Bicyclist are increasingly shaping the picture of urban traffic. With regard to guided navigation through urban areas, navigation systems that are designed for this type of traffic participants do not offer a satisfying solution. Voice instructions are often perceived as annoying and far too detailed. In addition, the usage of headphones to hear these instructions reduces the hearing and localization of environmental sounds significantly. Visual information on the other hand, draws the attention too much away from the main traffic situation. This effects the ability to react to and interact with other traffic participants and the surrounding and results in a feeling of insecurity.This thesis investigates how acoustic and vibro-tactile signals can be used to provide cyclists with necessary navigation instructions while maintaining the ability to perceive ambient sounds and keep attention to the environment. In addition, the focus is placed on the experience of guided navigation with a non-visual, multi-sensory system.

La littérature sur la sécurité cycliste présente des résultats parfois contradictoires, car l’utilisation des mesures d’exposition est peu fréquente. Ce mémoire de maîtrise cherche à décrire les mesures d’exposition et la méthodologie associée dans le calcul du risque de blessures chez les cyclistes dans le contexte québécois, ainsi que montrer l’impact de leur utilisation. D’abord une revue narrative quasi-systématique sur les mesures d’exposition aidant à préciser leur utilisation dans le calcul du taux d’incidence de blessures chez les cyclistes est effectuée en incluant les concepts de sécurité, du vélo et des mesures d’exposition. Puis, des mesures d’exposition sont utilisées pour comparer les taux d’incidence de blessures à vélo obtenus dans deux régions du Québec, soit l’Outaouais et Laval, qui se distinguent considérablement au regard de la proportion de port du casque chez les cyclistes et au regard de la quantité d’infrastructures cyclables totales disponibles. Des taux d’incidence des blessures à la tête et blessures totales chez les cyclistes sont calculés pour ces deux régions en utilisant au dénominateur une mesure de fréquence populationnelle et des mesures d’exposition (distance, déplacements, nombre de cyclistes). Les régions sont comparées entre elles en calculant les ratios de taux d’incidence. Les ratios de taux d’incidence utilisant les mesures de fréquence populationnelle montrent peu de différence pour les blessures chez les cyclistes entre les deux régions, alors que les ratios calculés avec les trois mesures d’exposition montrent la région de Laval comme étant plus à risque. Ceci montre l’impact de l’utilisation des mesures d’exposition dans les études de sécurité cycliste. / Cyclists’ safety literature often presents contradictory findings. Infrequent use of exposure in those studies is one reason why. This work aims to describe how to use exposure variables to calculate cyclists’ injury incidence rate in the province of Quebec. A quasi-systematic narrative review on exposure variable in the context of safety of bicyclists was conducted to guide their use. Then, exposure variables were used to compare the incidence rates of head and total injuries between the regions of Outaouais and Laval. These two regions were chosen because they differ in helmet usage and quantity of cycling infrastructures. Incidence rates for head and total injuries were calculated for both regions by controlling population frequency and three exposure variables (distance, trips and number of cyclists). Both regions were compared with incidence rate ratios. The incidence rate ratios using population frequency showed little to no difference in safety between both regions, while those using exposure variables showed that Laval presented greater risks for cyclists. These results show the importance of using exposure in safety studies for cyclists.

There is a renewed fücus on active modes of transportation given their multiple advantages, whether für human health or the environment in general. Interest has grown especially in 2020 after the COVID-19 pandemic, when several cities quicldy implemented temporary facilities for walking and cycling in the context of physical distancing. Several measures piggyback.ed on existing programs such as the Montreal initiative for complete streets ('rues conviviales' or 'social/festive streets'') that selects streets each year für pilot projects and a final design implementation over a three-year period This resulted in seasonal pedestrianization of about ten streets each year since 2020. Though active transportation brings together pedestrians and cyclists und.er a large umbrella, these users have very different characteristics and tbere may be conflicts of use if mixed in tbe same space. Cycling is thus generally forbidden on pedestrian streets. Despite these rules, there is cycling traffic on pedestrian streets as cyclists also enjoy car-free facilities, especially when pedestrian traffic is low, which generates complaints by pedestrians. To reconcile and help botb categories of users coexist, two Montreal boroughs tried a new rule in the Summer of 2021, to 1et cyclists bik.e at walldng speed on pedestrian streets while avoiding conflicts with pedestrians. There are few studies on cyclist-pedestrian interactions, and, to the best ofthe authors' knowledge, none on interactions in pedestrian streets. This work aims to study the coexistence or cohabitation of pedestrians and cyclists in several pedestrian streets through video-based analysis. Data were collected at several sites and on several days during the Summer of 2021 along three different pedestrian streets, two of them. allowing cycling, to assess how cyclists and pedestrians interact, whether cycling is allowed or not.

Bakgrund: Uppvärmning har visat sig ha en positiv påverkan på prestationen vid muskelstärkande träning och kan ha en skadeförebyggande effekt vid både muskelstärkande träning samt uthållighetsträning. Däremot saknas evidens för vilken effekt uppvärmning har på prestation vid uthållighetsidrott. Det kan vara av värde för fysioterapeuter att veta för att kunna ge råd i syfte att främja atleters och motionärers prestation. Detta då de möter patienter som håller på med olika typer av uthållighetsidrotter på olika nivåer.  Syfte: Sammanställa det nuvarande evidensläget gällande om uppvärmning har någon effekt på prestation, mätt med time trial, hjärtfrekvens, laktat och upplevd ansträngning vid uthållighetsidrott.  Design: Systematisk granskning av randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Metod: Systematiska sökningar genomfördes i databasen PubMed och granskades utifrån urvalskriterierna. Populationen bestod av vuxna motionär- och elituthållighetsidrottare. Åtta studier inkluderades och granskades med PEDro-skalan för att bedöma risken för snedvridning. Den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten utvärderades med en mall för bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i systematiska översikter.  Resultat: Hälften av studierna (4/8) visade en signifikant bättre prestation hos gruppen som värmde upp jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Samtliga studier bedömdes ha hög kvalitet och låg risk för snedvridning. Vid bedömning av studiernas sammanvägda tillförlitlighet blev resultatet att tillförlitligheten var mycket låg.  Konklusion: Utifrån det sammanvägda resultatet kan det inte med säkerhet sägas att uppvärmning har en effekt på prestationen och därmed osäkert om uppvärmning inför uthållighetsidrott ur ett prestationsperspektiv behövs. Vidare forskning rekommenderas för att studera om och i så fall hur idrottare ska värma upp för att kunna maximera sin prestation. / Background: Currently, there is evidence that warming up has a positive impact on performance in strength training, and it also has a preventive effect on injuries in both strength training and endurance exercise. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of warm-up on performance in endurance sports. This information is valuable for physiotherapists as they encounter patients engaged in various forms of endurance sports at different levels. Physiotherapists are often part of the support staff for elite athletes. With this information, there is a need for physiotherapists to provide clear advice aimed at enhancing athletes' performance. Purpose: To compile the current state of evidence regarding whether warm-up has any effect on performance in endurance sports. Design: Systematic review   Method: Systematic searches were conducted in the PubMed database and reviewed based on the selection criteria. Eight studies were included and assessed using PEDro scale to determine the risk of bias. The overall reliability was evaluated using a template for assessing the cumulative reliability in systematic reviews. Results: Half of the studies (4/8) demonstrated a significantly better performance in the group that warmed up compared to the control group. All articles were assessed to be of high quality with low risk of bias. However, when assessing the overall reliability of the articles, the result indicated that the reliability was very low. Conclusion: Based on the combined results, it cannot be concluded that warm-up influences outcome measures, and thus, it is uncertain whether warm-up before endurance sports is needed from a performance perspective. Further research is recommended to more clearly delineate how endurance athletes should warm up to maximize their performance.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the part of evolution of the new bicycle frame for mountain biking, category enduro. The first part of this thesis is focused on creating dimensional modified model of the bike frame in CAD system SolidWorks. Subsequently this frame will be detailed by FEM analysis in software ANSYS Workbench and determine boundary conditions for this analysis. The final part is about visualization of the new bike frame.

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The purpose of this essay is to investigate how representations of bicycling women in literary works by H.G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, Dorothy Richardson, Grant Allen, George F. Hall, and Alice Meynell express mental and physical freedoms that had previously been denied women due to archaic societal norms. The selected pieces of literature are from the late 19th century and early 20th century, a period during which both the bicycle boom and female emancipation contributed in significant ways to societal change. Through close readings, examples are given of how the New Woman character used the bicycle as a catalyst in the struggle for emancipation and a feminist approach is applied to explore how literary bicycling women characters oppose the stipulated gender norms, challenge the prevailing gender dichotomy and hierarchy, and attain new aspects of freedom. This essay shows that the bicycle grants women characters in the selected texts not only physical aspects of freedom but psychological ones as well. / Uppsatsens mål är att undersöka hur representationer av kvinnliga cyklister i litterära verk författade av H.G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, Dorothy Richardson, Grant Allen, George F. Hall och Alice Meynell uppvisar olika aspekter av psykisk och fysisk frihet vilka tidigare förvägrats kvinnor på grund av konservativa samhällsnormer. De valda litterära verken är skrivna runt sekelskiftet 1900, under en tid då både cykelns popularisering och kvinnans frigörelse bidrog till samhällets omdaning. Genom närläsning ges exempel på hur den moderna kvinnan (the New Woman) som skönlitterär karaktär använde cykeln som en katalysator i kampen för frigörelse, och genom ett feministiskt perspektiv undersöks hur cyklande kvinnor motsatte sig de stipulerade könsnormerna, utmanade könsmaktsordningen, och uppnådde nya typer av frihet. Uppsatsen visar att cykeln ger kvinnliga karaktärer i de valda texterna såväl fysisk som psykisk frihet.

The research in the field of travel demand modeling is driven by the need to understand individuals’ behavior in the context of travel-related decisions as accurately as possible. In this regard, the activity-based approach to modeling travel demand has received substantial attention in the past decade, both in the research arena as well as in practice. At the same time, recent efforts have been focused on more fully realizing the potential of activity-based models by explicitly recognizing the multi-dimensional nature of activity-travel decisions. However, as more behavioral elements/dimensions are added, the dimensionality of the model systems tends to explode, making the estimation of such models all but infeasible using traditional inference methods. As a result, analysts and practitioners often trade-off between recognizing attributes that will make a model behaviorally more representative (from a theoretical viewpoint) and being able to estimate/implement a model (from a practical viewpoint). An alternative approach to deal with the estimation complications arising from multi-dimensional choice situations is the technique of composite marginal likelihood (CML). This is an estimation technique that is gaining substantial attention in the statistics field, though there has been relatively little coverage of this method in transportation and other fields. The CML approach is a conceptually and pedagogically simpler simulation-free procedure (relative to traditional approaches that employ simulation techniques), and has the advantage of reproducibility of the results. Under the usual regularity assumptions, the CML estimator is consistent, unbiased, and asymptotically normally distributed. The discussion above indicates that the CML approach has the potential to contribute in the area of travel demand modeling in a significant way. For example, the approach can be used to develop conceptually and behaviorally more appealing models to examine individuals’ travel decisions in a joint framework. The overarching goal of the current research work is to demonstrate the applicability of the CML approach in the area of activity-travel demand modeling and to highlight the enhanced features of the choice models estimated using the CML approach. The goal of the dissertation is achieved in three steps as follows: (1) by evaluating the performance of the CML approach in multivariate situations, (2) by developing multidimensional choice models using the CML approach, and (3) by demonstrating applications of the multidimensional choice models developed in the current dissertation. / text