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The majority of the world's languages are poorly represented in informational media like radio, television, newspapers, and the Internet. Translation into and out of these languages may offer a way for speakers of these languages to interact with the wider world, but current statistical machine translation models are only effective with a large corpus of parallel texts - texts in two languages that are translations of one another - which most languages lack. This thesis describes the Babylon project which attempts to alleviate this shortage by supplementing existing parallel texts with texts gathered automatically from the Web -- specifically targeting pages that contain text in a pair of languages. Results indicate that parallel texts gathered from the Web can be effectively used as a source of training data for machine translation and can significantly improve the translation quality for text in a similar domain. However, the small quantity of high-quality low-density language parallel texts on the Web remains a significant obstacle.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ERIKA REJANE RODRIGUES DE SOUZA FIDELES.pdf: 3986777 bytes, checksum: c3fc7991e62d4f4525aa944efd404c18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / In this research we aim to analyze the influence of sacred text interpretations of 1 Timothy 2: 11-15, which deals with the submission and silence of women, and the direct or indirect influence of their interpretations and traditions crests in the development of Civil Code articles 1916 , Criminal Code of 1940 which regulated and govern the social and family situation of submission and oppression of women, with regard to social and legal problems of various forms of violence committed until today against women. Also analyze the release process developed by feminist hermeneutics in search of the end of the silence and of female oppression. The readings, reinterpretations and reconstruction of that macho tradition and the many interpretations of sacred texts as 1 Timothy 2: 11-15 that legitimized all this silence condition and subordination of women in stems from the Christian religious and social history. And finally, the achievements made by these women in religious and social life and the reflection of the whole process of struggle and liberation in Brazilian law. We will reflect on historical moments that guided the Brazilian legislation from the standpoint of history and women s movements. Finally, we discuss the origin and the facts that led to the drafting and enactment of Law 11.340 - 2006, popularly nicknamed by Maria da Penha Law, as well as news and advances brought about by this law to the Brazilian laws related to women. / Nesta pesquisa analisaremos a influência direta ou indireta de interpretações do texto sagrado 1Timóteo 2, 11-15, que trata da submissão e do silêncio da mulher, sobre tradições cristãs, bem como na elaboração de artigos do Código Civil de 1916 e do Código Penal de 1940, que disciplinaram e ainda disciplinam a condição social e familiar de submissão e opressão da mulher no que diz respeito à problemática social e jurídica das várias formas de violência cometidas até os dias atuais contra as mulheres. Pesquisaremos sobre o processo de libertação desenvolvido pela hermenêutica feminista na busca do fim do silêncio e da opressão feminina, bem como as releituras, reinterpretações e reconstrução dessa tradição machista e das muitas interpretações de textos sagrados que legitimaram essa condição de silêncio e subordinação das mulheres no decorrer da história religiosa cristã e social como, por exemplo, 1Timóteo 2, 11-15. Investigaremos também sobre as conquistas alcançadas por essas mulheres na vida religiosa e social e o reflexo desse processo de luta e libertação na legislação brasileira. Refletiremos ainda sobre momentos históricos que nortearam a legislação brasileira sob o enfoque da história e dos movimentos de mulheres. Por fim, abordaremos a origem e os fatos que levaram à elaboração e promulgação da lei n. 11.340 - 2006, alcunhada popularmente por Lei Maria da Penha, bem como as novidades e os avanços promovidos por essa lei para a legislação brasileira em relação à mulher.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides a critical assessment of the semantic potential of two Biblical Hebrew lexemes: עִם and אֵת . Previous lexical inquiries of the target lexemes provide the impetus for the current research; this is because the linguistic frameworks assumed by these studies are outmatched in the amount of explanatory power accompanying more recent theoretical developments, primarily evidenced within Cognitive linguistics (and semantics). As its methodological framework, the current study then appropriates these new advances and demonstrates a semantic potential of the target lexemes that can be determined through criteria offered by Tyler and Evans (2003). This criteria specifically aids in the task of semantic demarcation as well as identifying the primary sense, from which the remaining network of senses are derived. Furthermore, not only is an attempt made at representing the range of עִם and אֵת 's semantic potential, but a proposal for the development of these senses is offered as well. This is done primarily through an implementation of the theory of grammaticalization, as posited by Heine et al. (1991). The identified semantic networks are then analyzed from two different perspectives of lexical inquiry: 1) as a monosemy-polysemy cline, and 2) from both a semasiological and onomasiological point of departure (the latter method of onomasiology represents a unique contribution to the assessment of עִם and אֵת since most Biblical Hebrew lexical inquiries are limited to being a semasiological endeavor). The investigation uses the Pentateuch as its data-set and reveals a representation of (at least) eleven distinct senses in עִם 's semantic network as well as אֵת 's. Even though each lexeme's semantic potential is comprised of primarily the same senses, these eleven distinct senses are not completely synonymous and represent different meanings. Significantly, it is determined that 1) both target lexemes share the same primary sense (i.e., proto-scene), 2) both indicate the same core senses and consequently, 3) the target lexemes may rightly be considered as near synonyms. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Hierdie tesis bied 'n kritiese evaluering van die semantiese potensiaal van twee Bybelse Hebreeus lekseme: עִם en אֵת . Gebreke in bestaande navorsing ten opsigte van hierdie twee lekseme het die impuls verskaf vir hierdie projek. Onlangse ontwikkelinge in teoretiese taalkunde, in besonder kognitiewe taalkunde (en semantiek), het aangetoon dat die modelle in terme waarvan die bestaande beskrywing van die lekseme gedoen is, agterhaal is. Hierdie studie gebruik die perspektiewe wat kognitiewe semantiek bied om die semantiese potensiaal van hierdie twee Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme te beskryf. Kriteria wat deur Tyler en Evans (2003) geformuleer is in hulle beskrywing van ‘n aantal Engelse voorsetsels, word as metodologiese vertrekpunt gebruik. Hierdie kriteria is veral nuttig in die semantiese afbakening, asook die identifisering van die primêre betekenis van die lekseme. Lg. bied die basis in terme waarvan die res van netwerk van betekenisonderskeidings beskryf word. In die studie word nie net die gepoog om die verskillende betekenisse van die lekseme te beskryf nie, maar daar word ook gepoog om aan te dui hoe die verskillende onderskeidings ontwikkel het. Dit word primêr gedoen in terme van die grammatikaliseringsteorie van Heine et al (1991). Die semantiese netwerke wat geïdentifiseer is, word vanuit twee verskillende perspektiewe van leksikale ondersoek gedoen: 1) die mono-polisemiese klien (“cline”) en 2) ‘n semasiologiese en onomasiologiese vertrekpunt. Laasgenoemde benadering tot onomasiologie verteenwoordig ‘n unieke bydrae tot die beskrywing van עִם en אֵת aangesien die meeste bestaande Bybels-Hebreeuse beskrywings van die lekseme semasiologies van aard is. Hierdie ondersoek is beperk tot die gebruik van עִם en אֵת in die Pentateug. Ten minste 11 verskillende betekenisseonderskeidings word vir beide lekseme geïdentifiseer. Alhoewel beide lekseme se semantiese potensiaal in baie opsigte dieselfde is, is dit nie presies identies nie. Wat wel merkwaardig is, is 1) dat beide lekseme dieselfde basiese betekenis (dit is die sg. “proto-scene”) het, 2) dat beide dieselfde kernbetekenisonderskeidings het en dat gevolglik 3) hulle as naby-sinonieme bestempel kan word.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study represents an investigation of a set of BH connectives (רוּבֲעַבּ, ןַעַמְל, and ןֶפּ) as well as other grammatical constructions relevant to the lexical items. This investigation seeks to establish the datatypes which are relevant for distinguishing the meanings and/or senses that the BH connectives רוּבֲעַבּ, ןַעַמְל, and ןֶפּ may display. A literature overview of BH linguistics and existing BH lexica demonstrate that although current resources provide some useful information, there still lacks an adequate framework for describing the lexical items. On the one hand, linguistic descriptions of the connectives in BH linguistics fail to define the word class(es) and scope of the target lexemes, as well as the relations they indicate. None of the studies have structurally described the paradigmatic relation between the different types of purpose constructions. On the other hand, BH lexica show a variety of data types that are assumed to contribute towards both defining and distinguishing the meanings/senses of the lexical items we are concerned with; however, this information only partly helps in this endeavor. To describe more adequately the meaning and polysemic relationships of the lexemes, we relied on cognitive semantics (e.g., conceptual view of meaning, prototype theory, and semantic potential). We were also concerned with purpose/result constructions across languages in order to establish criteria for describing purpose constructions. On the basis of these investigations, we established a model for a semantic description of the target lexemes in addition to some criteria for distinguishing between purpose, result, cause, and reason constructions so that the different relations the target lexemes indicate might be identified. We also established some typological parameters of purpose constructions – such as verbal forms in the matrix, participant encoding, and the positioning patterns of purpose clauses. The value and validity of these criteria were then tested in an empirical investigation. The investigation established that ןַעַמְל, רוּבֲעַבּ, and ןֶפּ have a semantic potential that prompts the conceptualization of multiple relationships (e.g., ןַעַמְל: purpose, result, and reason) with varying scopes, among different levels. We were able to distinguish between the different relationships that the lexemes ןַעַמְל, רוּבֲעַבּ, and ןֶפּ display by relying on the notions of purpose, result, cause, and reason, as defined in cognitive linguistic circles. We also identified the prototypical and less prototypical meanings of the lexemes. This study establishes the value of the model employed, but also reveals that our theoretical model has some limitations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie verteenwoordig ‘n ondersoek van ‘n stel Bybels-Hebreeuse verbindingswoorde (רוּבֲעַבּ, ןַעַמְל en ןֶפּ) sowel as die grammatikale konstruksies wat relevant is vir die beter verstaan van hierdie leksikale items. Hierdie ondersoek poog in besonder om datatipes vas te stel wat ter sake is vir betekenisonderskeidings wat רוּבֲעַבּ, ןַעַמְל en ןֶפּ vertoon. 'n Literatuur-oorsig van bestaande Bybels-Hebreeuse bronne (bv. grammatikas en lexika) demonstreer dat, alhoewel hierdie bronne nuttige inligting verskaf, hulle nie ‘n toereikende raamwerk bied vir ‘n noukeurige beskrywing van die leksikale items nie. Die grammatikale studies, aan die een kant, versuim om die items se woordklas(se) te definieer. Weinig aandag word ook gewy aan die reikwydte en/of ter sake sintagmaties en paradigmatiese verbande van die ter sake konstruksies. Die leksika, aan die ander kant, wys wel op 'n verskeidenheid van datatipes wat veronderstel is om by te dra tot beide die definisies en betekenisonderskeidings. Hierdie inligting is egter dikwels nie genoegsaam nie. Om ‘n meer toereikende beskrywing van hulle betekenis te maak, asook om die polisemiese struktuur van die lekseme te bepaal, het ons gebruik gemaak van insigte van die kognitiewe semantiek (bv. prototipe-teorie, en die konsep ‘semantiese potensiaal’). Ons het ook doelkonstruksies in ander tale bestudeer. Kriteria is geïdentifiseer om te onderskei tussen konstruksies waarin doel, gevolg, oorsaak en rede gerealiseer word. Ons het ‘n paar taaltipologiese parameters van doelkonstruksies vasgestel, bv. die werkswoordsvorm wat in die matriks gebruik word, die manier waarop deelnemers gekodeer word, en die posisie van die doelkonstruksie tov die matriks. Die waarde en geldigheid van hierdie kriteria is daarna in ‘n empiriese ondersoek getoets. In hierdie studie is vasgetel dat ןַעַמְל, רוּבֲעַבּ en ןֶפּ ‘n semantiese potensiaal het wat die konseptualisering van veelvoudige verhoudings aktiveer (bv. ןַעַמְל: doel, gevolg, en die rede), wat beide op verskillende vlakke mag wees asook met verskillende reikwydtes. Ons het ook die prototipiese en minder prototipiese betekenis van die lekseme geïdentifiseer. Hierdie studie illustreer die waarde van die werksmodel wat gebruik, maar het ook aangetoon dat die model enkele leemtes het.