis allowed us to show that the Bethe Ansatz is indeed complete for this sector, except at some critical values of the anisotropy parameter A, in which the polynomials Pa (z) may have multiple roots. Finally, an unexpected connection between the Bethe Ansatz equations and the Salem polynomials was found and a new algorithm for search small Salem numbers was elaborated. / Nesta tese fizemos um estudo analítico das equações de Bethe para o modelo de seis vértices XXZ com condições de contorno periódicas. Mostramos que as equações de Bethe deduzidas pelo Ansatz algébrico estão relacionadas com as equações de Bethe do Ansatz de coordenadas por uma transformação conforme. Isso nos permitiu reduzir as equações de Bethe a um sistema de equações polinomiais. Para os setores de um, dois e três mágnons, mostramos que essas equações podem ser desacopladas, de modo que as suas soluções podem ser expressas em termos das raízes de certos polinómios auto-inversivos, Pa(z). Deduzimos aqui novos teoremas acerca da distribuição das raízes dos polinómios auto-inversivos no plano complexo, o que nos permitiu fazer uma análise minuciosa da distribuição das raízes de Bethe para o setor de dois mágnons. Esta análise nos permitiu mostrar que o Ansatz de Bethe é de fato completo para este setor, exceto para alguns valores críticos do parâmetro de anisotropia A, no qual os polinómios Pa(z) podem apresentar raízes múltiplas. Por fim, uma inesperada conexão entre as equações de Bethe e os polinómios de Salem foi encontrada e um novo algoritmo para se procurar por números de Salem pequenos foi elaborado.

Un défi toujours actuel dans le domaine des systèmes intégrables quantiques est le calcul exact et explicite des fonctions de corrélation. Dans le cas de modèles simples tels que la chaîne de Heisenberg XXZ de spins 1/2, des progrès significatifs ont été réalisés ces dernières années. Les méthodes développées utilisent les symétries des modèles en volume infini (algèbre quantique affine) ou fini (algèbre de Yang-Baxter). L'objet de cette thèse est d'étendre le champ d'application de ce dernier type d'approche dans le cas où l'algèbre de Yang-Baxter sous-jacente est de type dynamique. C'est typiquement le cas du modèle de physique statistique solid-on-solid (SOS) qui décrit les interactions d'un paramètre de hauteur autour des faces d'un réseau bidimensionnel, avec des poids statistiques donnés par une matrice R elliptique solution de l'équation de Yang-Baxter dynamique.L'étude des fonctions de corrélation du modèle SOS est abordée dans le cadre de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique et de la méthode de séparation des variables. Des représentations en termes de déterminants de fonctions usuelles sont obtenues par les deux méthodes pour les produits scalaires entre états et pour les facteurs de forme des opérateurs locaux en volume fini. Les formules obtenues dans le cadre de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique sont ensuite utilisées pour représenter la fonction de corrélation à deux points sous la forme d'intégrales multiples, ainsi que pour le calcul de diverses quantités physiques à la limite thermodynamique, telles que les polarisations spontanées ou les probabilités de hauteurs locales. Ces dernières s'expriment sous forme d'intégrales multiples similaires à celles du modèle XXZ. / A current challenge in the field of quantum integrable systems is the exact and explicit computation of correlation functions. In simple models such as the XXZ spin 1/2 Heisenberg chain, some significant results have been obtained during the last years. The developed methods essentially use the symmetries of the models in infinite volume (quantum affine algebra) or finite volume (Yang-Baxter algebra). The aim of this thesis is to generalize the scope of the latter approaches to the case where the underlying Yang-Baxter algebra is of dynamical type. This is typically the case of the statistical mechanics solid-on-solid (SOS) model which describes the interactions of a height parameter around faces of a bidimensional lattice, and whose statistical weights are given by an elliptic R-matrix which is solution of the dynamical Yang-Baxter equation.The study of correlation functions of the SOS model is discussed in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz and the separation of variables. Representations in terms of determinants of usual functions are obtained by these two methods for the scalar products of states and for form factors of local operators in finite volume. The obtained formula in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz are then used to represent the two-point function as multiple integrals, and also to compute various physical quantities at the thermodynamic limit, such as the spontaneous polarizations or the local height probabilities. The latter can be expressed in terms of multiple integrals of contour, which are really similar to the ones obtained in the XXZ model.

<div>We consider actions of the current Lie algebras $\gl_{n}[t]$ and $\gl_{k}[t]$ on the space $\mathfrak{P}_{kn}$ of polynomials in $kn$ anticommuting variables. The actions depend on parameters $\bar{z}=(z_{1}\lc z_{k})$ and $\bar{\alpha}=(\alpha_{1}\lc\alpha_{n})$, respectively.</div><div>We show that the images of the Bethe algebras $\mathcal{B}_{\bar{\alpha}}^{\langle n \rangle}\subset U(\gl_{n}[t])$ and $\mathcal{B}_{\bar{z}}^{\langle k \rangle}\subset U(\gl_{k}[t])$ under these actions coincide.</div><div></div><div>To prove the statement, we use the Bethe ansatz description of eigenvectors of the Bethe algebras via spaces of quasi-exponentials. We establish an explicit correspondence between the spaces of quasi-exponentials describing eigenvectors of $\mathcal{B}_{\bar{\alpha}}^{\langle n \rangle}$ and the spaces of quasi-exponentials describing eigenvectors of $\mathcal{B}_{\bar{z}}^{\langle k \rangle}$.</div><div></div><div>One particular aspect of the duality of the Bethe algebras is that the Gaudin Hamiltonians exchange with the Dynamical Hamiltonians. We study a similar relation between the trigonometric Gaudin and Dynamical Hamiltonians. In trigonometric Gaudin model, spaces of quasi-exponentials are replaced by spaces of quasi-polynomials. We establish an explicit correspondence between the spaces of quasi-polynomials describing eigenvectors of the trigonometric Gaudin Hamiltonians and the spaces of quasi-exponentials describing eigenvectors of the trigonometric Dynamical Hamiltonians.</div><div></div><div>We also establish the $(\gl_{k},\gl_{n})$-duality for the rational, trigonometric and difference versions of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov and Dynamical equations.</div>

Ce mémoire étudie le modèle quantique d’Ising-Kawasaki en une dimension. Cette chaîne quantique de spin-1/2 décrit la dynamique de Kawasaki hors d’équilibre d’une chaîne d’Ising classique couplée à un bain thermique. L’Hamiltonien est obtenu pour le cas général désor- donné avec des couplages d’Ising et champs magnétiques non-uniformes. Quand les champs magnétiques sont nuls, la chaîne de spin quantique est stochastique, et dépend des couplages d’Ising normalisés par la température du bain de chaleur. Dans le cas de couplages uniformes, nous donnons les états fondamentaux exacts de la chaîne de spin, ainsi que ses excitations à 1-magnon. Les solutions pour les spectres à deux magnons sont dérivées via une variante de l’Ansatz de Bethe. Dans le régime antiferromagnétique, les états de branche à deux magnons présentent un comportement complexe, notamment en ce qui concerne l’hybridation avec le continuum. L’analyse faite dans ce mémoire, combinée aux études précédentes, suggère que le système manifeste des dynamiques multiples à basse énergie, comme le montre la présence de plusieurs exposants critiques dynamiques. La distribution de l’espacement de l’ensemble des niveaux d’énergie est évaluée en fonction du couplage d’Ising. On conclut que le sys- tème est non-intégrable pour des paramètres génériques, ou de manière équivalente, que la dynamique classique hors équilibre correspondante est ergodique. / We study a quantum spin-1/2 chain that is dual to the non-equilibrium Kawasaki dynamics of a classical Ising chain coupled to a thermal bath. The Hamiltonian is obtained for the general disordered case with non-uniform Ising couplings. The quantum spin chain is stoquastic, and depends on the Ising couplings normalized by the bath’s temperature. Proceeding with uniform couplings, we give the exact groundstates of the gapless spin chain, as well as its single-magnon excitations. Solutions for the two-magnon spectra are derived via a Bethe Ansatz scheme. In the antiferromagnetic regime, the two-magnon branch states show intricate behavior, especially regarding hybridization with the continuum. Our analysis, when combined with previous studies, suggests that the system hosts multiple dynamics at low energy as seen via the presence of multiple dynamical critical exponents. Finally, we analyze the full energy level spacing distribution as a function of the Ising coupling. We conclude that the system is non-integrable for generic parameters, or equivalently, that the corresponding non-equilibrium classical dynamics are ergodic.

Le présent mémoire contient deux articles reliés par le formalisme de l'ansatz de Bethe. Dans le premier article, l'opérateur de Heun de type Lie est identifié comme une spécialisation de la matrice de transfert d'un modèle de \(BC\)-Gaudin à un site dans un champ magnétique. Ceci permet de le diagonaliser à l'aide de l'ansatz de Bethe algébrique modifié. La complétude du spectre est démontrée en reliant les racines de Bethe aux zéros des solutions polynomiales d'une équation différentielle de Heun inhomogène. Le deuxième article aborde le sujet des représentations irréductibles de l'algèbre de Lie \(su(3)\) dans la réduction \(su(3) \supset so(3) \supset so(2)\). Cette manière de construire les représentations irréductibles de \(su(3)\) porte une ambiguïté qui empêche de distinguer totalement les vecteurs de base, ce qui mène à un problème d'étiquette manquante. Dans cet esprit, l'algèbre des deux opérateurs fournissant cette étiquette est examinée. L'opérateur de degré 4 dans les générateurs de \(su(3)\) est diagonalisé en se servant des techniques de l'ansatz de Bethe analytique. / This Master’s thesis contains two articles linked by the formalism of the Bethe ansatz. In the first article, the Lie-type Heun operator is identified as a specialization of the transfer matrix of a one-site BC-Gaudin model in a magnetic field. This allows its diagonalization by means of the modified algebraic Bethe ansatz. The completeness of the spectrum is proven by relating the Bethe roots to the zeros of the polynomial solutions of an inhomogeneous differential Heun equation. The second article deals with the subject of irreducible representations of the Lie algebra su(3) in the reduction su(3) ⊃ so(3) ⊃ so(2). This way of constructing the irreducible representations of su(3) carries an ambiguity in distinguishing the basis vectors, also known as a missing label problem. In this spirit, the algebra of the two operators providing the missing label is examined. The operator of degree 4 in the generators of su(3) is diagonalized using the techniques of the analytical Bethe ansatz.

La méthode de l’ansatz de Bethe est introduite et utilisée dans ce mémoire. Elle est employée afin de diagonaliser un opérateur dit de Heun. Cette méthode est appliquée en construisant directement, dans les cas des polynômes de Racah et de q–Racah, les opérateurs dynamiques à partir de leurs formes génériques et de leurs relations de commutation. Il devient alors possible d’obtenir les équations de Bethe, qui si elles sont respectées, conduisent à des vecteurs propres de l’opérateur de Heun. Avec cet opérateur, qui commute avec la matrice de corrélation tronquée, nous pouvons alors déterminer l’entropie d’intrication d’une chaîne fermionique basée sur les polynômes de q–Racah. / A Bethe ansatz method is introduced in this master’s thesis. This method is used to diagonalize a Heun operator. It is applied by directly building the dynamical operators from the commutation relations and their general form, in connection with the Racah and the q–Racah polynomials. We can then find the Bethe equations, and when these are satisfied, eigenvectors of the Heun operator are obtained. With this operator, which commutes with the truncated correlation matrix, it becomes possible to find the entanglement entropy of a free fermion chain based on the q–Racah polynomials.

<p>    </p> <p>We live in an age in which computation touches upon every aspect of our lives in ever increasing ways. To meet the demand for increased computing power and ability, new computation strategies are continually being proposed. In this dissertation, we consider two research projects related to two such cutting edge paradigms. We first consider developing superconducting devices that implement asynchronous reversible ballistic computation. This paradigm was developed to circumvent Landauer’s principle of a minimum energy required per bitwise computation operation. We report the design of a new device, the rotary, which is a critical step towards developing universal computation gates in the scheme of synchronous reversible ballistic computation. Next, we turn to the consideration of anyons which have been predicted to enable topological quantum computing, a quantum computing paradigm that is relatively immune to environmental noise. We consider initial steps in the development of a Bethe ansatz solvable model that will help decipher the many-body properties of Majorana zero modes in superconducting Kitaev wires. </p>