A utilização das fontes não-renováveis de energia, como o petróleo e seus derivados, tem proporcionado elevados índices de desenvolvimento em algumas nações, mas também tem causado sérios impactos ao meio ambiente. Diante disso, este trabalho visualiza as mudanças do macro-ambiente dos biocombustíveis no transcurso do tempo, num olhar comparativo a uma rota energética proposta nos anos 30 nos Estados Unidos pelo Movimento Chemurgic. Transcorridos 70 anos de uso de derivados de petróleo, a produção e o uso de biocombustíveis passou a ser um tema de grande relevância no âmbito energético mundial, principalmente devido ao aquecimento global, ocasionado pela concentração do dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. Reporta-se no transcurso do tempo, uma clara participação das inovações tecnológicas no desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis e dos biomateriais, cuja difusão no presente se dá sob condicionantes de natureza política e ambiental. Para tanto, procurou-se determinar a participação das variáveis de emergência econômicas, sociais, políticas, ambientais e tecnológicas que caracterizam o mencionado macro-ambiente do desenvolvimento e uso de materiais de origem agrícola na produção de combustíveis renováveis, por meio de uma analise léxica e de conteúdo na literatura científica mundial numa interpretação qualitativa dos textos científicos mediante a utilização de um software, que identificou a freqüência de citação das palavras-chave de cada dimensão estabelecida, em que a analise documental permitiu a elaboração de mapas conceituais atuais e retrospectivos, representando o comportamento e desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis. Considera-se finalmente que, diante de uma visível deterioração ambiental, da poluição atmosférica em particular, os fatores socioeconômicos e políticos de maior importância que promoveram o uso dos biocombustíveis e os biomateriais nos anos 30, abriram lugar para os fatores de natureza ambiental que, paralelamente, promovem a ampliação da produção e do uso dos biomateriais. / The use of non-renewable sources of energy, like petroleum and its derivatives, has been providing high development levels in some nations, but also has been causing serious impacts on the environment. Thus, this work visualizes the changes on biofuel’s macro-environment through the time, in a comparative view of an energetic route proposed in the 30’s in United States by the Chemurgic Movement. Passed 70 yeas of using petroleum derivates, the production and the use of biofuel turned to be a theme of great relevance on energetic world circuit, especially because of global warming, caused by the concentration of Carbon dioxide on atmosphere. It is alluded, in the course of time, a clear participation of technological innovations on the biofuel and biomaterials’ development, whose diffusion in present time happens according to political and environmental conditioners. To do so, it attempted to stipulate the participation of the economical, social, political, environmental and technological emergent variables that characterize the mentioned macro-environment of development and use of agricultural origin materials in the renewable fuel production, through a lexical and content analysis on the world scientific literature in a qualitative interpretation of scientific texts using one Software, which set the keywords citation frequency in each established dimension, in which the documental analysis allowed to elaborate actual and retrospective conceptual maps, representing biofuel’s behavior and development. It is considered, as a conclusion, that, facing a visible environmental degradation, in particular the atmospheric pollution, the most important social-economical and political factors that promoted the use of biofuel and biomaterial in the 30’s, giving place to environmental factors that, in the same time, promote the increase of production and use of biomaterials.

With global warming and the international, national and local goals of reducing greenhouse gas net emissions, the phasing out of fossil fuels are of great importance. One energy source resulting in nearly no net emissions are biofuels. Residue from the forest industry, such as tops and branches, is already today in Sweden an important source of energy, especially in the district heating sector. The demand for forest residue is estimated to increase until 2050 and the potential harvest is a lot larger than what is utilized today. This master thesis tests the hypothesis of biofuels having a climate positive effect when replacing fossil fuels, despite the loss of carbon in the forest soil, which is a feedback of harvesting forest residue. The municipality of Norrköping here works as a case as they are standing in the forefront of turning towards a bio-based economy and a fossil free energy system. The biogeochemical model ForSAFE was used to study if Norrköping can replace all their fossil fuels and solid waste in the district heating for the municipality’s households and public facilities with forest residue from the forest within the municipality’s administrative boundaries. The result show that the productive forest area of the municipality does not yield enough forest residue to fulfil the energy demand from the fossil fuels and the waste. Meanwhile, the soil organic carbon was shown to be decreasing over the simulated years (2000-2300), although the loss did not exceed the emissions from the burning of the replaced fossil fuels. If the productive forest had been large enough to yield enough biomass to meet the demand, the loss of soil organic carbon would still not exceed the amount of carbon dioxide that the fossil fuels would have emitted. This indicates a positive climate effect when replacing fossil fuels with forest residue, reducing net emissions to the atmosphere. Despite the low yield of biomass compared to the energy demand from fossil fuels and waste in Norrköping, a study like this gives a projection of the biomass production and the feedbacks. These effects will be affected by different forest management scenarios and the change in climate. The silvicultural practices have however shown to have negative impacts on the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives. Threatening the biodiversity and leaching of nutrients and chemicals, resulting in additional feedbacks downstream are examples of effects from disturbance in the forest and forest soil. It is therefore of great importance to consider the natural environment and neatly plan around forestry operations. In the end, the climatic benefit of switching to a fossil free energy system with the help of forest biofuels will have to weighted against the negative impacts. With a landscape view used and great knowledge about feedback effects when forestry planning, the input of biofuels can be a natural way to go for several municipalities in Sweden when wanting to create a bio-based economy with zero net emissions of greenhouse gases. / Med global uppvärmning och de internationella, nationella och lokala målen om reducerade växthusgasutsläpp, är utfasningen av fossila bränslen av stor betydelse. En energikälla som ger nära noll nettoutsläpp är biobränslen. Rester från skogsindustrin, som toppar och grenar (grot) är redan idag i Sverige en viktig energikälla, speciellt inom fjärrvärmesystemet. Efterfrågan på grot väntas öka fram till år 2050 och skördepotentialen är mycket större än vad som idag utnyttjas. Detta examensarbete testar hypotesen om att biobränsle är klimatpositivt när det ersätter fossila bränslen, trots kolförlusten i marken som uppstår när grot skördas. Norrköpings kommun används här som fall då de står i framkant när det gäller övergången till en biobaserad ekonomi och ett fossilfritt energisystem. Den biogeokemiska modellen ForSAFE användes för att studera om Norrköping kan byta ut alla sina fossila bränslen samt avfall, som förser kommunens invånare och offentliga lokaler medvärme och varmvatten via fjärrvärmenätet, mot grot från skogsmarkerna inom kommunens gränser. Resultatet visar att den produktiva skogsmarken i kommunen är för liten för att producera tillräckligt med grot för att ersätta allt fossilt bränsle och allt avfall. Samtidigt sjönk markkolet över de simulerade åren (2000-2300) även om förlusten inte översteg utsläppen från förbränningen av de ersatta fossila bränslena. Om den produktiva skogen hade varit stor nog att kunna ersätta de fossila bränslena såhade förlusten av markkol ändå inte varit större än utsläppen från de fossila bränslen som kunnat ersättas. Detta indikerar den klimatnytta som bytet från fossila till biobaserade bränslen ger när nettoemissioner reduceras från atmosfären. Trots den låga skördenivån av grot i förhållande till den energi som de fossila bränslena och avfallet tillför i Norrköping, kan en studie likt denna ge en uppfattning om hur mycket grot som kommer kunna produceras i framtiden och vilka effekter dessakan ha. Dessa effekter beror då på olika skördeintensitet och ett förändrat klimat. Skogsbruket har dock visat sig bidra till att försvåra att de svenska miljömålen nås. Hot mot biodiversiteten samt läckage av näringsämnen och tungmetaller som ger problem nedströms är exempel på effekter av störningar i skogen och skogsmarken. Detta gör att visad hänsyn till den naturliga miljön och god planering kring ingrepp i skogen är av stor vikt. De positiva klimateffekterna av att utnyttja biobränslen från skogen för att ersätta fossila bränslen kan därför komma att behöva ställas mot de negativa ekologiska konsekvenserna av skogsbruket. Med ett landskapsperspektiv och stor kunskap kring effekterna av skogsbruket kan biobränslet komma att bli en naturlig väg att gå för flera kommuner i Sverige som vill övergå till en biobaserad ekonomi med noll utsläpp av växthusgaser.

A utilização das fontes não-renováveis de energia, como o petróleo e seus derivados, tem proporcionado elevados índices de desenvolvimento em algumas nações, mas também tem causado sérios impactos ao meio ambiente. Diante disso, este trabalho visualiza as mudanças do macro-ambiente dos biocombustíveis no transcurso do tempo, num olhar comparativo a uma rota energética proposta nos anos 30 nos Estados Unidos pelo Movimento Chemurgic. Transcorridos 70 anos de uso de derivados de petróleo, a produção e o uso de biocombustíveis passou a ser um tema de grande relevância no âmbito energético mundial, principalmente devido ao aquecimento global, ocasionado pela concentração do dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. Reporta-se no transcurso do tempo, uma clara participação das inovações tecnológicas no desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis e dos biomateriais, cuja difusão no presente se dá sob condicionantes de natureza política e ambiental. Para tanto, procurou-se determinar a participação das variáveis de emergência econômicas, sociais, políticas, ambientais e tecnológicas que caracterizam o mencionado macro-ambiente do desenvolvimento e uso de materiais de origem agrícola na produção de combustíveis renováveis, por meio de uma analise léxica e de conteúdo na literatura científica mundial numa interpretação qualitativa dos textos científicos mediante a utilização de um software, que identificou a freqüência de citação das palavras-chave de cada dimensão estabelecida, em que a analise documental permitiu a elaboração de mapas conceituais atuais e retrospectivos, representando o comportamento e desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis. Considera-se finalmente que, diante de uma visível deterioração ambiental, da poluição atmosférica em particular, os fatores socioeconômicos e políticos de maior importância que promoveram o uso dos biocombustíveis e os biomateriais nos anos 30, abriram lugar para os fatores de natureza ambiental que, paralelamente, promovem a ampliação da produção e do uso dos biomateriais. / The use of non-renewable sources of energy, like petroleum and its derivatives, has been providing high development levels in some nations, but also has been causing serious impacts on the environment. Thus, this work visualizes the changes on biofuel’s macro-environment through the time, in a comparative view of an energetic route proposed in the 30’s in United States by the Chemurgic Movement. Passed 70 yeas of using petroleum derivates, the production and the use of biofuel turned to be a theme of great relevance on energetic world circuit, especially because of global warming, caused by the concentration of Carbon dioxide on atmosphere. It is alluded, in the course of time, a clear participation of technological innovations on the biofuel and biomaterials’ development, whose diffusion in present time happens according to political and environmental conditioners. To do so, it attempted to stipulate the participation of the economical, social, political, environmental and technological emergent variables that characterize the mentioned macro-environment of development and use of agricultural origin materials in the renewable fuel production, through a lexical and content analysis on the world scientific literature in a qualitative interpretation of scientific texts using one Software, which set the keywords citation frequency in each established dimension, in which the documental analysis allowed to elaborate actual and retrospective conceptual maps, representing biofuel’s behavior and development. It is considered, as a conclusion, that, facing a visible environmental degradation, in particular the atmospheric pollution, the most important social-economical and political factors that promoted the use of biofuel and biomaterial in the 30’s, giving place to environmental factors that, in the same time, promote the increase of production and use of biomaterials.

A utilização das fontes não-renováveis de energia, como o petróleo e seus derivados, tem proporcionado elevados índices de desenvolvimento em algumas nações, mas também tem causado sérios impactos ao meio ambiente. Diante disso, este trabalho visualiza as mudanças do macro-ambiente dos biocombustíveis no transcurso do tempo, num olhar comparativo a uma rota energética proposta nos anos 30 nos Estados Unidos pelo Movimento Chemurgic. Transcorridos 70 anos de uso de derivados de petróleo, a produção e o uso de biocombustíveis passou a ser um tema de grande relevância no âmbito energético mundial, principalmente devido ao aquecimento global, ocasionado pela concentração do dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. Reporta-se no transcurso do tempo, uma clara participação das inovações tecnológicas no desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis e dos biomateriais, cuja difusão no presente se dá sob condicionantes de natureza política e ambiental. Para tanto, procurou-se determinar a participação das variáveis de emergência econômicas, sociais, políticas, ambientais e tecnológicas que caracterizam o mencionado macro-ambiente do desenvolvimento e uso de materiais de origem agrícola na produção de combustíveis renováveis, por meio de uma analise léxica e de conteúdo na literatura científica mundial numa interpretação qualitativa dos textos científicos mediante a utilização de um software, que identificou a freqüência de citação das palavras-chave de cada dimensão estabelecida, em que a analise documental permitiu a elaboração de mapas conceituais atuais e retrospectivos, representando o comportamento e desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis. Considera-se finalmente que, diante de uma visível deterioração ambiental, da poluição atmosférica em particular, os fatores socioeconômicos e políticos de maior importância que promoveram o uso dos biocombustíveis e os biomateriais nos anos 30, abriram lugar para os fatores de natureza ambiental que, paralelamente, promovem a ampliação da produção e do uso dos biomateriais. / The use of non-renewable sources of energy, like petroleum and its derivatives, has been providing high development levels in some nations, but also has been causing serious impacts on the environment. Thus, this work visualizes the changes on biofuel’s macro-environment through the time, in a comparative view of an energetic route proposed in the 30’s in United States by the Chemurgic Movement. Passed 70 yeas of using petroleum derivates, the production and the use of biofuel turned to be a theme of great relevance on energetic world circuit, especially because of global warming, caused by the concentration of Carbon dioxide on atmosphere. It is alluded, in the course of time, a clear participation of technological innovations on the biofuel and biomaterials’ development, whose diffusion in present time happens according to political and environmental conditioners. To do so, it attempted to stipulate the participation of the economical, social, political, environmental and technological emergent variables that characterize the mentioned macro-environment of development and use of agricultural origin materials in the renewable fuel production, through a lexical and content analysis on the world scientific literature in a qualitative interpretation of scientific texts using one Software, which set the keywords citation frequency in each established dimension, in which the documental analysis allowed to elaborate actual and retrospective conceptual maps, representing biofuel’s behavior and development. It is considered, as a conclusion, that, facing a visible environmental degradation, in particular the atmospheric pollution, the most important social-economical and political factors that promoted the use of biofuel and biomaterial in the 30’s, giving place to environmental factors that, in the same time, promote the increase of production and use of biomaterials.

Tyrimo objektas – bioekonomikos teorinis turinys ir taikomosios sritys. Darbo tikslas – atskleisti bioekonomikos teorinį turinį ir nustatyti jos apimamas ekonominės veiklos sritis, išryškinant jos sąsajas su darniu vystymusi. Uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti bioekonomikos koncepcijas ir traktuotes; 2) išanalizuoti bioekonomikos vaidmenį ekonomikoje, teikiamą naudą ir keliamą riziką; 3) atskleisti bioekonomikos indėlį į darnų vystymąsi; 4) nustatyti bioekonomikos vystymosi prielaidas. Tyrimo metodai - analizuojant bioekonomikos teorinius aspektus - jos traktuotę bei sankirtą su kitais mokslais - naudoti apibendrinimo ir apibendrinamosios abstrakcijos metodai; analizuojant bioekonomikos vaidmenį pasaulio ekonomikoje, jos teikiamą naudą ir iššaukiamą riziką taikytas loginės analizės metodas; bioekonomikos indėlis į darnų vystymąsi nagrinėtas izoliuojančiosios abstrakcijos metodu; analizuojant tarptautinių institucijų ir Lietuvos požiūrį į bioekonomiką naudoti akademinės, teisinės ir mokslo populiarinimo literatūros bendramoksliniai tyrimo metodai – loginė analizė ir sintezė bei dokumentų analizės metodai. Literatūros ir informacijos šaltinai – Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkų darbai, konferencijų medžiaga, tarptautinių institucijų dokumentai, teisės aktai. / Research object – theoretical content and applied fields in bioeconomy. Research aim – to reveal content of bioeconomics, to identify range of economic activities involved in bioeconomy and highlight its connections with sustainable development. Objectives: 1) to reveal approaches and conceptions of bioeconomy; 2) to analyse the role of bioeconomy in the world economy including its advantage and disadvantage; 3) to define contribution of bioeconomy to sustainable development; 4) to define premises of bioeconomy development. Research methods: in the analysis of theoretical aspects of bioeconomy and its interaction with related sciences was applied generalization method; in the analysis of the role of bioeconomy in the world economy including its advantage and disadvantage was applied logical analysis method; in the analysis of contribution of bioeconomy to sustainable development was applied abstraction method; in analysis of attitudes towards bioeconomy were applied analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and international organization documents. References and information: publications of foreign scientists, conference materials, documents of international institutions and legal acts.

Zahlreiche Hoffnungen sind mit einer auf Pflanzen basierenden Wirtschaft, einer Bioökonomie, verbunden. Ob deren Weiterentwicklung den Zustand der Umwelt und die Wohlfahrt eines Landes verbessern kann, bleibt jedoch fraglich. Sich im Aufbau befindliche Bioökonomie-Monitoring-Systeme haben die Aufgabe, Informationen über Zielkonflikte zu liefern und somit eine erkenntnisgestützte Politikgestaltung zu ermöglichen. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, Erkenntnisse für die Weiterentwicklung solcher Systeme zu gewinnen. Bisher entwickelte Bioökonomie-Indikatoren sind ungeeignet, den Übergang von einer fossil-basierten zu einer bio-basierten Wirtschaft korrekt abzubilden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden deshalb entsprechende Indikatoren entwickelt und am Beispiel der Biokunststoffproduktion in Deutschland gemessen. Damit leiste ich einen Beitrag zur systematischen Indikatorenentwicklung, zur Charakterisierung einer bestimmten Bioökonomie-Transformation und zur quantitativen Modellierung der Indikatoren. Zukünftige Bioökonomie-Monitoring-Systeme könnten davon profitieren, wenn die Indikatorenentwicklung noch stärker als Prozess verstanden wird, der eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Zielen und deren Messbarkeit umfasst, sich so lange wiederholt bis zufriedenstellende Indikatoren verfügbar sind und die wichtigsten Akteure einbezieht. Zudem ist ein stärkerer Fokus auf nachhaltige Bioökonomie-Transformationen erforderlich, die sich an einem kreislauf- und suffizienzbasierten Wirtschaften orientieren und den Substitutionsbegriff weiter fassen als bisher. Das hier entwickelte Biokunststoff-Modell könnte in Monitoring-Systeme integriert werden, wenn es um Kohlenstoffflüsse und Post-Produktionsprozesse ergänzt wird. Forschungsbedarf besteht beim Aufbau eines auf gesellschaftliche Bedürfnisse fokussierten Monitoring-Systems und bei der Wirksamkeit von Monitoring-Systemen in der politischen Entscheidungsfindung. / The relationship between bioeconomy transitions and sustainable development is not straightforward. For policymakers it is often difficult to keep track of bioeconomy developments and formulate appropriate bioeconomy-related policies that are also conducive towards sustainable development. Consequently, bioeconomy monitoring systems have recently been initiated to provide more reliable sources of information. There is a clear mismatch between the vision of a transition from fossil-based to bio-based economies and available indicators. I aim here to enhance current bioeconomy monitoring systems by developing and applying a set of appropriate indicators and providing insight into three key issues: 1) how indicators can be systematically developed, 2) what dimensions of an economy need to receive attention while monitoring transition from a fossil-based to a bio-based one, and 3) what kinds of quantitative models are suitable for this purpose. This study shows that it is possible to quantify the bioeconomy transition and measure it with systematically developed indicators, applied to plastics substitution. I conclude that, 1) developing bioeconomy indicators should be a process that is goal-oriented, iterative, and inclusive, 2) bioeconomy transition indicators need to exhibit advancement in the circular use of biomass and in sufficient consumption behavior, and 3) the model developed here can be integrated into bioeconomy monitoring systems but requires advances regarding carbon flows and post-production processes. Developers of bioeconomy monitoring systems should develop new indicators through stronger involvement of carefully selected stakeholders. Policymakers need to participate more actively in designing such systems and provide greater and more stable funding. Research could explore sectoral strategies to reduce environmental impacts while fulfilling societal needs, design related indicator sets, and assess their relevance for political decision-making.