Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:09:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_AndreaHelenaFerreira_D.pdf: 2190091 bytes, checksum: 46376779b7866dd62ac05c2a6abc7be6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A eficiente combinação entre proteínas e polissacarídeos produz filmes biodegradáveis com melhores propriedades funcionais, a interação associativa entre os grupamento presentes na cadeia polimérica dos biopolímeros gera uma rede polimérica mais coesa e resistente. Esta associação, em geral, ocorre através das interações eletrostáticas entre os biopolímeros que é controlada pelas condições de pH, força iônica e proporção estequiométrica dos polimeros, entre outros parâmetros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o método de coacervação na elaboração de filmes a base de gelatina-quitosana (GEL/QUI), gelatina-pectina (GEL/PEC) e de gelatina-goma arábica (GEL/GAR) com o intuito de promover maiores interações intermoleculares entre os biopolímeros, formando filmes mais resistentes mecanicamente e menos susceptíveis a ação da água. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho pode ser dividido em: 1-) Análise da solução filmogênica de GEL/QUI ou PEC ou GAR (em várias proporções estequiométricas): nesta etapa foi feito um estudo para definir o pH de coacervação para cada formulação utilizando o ?-potencial zeta. No pH de coacervação ocorre a máxima interação eletrostática entre os biopolímeros gerando carga elétrica neutra para a solução filmogênica (?-potencial zeta igual a zero), devido a neutralização da carga elétrica positiva (-NH4+) com a carga elétrica negativa (-COO-) dos biopolímeros. 2-) Elaboração dos filmes coacervados foi realizada em várias proporções estequiométricas no seu devido pH de coacervação. 3-) Caracterização dos filmes de acordo com o aspecto visual, propriedades mecânicas, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), solubilidade em água (SOL), umidade (UMI) e opacidade (Op). Análises complementares de difração de raio-X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) foram realizadas em alguns filmes. 4-) Seleção dos filmes: foi escolhida a proporção estequiométrica que produziu filmes com maior resistência mecânica, menor PVA e SOL. 5-) Concentração do material polimérico: na formulação selecionada foram testadas maiores concentrações de material polimérico (4, 6, 8 e 10%) com o intuito de reduzir o tempo de secagem dos filmes coacervados. Estes filmes foram novamente caracterizados (propriedades mecânicas, PVA, SOL e UMI). A concentração de material polimérica escolhida para prosseguir o estudo associou o menor tempo de secagem sem alterar a PVA e SOL dos filmes. 6-) Adição do plastificante: nesta etapa foi avaliado o tipo de plastificante (triacetina e glicerol) e a sua concentração (2,5, 5, 7,5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30g de plastificante/100g de material polimérico). Os filmes coacervados de GEL/QUI foram elaborados em pH alcalino (pH de coacervação entre 6,2-7,2) por combinar um polissacarídeo catiônico (QUI) com a GEL. Formulações com maior teor de GEL (10:1 e 20:1 de GEL/QUI) confere ao filme coacervado maior resistência à ruptura, flexibilidade e menor PVA. As análises de difração de raio-X e de FTIR evidenciam a presença de interações eletrostáticas atrativas entre as cadeias da gelatina e a quitosana. Ao comparar os filmes coacervados com os filmes compostos (sem ajuste de pH) verificou-se que o método de coacervação conferiu ao filme maior tensão na ruptura, menor PVA e menor SOL. Ao aumentar a concentração de material polimérico de 2% para 6% constatou-se redução pela metade do tempo de secagem, além de promover maior resistência a ruptura e menor PVA. Os filmes coacervados de GEL/PEC e GEL/GAR foram elaborados em pH ácido (pHcoacervação igual a 4,0 e 4,5-5,0, respectivamente), isto ocorre devido a interação do grupo carboxil (-COO-) dos polissacarídeos aniônicos com o grupo amina (-NH4+) da GEL, já que a proteína encontra-se carregada positivamente somente em pHs abaixo do seu ponto isoelétrico - pI (pI da GEL 4,8-5,2). Para filme coacervado de GEL/PEC, somente a solução filmogênica contendo 20:1 de GEL/PEC apresentou-se homogênea e com em condição de coacervação (pHcoacervação=4,0). O espectro de FTIR do filme coacervado de GEL/PEC (20:1) mostrou que o grupo carboxil da PEC pode estar interagido com o grupo amina da GEL gerando novos grupamentos amida (1630 e 1530 cm-1). A incorporação do glicerol foi mais eficiente na matriz polimérica da GEL/PEC do que a triacetina, isto foi comprovado pela análise visual e pela difração de raio-X. Filmes coacervados de GEL/GAR apresentaram-se coesos, uniformes e homogêneos. Filmes coacervados com alto teor de GEL mostraram-se mais resistentes e flexíveis e menos solúveis em água do que as formulações com menor teor de GEL (1:1 e 2:1 de GEL/GAR), resultados confirmados pelas análises de FTIR, DSC e DRX. O método de coacervação formou filmes mais resistentes mecanicamente e a ação da água do que nos filmes não coacervados (sem ajuste de pH). O aumento da concentração do material polimérico de 2 para 6% reduziu o tempo de secagem do filme de GEL/GAR (10:1) pela metade sem alterar suas propriedades funcionais. Todos os filmes coacervados de GEL/QUI, PEC ou GAR, de modo geral, apresentaram o mesmo comportamento frente a a adição do plastificante. A adição do glicerol foi mais eficiente devido sua melhor incorporação na matriz polimérica produzindo filmes coacervados mais flexíveis, mais resistentes, com menor PVA e mais transparentes do que os filmes coacervados contendo triacetina. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho confirmam a eficiencia do método de coacervação em melhorar a compatibilidade, e consequentemente, intensificando a interação eletrostáticas entre a proteína e o polissacarídeo. Isto reflete diretamente nas propriedades funcionais dos filmes coacervados, pois a maior interação entre os biopolímeros promove a formação de uma rede polimérica mais densa e coesa, gerando filmes com maior TR, menor PVA, menor ELO e em alguns formulações mais resistentes a ação da água (menor SOL) / Abstract: The efficient combination of proteins and polysaccharides produces biodegradable films with improved functional properties; the associative interaction between the groupings present in the polymer chain of biopolymers generates a more cohesive and resistant polymer network. This association generally occurs through electrostatic interactions between the biopolymers which is controlled by the conditions of pH, ionic strength and stoichiometric ratio of polymers, among other parameters. The aim of this study was to use the coacervation method in developing films based on gelatin-chitosan (GEL/QUI), on gelatin-pectin (GEL/PEC) and on gelatin-gum arabic (GEL/GAR), in order to promote greater intermolecular interactions between biopolymers, forming mechanically stronger films and less susceptible to the action of water. The development of this work can be divided into: 1-) Analysis of the film solution GEL/QUI or PEC or GAR (in various stoichiometric ratios): in this step a study was done to determine the pH of coacervation for each formulation using ?-zeta potential. At pH of coacervation occurs maximum electrostatic interaction between biopolymers generating a neutral electric charge for filmogenic solution (? - zeta potential of zero), due to neutralization of the positive charge (-NH4+) with negative charge (-COO-) of biopolymers. 2-) Development of coacervated films was held in various stoichiometric ratios in its proper pH of coacervation. 3-) Characterization of films according to the visual appearance, mechanical properties, permeability to water vapor (PVA) water solubility (SOL), humidity (UMI) and opacity (Op). Complementary analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed in some films. 4-) Selection of films: it was chosen a Stoichiometric ratio which produced films with higher mechanical strength and lower PVA SOL. 5-) Concentration of polymeric material: higher concentration of polymeric material (4, 6, 8, and 10% ) were tested in the selected formulation in order to reduce the drying time of the coacervated films. These films were further characterized (mechanical properties, PVA, SOL and UMI). The concentration of polymeric materials chosen for further study associated the lowest drying time without changing the SOL and PVA films. 6-) Addition of plasticizer: In this step the type of plasticizer (triacetin or glycerol) and its concentration was evaluated (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30g plasticizer/100g polymeric material). The coacervated films GEL/CHI were prepared at alkaline pH (pH of coacervation between 6.2-7.2) by combining a cationic polysaccharide (QUI) with GEL. Formulations with higher content of gel (10:1 and 20:1 GEL/QUI) gave the coacervated film higher tensile strength, flexibility and less PVA. The analysis of X- ray diffraction and FTIR showed the presence of attractive electrostatic interactions between the chains of gelatin and chitosan. Comparing coacervated films with composite films (without pH adjustment) it was found that the coacervation method gave the highest film tensile strength, lower PVA and lower SOL. By increasing the concentration of polymeric material from 2% to 6% a reduction by half of the drying time was found promoting a greater resistance to breakage and lower PVA. The coacervate films GEL/PEC and GEL/GAR were prepared in acidic pH (pH of coacervation equal to 4.0 and 4.5 to 5.0, respectively), this occurs due to interaction carboxyl group (-COO-) of anionic polysaccharides with amino group (-NH4+) of GEL, since the protein is positively charged at pHs only below its isoelectric point - pI (pI of 4.8 to 5.2 GEL). To coacervate film GEL/PEC, only film solution containing 20:1 GEL/PEC appeared homogeneous and in condition coacervation (pH of coacervation = 4.0). The FTIR spectrum of the coacervated film GEL/PEC (20:1) showed that the carboxyl group of the PEC may have been interacted with the amino group generating new clusters of GEL amide (1630 and 1530 cm-1). The incorporation of the glycerol was more efficient in the polymer matrix of GEL/PEC than triacetin. It was confirmed by visual analysis and by X -ray diffraction. Films coacervated GEL/GAR presented themselves cohesive, uniform and homogeneous. Coacervated films with high gel content were more resistant and flexible and less soluble in water than the formulations with lower content of gel (1:1 to 2:1 GEL/GAR), which was confirmed by analysis of FTIR, DSC and XRD. The coacervation method formed films more mechanical and water resistant than in the non coacervated films. (without pH adjustment). Increasing the concentration the polymeric material from 2 to 6 % reduced the drying time of the film GEL/GAR (10:1) by half without altering their functional properties. All coacervated films GEL/QUI, PEC or GAR, in general, showed the same behavior in addition of plasticizer. The addition of glycerol was more efficient because of its better incorporation into the polymer matrix coacervated producing more flexible films, tougher, with less PVA and more transparent than coacervated films containing triacetin. The results presented here confirm the efficiency of the coacervation method to improve the compatibility, thus intensifying the electrostatic interaction between protein and polysaccharide. This highly reflects in the functional property of coacervated films, since the bigger interaction among biopolymers promotes the formation of more dense and united polymeric net, generating films with higher TR, smaller PVA, less ELO in some formulations and more resistant to the action of water (less SOL) / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutora em Alimentos e Nutrição

Certains polymères synthétiques biodégradables ont montré des propriétés physico-chimiques aussi intéressantes que celles des plastiques issus du pétrole. Cependant, leur coût élevé dû au prix des matières premières ainsi qu’au faible nombre de voies de synthèse efficaces empêchent leur rentabilité. Une des alternatives serait le développement de méthodes de production viables économiquement par l’utilisation de catalyseurs productifs et de voies de synthèses à économie d’atomes. Ce manuscrit rassemble les travaux effectués durant la thèse sur une série de catalyseurs organométalliques hautement actifs pour la synthèse du poly(lactide), de nouvelles stratégies catalytiques pour la production du poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) et la polymérisation à économie d’atomes d’α-aminoacide-N-carboxyanhydrides pour la production de poly(α-peptides). / Many synthetic biodegradable polymers show competitive physical properties compared to petrochemically derived plastics. However, due to the low availability and high cost of renewable feed stocks or lack of efficient synthetic routes, their industrial production and successful commercial execution lacks economical feasibility. One way to improve the current situation is the implementation of cost efficient methods either by using productive catalysts or by atom-efficient synthetic methods. Here we report the discovery of a series of highly active organometallic catalysts for the synthesis of poly(lactide), new catalytic methodologies for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), and an atom-efficient polymerization of α-aminoacid-N-carboxyanhydrides to poly(α-peptides).

Autorizado por el autor, pero con restricción para ser publicada a texto completo hasta el año 2015 / Un sistema de administración de drogas es un dispositivo que administra de forma terapéutica algún medicamento. Entre los más conocidos y tradicionales están las cápsulas e inyecciones, pero en las últimas décadas, dado el intenso crecimiento de la industria farmacéutica, estos sistemas han sufrido una gran evolución, llegando al extremo de fabricarse dispositivos poliméricos capaces de suministrar de forma permanente y controlada algún fármaco. Estos productos se conocen como sistemas de liberación controlada y un ejemplo especial de ellos es una membrana de ácido poli-láctico cargada homogéneamente de ampicilina. Este sistema se desarrolló en 1986 sin considerar una etapa previa de diseño, la que actualmente se considera fundamental en los mecanismos de liberación controlada. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los fenómenos, ya sean de transferencia de masa y/o reacciones químicas, involucrados en el mecanismo de liberación de ampicilina desde la membrana de ácido poli-láctico, y proponer además un modelo fenomenológico que describa dicho mecanismo, como un paso inicial en la conformación de una etapa de diseño. Para esto, se prepararon membranas cuadradas de 1cm2 y de tres espesores diferentes (0,05, 0,1 y 0,33 mm), cargadas con 0,68 mg de ampicilina, mediante el método solvent cast. Luego se monitoreo la liberación de ampicilina al sumergir las membranas en un volumen de buffer fosfato 0,1M a pH 7 y 37ºC simulando las condiciones fisiológicas dentro del cuerpo. A partir de las muestras recolectadas, se midió la concentración de ampicilina en ellas usando un sistema HPLC de fase reversa. De esta forma se recolectaron datos experimentales que se usaron para entrenar el modelo y estimar sus parámetros. Paralelamente, el modelo se formuló a raíz de una intensa búsqueda bibliográfica que permitió identificar un gran rango de fenómenos físico y químicos involucrados en el mecanismo de liberación. El resultado final fue la propuesta de un modelo matemático fenomenológico que describe la liberación de ampicilina. Éste consideró finalmente cuatro fenómenos: difusión de ampicilina dentro de la membrana y en la solución, degradación de ampicilina en solución y la disolución de ampicilina dentro de la membrana restringida por su límite de solubilidad. Además, posee dos parámetros: un coeficiente de masa global K y la constante cinética de la reacción de degradación kobs. Los valores estimados para estos parámetros son: K [cm/h] = 9,2x10-3 (0,05 mm), 6,6x10-3 (0,1 mm) y 9,96x10-5 (0,33mm),y kobs [1/h] = 4,4x10-3. El modelo desarrollado podría ser útil para simular la liberación desde las membranas de 0,05 mm, pero su capacidad predictiva se ve restringida para las membranas de mayor espesor, lo que sugiere que la estructura del modelo podría ser analizada y mejorada en estudios posteriores.

Nedbrytbara metaller utgör en ny klass av biomaterial med potential attersätta permanenta material i tillfälliga applikationer. Detta för att minskarisken för långvariga biverkningar. I den pågående forskningen för att utvecklanya nedbrytbara metaller är screening av nya material genom in vitro testmetoderett attraktivt alternativ för att undvika onödiga, tidskrävande ochdyrbara djurstudier.Denna avhandling fokuserar på in vitro-testning av zink- och magnesiumbaserademetaller. Inverkan av faktorer såsom sammansättningen av testlösningen,buffersystemet, belastning samt mikrostruktur hos legeringar undersöktes.Genom att använda elektrokemiska in situ tekniker såsom impedansspektroskopi(EIS) är det möjligt att studera gränssnittet mellan metall ochlösning och karakterisera egenskaperna hos den korroderande ytan. Ex situytkaraktäriseringstekniker som svepelektronmikroskopi och infraröd spektroskopianvändes sedan för att komplettera resultaten av de elektrokemiskamätningarna.Korrosionen av zink i Ringer’s lösning fanns vara närmare in vivo korrosionän korrosionen i fosfatbuffrad saltlösning (PBS). Ringers lösning är därför denföredragna testmiljön för långsiktig utvärdering av zinkbaserade metallerDet biologiska buffersystemet (CO2/H2CO3) bör företrädesvis användasför att stabilisera pH-värdet på testlösningen vid magnesiumnedbrytning. NärHEPES användes för att stabilisera pH ökade korrosionshastigheten på grundav bildning av mindre skyddande skikt av korrosionsproduktMöjligheten att använda helblod och plasma som mer kliniskt relevantatestmiljöer utvärderades och befanns producera reproducerbara resultat.Bildning av ett korrosionsskikt bestående av både organiskt och oorganisktmaterial detekterades på zink i både plasma och helblod.När zink prover i helbod utsattes för belastning förhindrade korrosionsskiktetbildningen av mikrosprickor och förtidigt brott av provet. Det varvidare möjligt att detektera tidig sprickbildning på grund av belastning avMagnesium AZ61-legering med EIS.Adsorption av organiska species på zinkytan under anodisk polariseringökar yttäckningen av Zn-joner i helblod. Den ökade yttäckningen leder sedantill utfällningen av ett skyddande skikt av zinkfosfater och en minskadkorrosionshastighet vid högre potentialer.Korrosion av Zn-Mg och Zn-Ag legeringar i Ringers lösning befanns skevia selektiv upplösning. Lokal utfällning av korrosionsprodukter och bildningav ett poröst, mindre skyddande skikt av korrosionsprodukter hittades påZn-Mg legeringar. Den selektiva upplösningen av Zn-Ag legering orsakade enanrikning av AgZn3 vilket kan påverka biokompatibiliteten av ett implantatmed tiden. / Degradable metallic implants are a new class of biomaterials with potentialto replace permanent materials in temporary applications to reduce therisk of long term adverse effects.This thesis focuses on in vitro testing of zinc and magnesium based metals.As new degradable metals are developed screening of new materials within vitro test methods is an attractive option to avoid unnecessary, time consumingand expensive animal studies. The influence of factors such as ioniccomposition of the test solution, buffer system, strain and alloy compositionwas investigated. By employing electrochemical in situ techniques such asimpedance spectroscopy it is possible to study the metal-solution interfaceand determine the properties of the corroding surface. Ex situ surface characterizationtechniques such as scanning electron microscopy and infraredspectroscopy were then used to complement the results of the electrochemicalmeasurements.The importance of appropriate selection of the test solution is highlightedin this work. Zinc was found to corrode in Ringer’s solution by a mechanismcloser to in vivo corrosion than in a phosphate buffered saline solution(PBS).Ringer’s solution is therefore the more appropriate test environment for longterm evaluation of zinc based metals.When evaluating the corrosion of Zn-Mg and Zn-Ag alloys in Ringer’ssolution selective dissolution was found to occur for both types of alloys. Localprecipitation and formation of a porous, less protective, layer of corrosionproducts was found for Zn-Mg alloys. The selective dissolution of Zn-Agalloy caused an enrichment of AgZn3 on the surface which may affect thebiocompatibility of the alloy.The use of HEPES to maintain the pH of the test solution increasedthe corrosion rate of magnesium due to formation of a less protective layerof corrosion products. Magnesium corrosion should therefore preferably bestudied in solutions where the pH is maintained by the biological buffer systemCO2/H2CO3.In addition to saline solutions human whole blood and plasma were evaluatedas more clinically relevant in vitro environments. They were found toproduce reproducible results and to be suitable for short term experiments.Formation of a corrosion product layer comprised of both organic and inorganicmaterial was detected on zinc in both plasma and whole blood.During anodic polarization the adsorption of organic species on the zincsurface was found to increase the surface coverage of Zn ions in whole blood.The increased surface coverage then allowed for precipitation of a protectivelayer of Zn5(PO4)3 and a subsequent decrease in corrosion rate at higherpotentials.When subjecting zinc samples to strain the organic/inorganic corrosionproduct formed in whole blood was observed by impedance spectroscopy toprevent micro cracking and premature failure.The cracking of magnesium alloy samples under applied strain was alsocharacterized by impedance. Changes in surface properties due to crack initiation / <p>QC 20171019</p>

The goal of this project was to develop a non-toxic amphiphilic diblock copolymer nanoparticulate drug delivery system that will solubilize paclitaxel (PTX) and retain the drug in plasma. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MePEG-b-PCL) diblock copolymers loaded with PTX were characterized and their physicochemical properties were correlated with their performance as nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. A series of MePEG-b-PCL was synthesized with PCL blocks ranging from 2-104 repeat units and MePEG blocks of 17, 44 or 114 repeat units. All copolymers were water soluble and formed micelles except MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₀₄, which was water insoluble and formed nanospheres. Investigation of the effects of block length on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles was used to select appropriate copolymers for development as PTX nanoparticles. The critical micelle concentration, pyrene partition coefficient and diameter of nanoparticles were found to be dependent on the PCL block length. Copolymers based on a MePEG molecular weight of 750 g/mol were found to have temperature dependent phase behavior. Relationships between the concentration of micellized drug and the compatibility between the drug and core-forming block, as determined by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and PCL block length were developed. Increases in the compatibility between PCL and the drug, as well as longer PCL block lengths resulted in increased drug solubilization. The physicochemical properties and drug delivery performance characteristics of MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₉ micelles and MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₀₄ nanospheres were compared. Nanospheres were larger, had a more viscous core, solubilized more PTX and released it slower, compared to micelles. No difference was seen in the hemocompatibility of the nanoparticles as assessed by plasma coagulation time and erythrocyte hemolysis. Micellar PTX had an in vitro plasma distribution similar to free drug. The majority of micellar PTX associated with the lipoprotein deficient plasma fraction (LPDP). In contrast, nanospheres were capable of retaining more of the encapsulated drug with significantly less PTX partitioning into the LPDP fraction. In conclusion, although both micelles and nanospheres were capable of solubilizing PTX and were hemocompatible, PTX nanospheres may offer the advantage of prolonged blood circulation, based on the in vitro plasma distribution data, which showed that nanospheres retained PTX more effectively. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

Tradicionalmente, no tratamento de feridas graves o antimicrobiano tópico deve ser aplicado uma a duas vezes ao dia na área lesada para reduzir as infecções. No entanto, os pacientes geralmente sofrem desconforto com a aplicação de drogas tópicas e com a troca de curativos. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de sistemas curativos biodegradáveis contendo fármaco antimicrobiano são fundamentais para a promoção de ações terapêuticas, reduzindo as infecções causadas por microrganismos e podendo substituir os curativos convencionas que não possuem polímeros biodegradáveis em sua composição. Para ir de encontro com essa necessidade, filmes de PBAT e PBAT/gentamicina foram preparados por meio de duas abordagens. Na primeira abordagem filmes de PBAT obtidos por casting foram funcionalizados por radiação UV durante 90 minutos na presença de O2 atmosférico para posterior inserção de gentamicina na superfície através de soluções tampões contendo EDC e gentamicina. A superfície das amostras foi analisada pelo WCA, FTIR-ATR e XPS. A análise antimicrobiana dos filmes também foi realizada. Os resultados para os filmes de PBAT por casting mostram que o tempo de irradiação produziu superfícies altamente hidrofílicas com grupos oxigenados enxertados na superfície do polímero (C=O e C-OH). A análise antimicrobiana indicou que a gentamicina não ligou covalentemente com o PBAT, porém observou-se a presença de nitrogênio na superfície das amostras pela análise de XPS Na segunda abordagem foram preparadas fibras de PBAT e PBAT/gentamicina a partir da eletrofiação. As soluções utilizadas no processo de eletrofiação foram preparadas com diferentes concentrações de gentamicina e passaram por análises de condutividade e viscosidade. As fibras de PBAT e PBAT/gentamicina foram caracterizadas quanto a suas propriedades físico-químicas, morfológicas, térmicas, antimicrobianas e biológicas. Nos resultados obtidos para as fibras de PBAT e PBAT/gentamicina observou-se que não houve mudança nos espectros após a mistura dos materiais, uma vez que as bandas de absorção foram preservadas e não houve o aparecimento de novos picos. A presença da gentamicina modificou a morfologia das amostras, diminuindo o diâmetro das fibras. O grau de intumescimento foi alterado com o acréscimo de gentamicina e houve modificação da morfologia das fibras após 48 horas de imersão em PBS, porém as fibras mantiveram-se presentes. A gentamicina aumentou o grau de molhabilidade das fibras PBAT. As fibras de PBAT/gentamicina possuem atividade antimicrobiana frente às cepas de E. coli e não apresentaram citotoxicidadede acordo com o padrão ISO 10993-5. Estes resultados reforçam que o PBAT pode ser usado como um sistema curativo com incorporação de fármaco, mostrando ser uma alternativa interessante de curativo/adesivo para uso tópico. / Traditionally in the treatment of serious wounds, topical antimicrobial should be applied 1–2 times daily to the injured area to reduce infections. However, patients often suffer from discomfort with the application of topical drugs and with the exchange of dressings. In this context, the development of biodegradable curative systems containing antimicrobial drug are fundamental for the promotion of therapeutic actions, reducing the infections caused by microorganisms and being able to substitute conventional dressings that there aren’t biodegradable polymers in their composition. To meet this need, PBAT and PBAT/gentamicin films were prepared using two approaches. In the first approach PBAT films obtained by casting were functionalized by UV radiation for 90 minutes in the presence of atmospheric O2 for subsequent insertion of gentamicin on the surface through buffer solutions containing EDC and gentamicin. The surface of the samples was analyzed by the WCA, FTIR-ATR and XPS. Antimicrobial analysis of the films was also performed. The results for the PBAT films by casting show that the irradiation time produced highly hydrophilic surfaces with oxygenated groups grafted onto the polymer surface (C=O and C-OH). Antimicrobial analysis indicated that gentamycin did not bind covalently with PBAT, but nitrogen was observed on the surface of the samples by XPS analysis In the second approach, PBAT and PBAT/gentamicin fibers were prepared from the electrospun. The solutions used in the electrospun process were prepared with different concentrations of gentamicin and underwent conductivity and viscosity analyzes. The PBAT and PBAT/gentamicin fibers were characterized as their physical-chemical, morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and biological properties. In the results obtained for the PBAT and PBAT/gentamicin fibers, it was observed that there was no change in the spectra after the materials were mixed, since the absorption bands were preserved and there were no new peaks. The presence of gentamicin modified the morphology of the samples, reducing the diameter of the fibers. The degree of swelling was altered with the addition of gentamicin and there was a change in the morphology of the fibers after 48 hours of immersion in PBS, but the fibers remained present. Gentamicin increased the degree of wettability of PBAT fibers. PBAT/gentamicin fibers have antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains and did not present cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5 standard. These results reinforce that PBAT can be used as a curative system with drug incorporation, proving to be an interesting dressing/adhesive alternative for topical use.

[pt] A interface do lixo urbano com a questão do Ecodesign é o fio condutor deste trabalho. A conscientização da importância do comprometimento do homem com seu meio ambiente, tem direcionado a inserção do Design no cenário da sustentabilidade. A partir da relação do homem com seus objetos e o acúmulo do lixo urbano, são apresentados, um estudo da composição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na sociedade contemporânea, e as medidas atuais de gerenciamento deste problema. O papel do designer, como agente inovador, assume uma função neste cenário investigando as alterantivas para evitar a formação do lixo urbano, sob o enfoque da sustentabilidade. O que está sendo proposto, neste trabalho, é acentuar as perspectivas que se descortinam, para gerenciar o resíduo que pode ser evitado. Com o foco na desmaterialização e na biodegradabilidade, são apresentadas as possibilidades para a realização deste novo gerenciamento.A importância da inserção do plástico biodegradável, no processo produtivo, é relatada através do panorama mundial e das pesquisas que estão sendo realizadas no Brasil acerca deste material. O Ecodesign, desta forma, possibilita o aparecimento de uma atitude projetual direcionada para a qualidade de vida do homem e para a sobrevivência do nosso planeta. / [en] The interface between urban wastes and the issue of Ecodesign is the central theme of this work. Increasing awareness of the importance of man's commitment to the environment has moved Design towards sustainability. On the basis on the relation between people and their objects and the accumulation of urban refuse, a study is made of the make up of solid waste in contemporary cities, and present management measures for dealing with this problem are examined. The role of the designer as innovator in this context is to investigate alternatives to avoid accumulation of urban waste, from the perspective of sustainability, stressing new ways of managing avoidable wastes. Novel management measures are proposed, with emphosis on dematerialization and biodegradability. The importance of introducing biodegradable plastic in the productive process is described in the context of the world situation and of ongoing research on this material in Brazil. In this way, Ecodesign gives rise to an attitude in project design that aims at improved quality of life for people and the survival of our planet.

Con los años, el planeta se ha visto sumamente afectado por los residuos contaminantes que afectan al ecosistema, un ejemplo de ello son las bolsas de plástico que en el mundo se genera alrededor de 5 billones de bolsas plásticas (Minam, 2019) y en Lima y el Callao se generan alrededor de 886 toneladas de plástico de un solo uso como residuo diario, generando enormes daños al ecosistema y representando el 46% del total de residuos de un solo uso a nivel nacional (Andina, 2019). Estas estadísticas significan que Lima es la ciudad que más daño hace a la salud pública y al medio ambiente, con respecto a este tipo de plástico. Para combatir estas estadísticas, se creó la Ley peruana N° 30884 para desincentivar la entrega de las bolsas plásticas cuando se despachan los productos comprados, obligando a las personas a pagar por este tipo de bolsas si desean usarlos. Con ello, se busca promover la innovación, la industria alternativa y el uso del plástico sostenible. Por este motivo, creamos a “Xhira”, una cartera elegante (tipo billetera), de material biodegradable que se despliega y se convierte en carrito de compras dirigido a las damas que acuden a supermercados y centros comerciales de Lima Metropolitana para comprar víveres y productos para el hogar, y que necesitan bolsas para almacenar y transportar sus compras. Al final, y luego de evaluar los flujos de caja proyectados, se demostró que nuestro negocio es factible y rentable para todos sus inversionistas. / Over the years, the planet has been highly affected by polluting residues that affect the ecosystem, an example of this are the plastic bags that in the world generate around 5 billion plastic bags (Minam, 2019) and in Lima and Callao generates around 886 tons of single-use plastic as daily waste, generating enormous damage to the ecosystem and representing 46% of total single-use waste nationwide (Andina, 2019). These statistics mean that Lima is the city that does the most damage to public health and the environment, with respect to this type of plastic. To combat these statistics, Peruvian Law No. 30884 was created to discourage the delivery of plastic bags when purchased products are dispatched, forcing people to pay for these types of bags if they wish to use them. With this, it seeks to promote innovation, the alternative industry and the use of sustainable plastic. For this reason, we created “Xhira”, an elegant wallet (type of wallet), made of biodegradable material that unfolds and becomes a shopping cart aimed at women who go to supermarkets and shopping centers in Metropolitan Lima to buy groceries and products for the home, and who need bags to store and transport their purchases. In the end, and after evaluating the projected cash flows, it was shown that our business is feasible and profitable for all its investors. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of the diploma thesis is to discuss the gasification of biodegradable waste. The theoretical part deals with gasification with focus on gasification phases, types of gasification reactors and pollutants contained in the generated gas, especially tar. Further, there is listed the characteristic of alternative biomass fuels, namely digestate and sludge waste. The practical part is devoted to gasification on a fluidized bed reactor with the aim to test the possibilities of gasification of these fuels, to determine their specifications and the influence of various gasification media. In the final part there are discussed the results of the collected gases and tar.

Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá přípravou biodegradabilního termosenzitivního triblokového kopolymeru na bázi polyethylenglykolu, kyseliny polymléčné a polyglykolové (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) a dále pak především jeho modifikací anhydridem kyseliny itakonové (ITA), který dodá kopolymeru jak reaktivní dvojné vazby tak i funkční karboxylové skupiny důležité pro reakci s biologicky aktivními látkami. Hlavním cílem bylo optimalizovat reakční podmínky pro dosažení nejvyššího stupně navázání ITA na polymer za vzniku ITA/PLGA-PEG-PLGA/ITA. Uvedený kopolymer je po vytvoření heterogenního kompozitu např. s hydroxyapatitem vhodný pro biomedicíncké aplikace především v oblasti tkáňového inženýrství jako dočasná náhrada či fixace tvrdých tkání (kostí). V teoretické části uvedené práce jsou na základě literární rešerše obecně popsány hydrogely, jejich rozdělení, síťování a degradace. Stručně jsou rozepsány fyzikální a chemické vlastnosti a syntéza jednotlivých biomateriálů použitých při syntéze, anhydridu kyseliny itakonové a jejich kopolymerů. Experimentální část popisuje detailně syntézu PLGA-PEG-PLGA kopolymeru polymerací za otevření kruhu pomocí vakuové linky a Schlenkových technik. Byla sledována i kinetika polymerace s navržením nejvhodnějších podmínek syntézy. Uvedený kopolymer byl následně modifikován anhydridem kyseliny itakonové opět katalytickou reakcí za otevření kruhu. V důsledku optimalizace reakčních podmínek byl sledován vliv teploty, rozpouštědla, času a čistoty vstupních látek. Výsledný ITA/PLGA-PEG-PLGA/ITA kopolymer byl charakterizován pomocí 1H NMR, FT-IR a GPC metody. Byly sledovány kinetiky polymerace PLGA-PEG-PLGA kopolymeru a to z přesublimované a nepřesublimované kyseliny polymléčné a polyglykolové. V obou případech probíhala kinetika reakcí bez přítomnosti rozpouštědla při 130 °C po dobu 3 hodin s konverzí asi 90 %. Delší čas neměl vliv na růst konverze. U kinetiky z nepřesublimovaných monomerů byl sledován během několika prvních minut prudký nárůst konverze a pak již byl průběh konstantní, na čase nezávislý. Výsledná polydisperzita kopolymeru byla 1,26 a molekulová hmotnost 7155 g/mol. Optimálních podmínek bylo dosaženo u polymerace z přesublimovaných monomerů, kdy byl nárůst konverze do hodnoty 88 % získané během 2,5 hodin téměř lineární (polymerace byla živá) a poté byl progres konstantní. Byl získán přesně definovaný PLGA-PEG-PLGA kopolymer o molekulové hmotnosti 7198 g/mol a polydisperzitě 1,20. Nejlepších podmínek při syntéze ITA/PLGA-PEG-PLGA/ITA kopolymeru bylo dosaženo reakcí bez přítomnosti rozpouštědla při 110 °C po dobu 1,5 hodiny s přesublimovaným anhydridem kyseliny itakonové, kdy bylo na původní kopolymer navázáno 76.6 mol. %. Výsledná molekulová hmotnost kopolymeru (5881 g/mol) s polydisperzitou 1,37 stanovená pomocí GPC se shodovala s vypočítanou molekulovou hmotností z 1H NMR i s teoretickou molární hmotností (Mn(teor)/Mn(GPC)/Mn(NMR) = 1/0,89/0,96).