Introdução: Nos últimos anos, têm crescido os estudos científicos focados em caracterizar o cuidado parental disfuncional como um possível fator associado ao risco de desenvolvimento de Transtorno Bipolar (TB) nos filhos e em incorporar esses resultados nas orientações para o cuidado parental nas diretrizes de psicoeducação. Objetivos: Verificar se existe associação entre o cuidado recebido durante a infância e o cuidado destinado aos filhos de pacientes bipolares. Caracterizar o cuidado parental bipolar destinado aos filhos e recebido durante a infância com foco em variáveis como: rejeição, superproteção e calor emocional. Método: Grupo experimental: 73 pacientes com filhos e TBI, eutímicos (YMRS <= 12, HAMD <= 7), com idades entre 22 e 65 anos, atendidos no ambulatório de atenção terciária e num de atenção secundária foram avaliados. Grupo controle: 24 voluntários sadios do ponto de vista físico e mental, com idades entre 22 e 65 anos. Instrumentos de avaliação: SCID - CV, YMRS, HAM-D, EMBU-S (para acessar as memórias dos adultos sobre as práticas educativas dos seus pais), EMBU-P (para avaliar o relacionamento dos adultos com seus filhos). Resultados: Os dados indicam que houve associação entre a memória de calor emocional paterna e materna recebida durante a infância e o calor emocional destinado aos filhos (p=0,013; p=0,013). Houve também associação entre a memória de superproteção materna e a superproteção destinada para o filho (p=0.003). Em relação aos dados de rejeição, não foram encontradas associações significativas (p > 0.90). Os resultados nos mostraram que a memória de calor emocional materno foi menor no grupo TBI do que no controle saudável (p=0.036). Conclusão: Há uma associação da memória do calor emocional recebido do pai e da mãe com o calor emocional destinado à criança, da memória de superproteção materna e paterna, com a superproteção destinada ao filho. Além disso, os pacientes bipolares lembraram de terem recebido menos calor emocional de suas mães quando comparados aos do controle saudável / Introduction: In recent years there has been growing scientific studies focused on characterizing the dysfunctional parenting as a possible factor associated with the risk of Bipolar Disorder (BD) development and incorporating guidance for parental care in psychoeducation guidelines. Objectives: Check if there is an association between the care received during childhood and the care given to the children of bipolar patients. Characterize the bipolar parental care given to the children and received during childhood focusing on variables such as rejection, over protection and emotional warmth. Method: As experimental group: 73 patients with children and BDI euthymic (YMRS <= 12, HAMD <= 7) aged between 22 and 65 years, treated at the tertiary care outpatient clinic and in a secondary care unit were evaluated. As control group: 24 healthy volunteers from the physical and mental point of view, aged between 22 and 65 years. Assessment tools: SCID - CV, YMRS, HAM-D, EMBU-S (to access adult memories of their parents rearing practices), EMBU-P (to assess adult´s relationship with their children). Results: The data indicate that there was an association between the paternal and maternal emotional warmth memory received during childhood and the emotional warmth transmitted to the child (p=0.013; p=0.013). There was also an association between the maternal overprotection memory and the overprotection for the child (p=0.003). Regarding rejection data, no significant associations were found (p > 0.90). The results also showed us that the maternal emotional warmth memory was lower in the BDI group than in the healthy control (p=0.036). Conclusion: There is an association between the memory of the emotional warmth received from the father and the mother in the emotional warmth destined to the child, between the memory of the overprotection received from the mother and the overprotection destined for the child. In addition, bipolar patients remember having received less emotional warmth from their mothers when compared with healthy control

Cerca de 50% dos pacientes portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB) apresentam comorbidade com abuso ou dependência de álcool. A presença de alcoolismo nos pacientes com TAB está associada a manifestações clínicas mais graves e a uma pior resposta ao tratamento do transtorno de humor. Entretanto, as anormalidades neurobiológicas subjacentes à co-ocorrência de TAB e alcoolismo são desconhecidas. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi o de comparar o perfil neuroquímico do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB e diagnóstico prévio de alcoolismo ao de pacientes portadores de TAB não-alcoolistas e ao de indivíduos saudáveis, usando espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de hidrogênio. Para isso, obtivemos uma aquisição de espectroscopia de hidrogênio de voxel único e tempo de eco curto em campo magnético de 1,5 Tesla do córtex préfrontal dorsolateral esquerdo em 23 pacientes bipolares alcoolistas, 27 pacientes bipolares não-alcoolistas e 57 indivíduos saudáveis. Níveis absolutos de N-acetilaspartato (NAA), compostos de colina, creatina mais fosfocreatina, mio-inositol, glutamato mais glutamina (Glu+Gln), e glutamato foram determinados e comparados entre os três grupos. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de Glu+Gln (p = 0,06) e de glutamato (p = 0,03) do que pacientes bipolares nãoalcoolistas. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de NAA do que controles saudáveis (p = 0,06). Esses achados sugerem que anormalidades do sistema glutamatérgico, e, possivelmente, da integridade neuronal, estão presentes no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB em comorbidade com alcoolismo. Tais anormalidades podem caracterizar processos fisiopatológicos que seriam específicos da comorbidade entre TAB e alcoolismo. / About 50% of bipolar disorder (BD) patients present comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence. The presence of alcoholism in BD is associated with worse clínical manifestations and refractoriness to treatment of the mood disorder. Nevertheless, the neurochemical underpinnings that underlie the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and alcoholism are unknown. In this study, we sought to compare the neurochemical profile of the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex of BD patients with a prior diagnosis of alcoholism to non-alcoholic BD patients and healthy controls (HC), using proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We obtained a short-TE, single-voxel 1H spectroscopy acquisition at 1.5 Tesla from the left dorsolateral pré-frontal córtex (DLFPC) of 23 alcoholic BD patients, 27 non-alcoholic BD patients and 57 HC. Absolute levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds, phosphocreatine plus creatine, myo-inositol, glutamato plus glutamina (Glu+Gln) and glutamato were determined and compared among the three groups. Alcoholic BD patients showed lower Glu+Gln (p = 0.06) and glutamate levels (p = 0.03) than non-alcoholic BD patients. Alcoholic BD patients tended to have lower NAA levels than HC (p = 0.06). These findings suggest that glutamatergic abnormalities, and possibly, neuronal integrity abnormalities, are present in the left DLPFC of BD patients with comorbid alcoholism. Such abnormalities may characterize pathophysiological processes that are specific for the comorbidity between BD and alcoholism.

<p>This study investigated a consecutive cohort of 88 youngsters with onset of a psychotic disorder at age 15.7 (sd 1.5) years and followed-up 10.6 (sd 3.6) years after first admission at the age of 26.5 (sd 3.7) years. A subsample of 15 subjects were assessed with the Five Minute Speech Sample for measuring Expressed Emotion and subsequent recording of relapses during a two year period.</p><p>A diagnostic split between schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and affective psychotic disorder was usually stable over time. The main diagnostic shift was an influx to schizophrenia spectrum disorder of subjects with a better premorbid function and less insidious onset as compared to those with a stable schizophrenia diagnosis.</p><p>Early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder usually had a poor functional outcome. Most subjects needed support in the form of a disability pension. Early onset affective psychotic disorder usually had a good functional outcome. Most subjects worked and enjoyed regular friendships. The functional level before onset of illness was the best predictor of future functional level in psychotic disorders. A family history of non-affective psychosis predicted a worse function in schizophrenia. Frequent episodes and low intelligence predicted a worse function in affective disorders.</p><p>Four men (4.5% of the sample) committed suicide. The risk of suicide was increased about 30 times. Almost a third of subjects attempted suicide. Females made more attempts. Suicide attempts were related to more depressive symptoms but less negative symptoms at first episode, to readmissions and to dependence on nicotine. </p><p>Subjects with schizophrenia spectrum psychoses were less satisfied with life than those with affective psychotic disorder. Subjective satisfaction in schizophrenia was strongly associated to depressive mood while in affective disorders it was associated to degree of employment.</p><p>Adolescents with psychosis in families rated high or borderline high in Expressed Emotion either during first episode or after discharge had an increased risk of relapse.</p>

This study investigated a consecutive cohort of 88 youngsters with onset of a psychotic disorder at age 15.7 (sd 1.5) years and followed-up 10.6 (sd 3.6) years after first admission at the age of 26.5 (sd 3.7) years. A subsample of 15 subjects were assessed with the Five Minute Speech Sample for measuring Expressed Emotion and subsequent recording of relapses during a two year period. A diagnostic split between schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and affective psychotic disorder was usually stable over time. The main diagnostic shift was an influx to schizophrenia spectrum disorder of subjects with a better premorbid function and less insidious onset as compared to those with a stable schizophrenia diagnosis. Early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder usually had a poor functional outcome. Most subjects needed support in the form of a disability pension. Early onset affective psychotic disorder usually had a good functional outcome. Most subjects worked and enjoyed regular friendships. The functional level before onset of illness was the best predictor of future functional level in psychotic disorders. A family history of non-affective psychosis predicted a worse function in schizophrenia. Frequent episodes and low intelligence predicted a worse function in affective disorders. Four men (4.5% of the sample) committed suicide. The risk of suicide was increased about 30 times. Almost a third of subjects attempted suicide. Females made more attempts. Suicide attempts were related to more depressive symptoms but less negative symptoms at first episode, to readmissions and to dependence on nicotine. Subjects with schizophrenia spectrum psychoses were less satisfied with life than those with affective psychotic disorder. Subjective satisfaction in schizophrenia was strongly associated to depressive mood while in affective disorders it was associated to degree of employment. Adolescents with psychosis in families rated high or borderline high in Expressed Emotion either during first episode or after discharge had an increased risk of relapse.

Background Affective disorders are poorly defined and studied in sub-Saharan Africa despite their substantial public health impact. Objectives Overall objective: To describe the epidemiology of selected affective disorders in rural Ethiopia. Specific objectives 1. To describe the validity and utility of the concept of minor depressive disorder (mD). 2. To describe the manifestation, prevalence and the short-term clinical and functional course and outcome of bipolar disorder. Subjects and methods Population: Zay community residents (age ≥16), and residents of Butajira (ages 15-49), in Southern Ethiopia. Study design: Population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Case identification: For the identification of cases with bipolar disorder, a two stage process was employed. An initial screen used key informants and interview with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to identify cases with probable bipolar disorder. A second confirmatory diagnostic assessment stage employed the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). For the identification of cases with mD, data from the CIDI was used. Follow-up: 312 cases with bipolar disorder from Butajira were followed up for a mean of 2.5 years (ranging 1-4 years) through monthly clinical assessments and annual symptom and functional ratings. Results The CIDI was administered to 1714 adults among the Zay and to 68, 378 adults among the Butajira residents. The prevalence of mD among the Zay and Butajira was 20.5% and 2.2% respectively. Up to 80% of cases with mD had used services for their symptoms, while a third to a half of cases had thought about self harm. Up to a sixth of cases had attempted suicide. Age, marital status, education and somatic symptoms were independently associated with mD. The prevalence of bipolar disorder among the Zay was 1.8%. During a 2.5-year follow-up of 312 cases with bipolar disorder from Butajira, 65.9% relapsed (47.8% manic, 44.3% depressive and 7.7% mixed episodes) while 31.1% experienced persistent illness. Female gender predicted depressive relapse whereas male gender predicted manic relapse. Only being on psychotropic medication predicted remission (OR=3.42; 95% CI=1.82, 6.45). Disability was much worse among bipolar patients than in the general population and was predicted by symptom se3verity. Conclusions This is the largest study on mD and bipolar disorder in Africa. mD appears to have potential clinical utility in this setting given its association with service use and risk. The identified risk factors for mD also suggest potential aetiological continuity with major depression. The relatively high prevalence of bipolar disorder among the Zay may be related to genetic predisposition perhaps mediated through a founder effect, but other factors need exploring. In relation to the outcome of bipolar disorder, this study indicates that, contrary to previous assumptions, the course of bipolar disorder is characterised by both manic and depressive relapses in a relatively proportionate fashion. Bipolar disorder also leads to significant levels of disability. This is the only prospective outcome study of bipolar disorder in Africa where cases were monitored systematically at short assessment intervals. Therefore, findings are likely to be more robust than previous reports.

No description available.

Background: Current screening recommendations for early detection of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism propose an exclusive measurement of serum albumin-adjusted calcium (Aac) concentration as a single first step. However, longitudinal data in patients with recurrent affective disorders suggest that increases in serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels in lithium-treated patients may not necessarily be accompanied by a parallel increase in the concentration of Aac. If true, patients with an isolated increase in iPTH concentration above the reference range might be missed following current screening recommendations. Therefore, this study set out to examine key parameters of calcium metabolism, including iPTH and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder that was or was not managed with lithium. Methods: Sixty patients with bipolar disorder according to DSM-IV were enrolled, 30 of whom had received long-term lithium treatment (lithium group), whereas the other 30 patients were on psychopharmacological treatment not including lithium (non-lithium group) at the time of the study. Owing to exclusion criteria (e.g., lithium < 6 months, laboratory results indicative of secondary hyperparathyroidism), 23 bipolar patients composed the final lithium group, whereas 28 patients remained in the non-lithium group for statistical analyses. Results: Patients in the lithium group showed a significantly higher concentration of iPTH compared to the non-lithium group (p < 0.05). Similarly, Aac concentrations were significantly increased in the lithium group compared to the non-lithium group (p < 0.05). However, in a multivariate linear regression model, group affiliation only predicted iPTH concentration (p < 0.05). In line with this, none of the four patients in the lithium group with an iPTH concentration above the reference range had an Aac concentration above the reference range. Discussion: This study suggests that the biochemical characteristics between primary hyperparathyroidism and lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism differ substantially with regard to regulation of calcium homeostasis. As such, current screening practice does not reliably detect iPTH concentrations above the reference range. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the consequences of an isolated iPTH concentration above the reference range in order to develop the most appropriate screening tools for hyperparathyroidism in lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder.

Submitted by MELISSA RODRIGUES DE ALMEIDA null (melissa.r.almeida@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T15:04:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A formação social dos transtornos do humor - Melissa Rodrigues de Almeida VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T12:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mr_dr_bot.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T12:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mr_dr_bot.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os processos compreendidos na formação social dos transtornos do humor, com base no acúmulo teórico-prático de dois campos do conhecimento, a Saúde Coletiva e a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, ambos fundamentados no materialismo histórico-dialético. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, os transtornos do humor, com destaque para a depressão, estão entre as principais causas de incapacitação no mundo hoje. Não à toa a saúde mental vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque tanto nos estudos científicos como na demanda por políticas públicas que atendam às necessidades das pessoas em sofrimento psíquico. Entretanto, a produção de conhecimento e de práticas está hegemonizada por concepções biológicas, pautadas na lógica produtivista do capital. Esta pesquisa se soma aos esforços de análise do sofrimento psíquico expressos como depressão e bipolaridade em suas determinações mais profundas, tendo em vista que o processo saúde-doença consiste de uma expressão particular do processo geral da vida social. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação teórica conjugada com pesquisa de campo, com observação participante, grupos focais e entrevistas com quinze pessoas diagnosticadas com depressão e bipolaridade, vinculadas a um serviço da rede pública de saúde. Com isso, buscou-se entender, por meio da dialética singular-particular-universal, a determinação social na constituição da depressão e da bipolaridade nas histórias de vida. A análise teve como ponto de partida a caracterização psiquiátrica da depressão e da bipolaridade, seguida de uma argumentação em favor da adoção do termo sofrimento psíquico. Fundada nos aportes da teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença, seguiu-se avaliando como os transtornos do humor sobressaíram no perfil epidemiológico como resultado dos modos de vida na atual fase de acumulação capitalista. Para entender as alterações na dinâmica da personalidade envolvidas na depressão e na bipolaridade, retomou-se as contribuições da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural sobre o desenvolvimento humano, a formação da personalidade e suas respectivas alterações patológicas. Por fim, com a articulação das trajetórias singulares de vida em um nível maior de generalização, sustentamos a tese segundo a qual a gênese da depressão e da bipolaridade está radicada nos processos críticos da vida social, como expressão das crescentes exigências psíquicas e resistência às constrições pelo capital, e se desenrola na forma de alterações na personalidade centradas na esfera afetivo-volitiva da atividade. / The aim of this paper was to analyze the processes comprised in the social formation of mood disorders, based on the theoretical and practical accumulation of two fields of knowledge, Collective Health and Historic-Cultural Psychology, both grounded in historical-dialectical materialism. According to the World Health Organization, mood disorders, especially depression, are today among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Not for nothing, mental health has been gaining increasing prominence both in scientific studies and in the claim for public policies suited for people in psychic suffering. However, biological conceptions, based on the productivist logic of capital, are hegemonic in the production of knowledge and practices. This research joins the efforts of analyzing psychic suffering expressed as depression and bipolar disorder in its deeper determinations, given that the health-illness process consists of a particular expression of the general process of social life. For this purpose, a theoretical investigation was conducted in conjunction with a field research, with participant observation, focus groups and interviews with fifteen people diagnosed with depression and bipolar disorder who benefited from a service from the public health system. Thus, we sought to understand, through the singular-particular-universal dialectic, the social determination in the constitution of depression and bipolar disorder in life stories. The analysis had its starting point in the psychiatric characterization of depression and bipolar disorder, followed by an argumentation in favor of adopting the term psychic suffering. Based on the contributions of the theory of social determination of the health-illness process, we continued by evaluating how mood disorders stood out in the epidemiological profile as a result of the lifestyles of the current phase of capitalist accumulation. To understand the changes in personality dynamics that are involved in depression and bipolar disorder, we retrieved the contributions of Historic-Cultural Psychology about human development, personality formation and its respective pathological alterations. Lastly, by articulating the singular trajectories of life in a greater level of generalization, we supported the thesis that the genesis of depression and bipolar disorder is rooted within critical processes of social life, as an expression of increasing psychic demands and resistance to the restrains of capital, unfolding in the form of personality changes centered on the affective-volitional sphere of activity.

Notre travail de thèse porte sur les troubles du langage et de la pensée rencontrés chez des personnes souffrant de trouble bipolaire mais aussi, à un moindre degré, chez des personnes présentant des traits de personnalité hypomaniaque. Afin d’explorer les processus sémantiques qui sous-tendent ces troubles, nous avons réalisé plusieurs études à l’aide d’une tâche de résolution d’ambiguïté sémantique couplée à l’enregistrement de l’activité cérébrale (EEG et IRMf) afin de repérer des marqueurs nous aidant à la compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant l’expression clinique ou sub-clinique de certains symptômes du trouble bipolaire.Nos travaux montrent des difficultés d’inhibition sémantique dans les deux populations qui se traduisent, sur le plan électrophysiologique, par une réduction de l’amplitude de la composante N400 en condition d’inhibition sémantique, corrélée au score de Vitalité Sociale (traits de personnalité hypomaniaque) en population générale et au score d’hypomanie chez les patients bipolaires. Des activations cérébrales sont également corrélées à la présence de traits de personnalité hypomaniaque au niveau du gyrus frontal supérieur et du lobule pariétal inférieur. Ces régions sont activées également chez les patients bipolaires comparativement au groupe contrôle, ainsi que d’autres régions fronto-temporales latéralisées à droite. Nos résultats vont dans le sens d’une modification du processus d’inhibition sémantique observable chez les patients bipolaires et dès la présence de traits de personnalité hypomaniaque. Nos travaux, associés à la littérature, nous suggèrent que les modulations de la composante N400 ou que les activations fronto-pariéto-temporales retrouvées pourraient être des marqueurs transnosographiques correspondant à la dimension clinique des troubles du langage et de la pensée dans le cadre du spectre bipolaire, mais également dans d’autres pathologies telles que les troubles du spectre de la schizophrénie. / Our thesis explores the underlying mechanisms of thought and language disorders commonly observed in patients suffering from bipolar disorder, but also to a lesser degree, in people with hypomanic personality traits. To explore the underlying semantic processes, we conducted four studies with a semantic ambiguity resolution task coupled with event-related potentials recording and fMRI. Our aim was to identify biomarkers for a better comprehension of clinical or subclinical symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.Through our studies, we have shown difficulties to handle semantic inhibition in the two explored populations with, at an electrophysiological level, a reduced N400 amplitude during semantic inhibition process, correlated to Social Vitality score (hypomanic personality traits) in non-clinic population, and to hypomania score in bipolar patients. In the fMRI studies, activations of the superior frontal gyrus and of the inferior parietal lobule were correlated to hypomanic traits and were also found in bipolar patients when compared to the control group. Supplementary right fronto-temporal activations were observed in bipolar patients. Our results imply an impairment of the semantic inhibition process already present in people with bipolar disorders and people with hypomanic traits. These results combined with the existing literature suggest that N400 modulations and fronto-temporo-parietal activations found might be transnosographic biomarkers of thought and language disorders, in bipolar spectrum disorders but also in other disorders like schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

L’objectif de cette recherche est : 1) de contribuer à la réduction du retard diagnostique quicaractérise le trouble bipolaire ; 2) identifier les marqueurs infra cliniques de la dépressionbipolaire ; 3) créer une constellation de différenciation de l’épisode dépressif majeur bipolaireet unipolaire au test de Rorschach (système intégratif).Méthode : Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé une constellation provisoire avec unpré-test auprès de 41 patients (20 bipolaires et 21 unipolaires). Dans un second temps, nousavons testé cette constellation sur un nouvel échantillon de 141 patients (71 bipolaires et 70unipolaires). La symptomatologie dépressive est contrôlée avec la MADRS, l’absence desymptomatologie maniaque et / ou hypomaniaque est contrôlée avec la MAS.Résultats : Il existe des différences infra cliniques, mises en avant par le test de Rorschach,entre les dépressions bipolaires et les dépressions unipolaires. 7 variables du test deRorschach diffèrent dans nos 2 groupes, nous les avons regroupées en un index. Ceregroupement en une constellation permet d’augmenter significativement sensibilité et laspécificité de cette distinction. / The aims of this study are 1) to contribute to reduce the diagnostic delay of bipolar disorder ; 2) identify infraclinical psychological markers of bipolar depression ; 3) build a bipolar depressive index in Rorschach test (comprehensive system).Method : A preliminary Rorschach index has been developed from a pre-test with 41 patients(20 bipolar and 21 unipolar). This preliminary index has been tested on another sample of 141 patients (71 bipolar and 70 unipolar). We used MADRS to rate the depressive symptomaticintensity and the MAS to rate the manic and / or hypomanic symptomatic intensity.Results : Some infraclinical dimensions of depressive episodes, assessed with the Rorschachtest, are different in unipolar and bipolar patients. 7 variables are different in the 2 groups. We put them together in an index. Grouping these variables in a constellation increases specificityand sensitivity of the differential diagnosis.