[pt] No contexto de uma sociedade digital emergem abordagens educativas mediadas pelas tecnologias digitais que visam respeitar o tempo, o ritmo e a forma de aprendizagem de cada aluno individualmente. As principais ideias embutidas na lógica das aprendizagens híbrida e adaptativa – autonomia, protagonismo do aluno, personalização do ensino, acompanhamento e avaliação contínua da aprendizagem – não são novas e também estão presentes na educação tradicional exclusivamente presencial. A principal diferença reside no fato de reconhecer na tecnologia o potencial de expansão das formas e lugares de aprendizagem dos alunos, oportunizando uma via paralela e integradora, não substitutiva e nem tampouco de caráter simplesmente complementar ao ensino presencial, para alcance dos objetivos de aprendizagem. O objetivo geral desta investigação é apresentar a concepção, operacionalização e implicações de duas abordagens educativas mediadas pelas tecnologias digitais, a aprendizagem híbrida e a aprendizagem adaptativa. A tese foi estruturada no formato multipaper contendo três estudos independentes que resguardam unidade temática e alinhamento teórico, mantendo assim uma inter-relação. A adoção de um modelo alternativo para a escrita da tese de doutorado responde a demanda do objeto de investigação, que é plural, de caráter difuso e multifacetado. O primeiro estudo, uma revisão sistemática da literatura a partir da produção acadêmica na área de Informática na Educação, buscou identificar as concepções e características de modelos híbridos e adaptativos que objetivam a personalização da aprendizagem. O segundo estudo é o relato de uma experiência de formação online destinada a professores que procurou explorar os conceitos de aprendizagem híbrida e adaptativa, assim como mobilizar mecanismos para sua operacionalização. O terceiro estudo pretendeu verificar, a partir da percepção de professores das licenciaturas e da análise dos currículos de seus cursos, se a formação inicial de professores está alinhada às abordagens educativas emergentes supracitadas, assim como seu entrelaçamento com as políticas públicas educacionais, específicas e complementares, que visam a promoção da incorporação das tecnologias digitais à educação. Compõe também este trabalho uma introdução, onde é apresentado o enquadramento teórico-conceitual transversal aos três estudos, assim como uma síntese conclusiva, onde se apresenta uma discussão integrada dos resultados. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a necessidade de maior interlocução entre os profissionais das áreas de Informática e Educação no desenvolvimento de ambientes e sistemas que suportem a aprendizagem híbrida e adaptativa, o que implica na realização de mais pesquisas de caráter experimental e, principalmente, na reconfiguração da formação docente, inicial e continuada, no sentido de preparar efetivamente os professores para exercerem seu papel, que já não é mais de transmissores do conhecimento, mas de mediadores no processo de aprendizagem, ressignificando seu modus operandi com base em uma tríade de princípios norteadores: design, curadoria, e orientação. / [en] In the digital society emerge educational approaches mediated by digital technologies that aim to respect the time, pace and form of learning of each student individually. The main ideas embedded in the logic of blended and adaptive learning - autonomy, student protagonism, customization, monitoring and continuous evaluation of learning - are not new and are also present in traditional classroom-based education. The main difference lies in the fact of recognizing in technology the potential of expanding the forms and places of learning, providing a parallel and integrative way, not substitutive and not simply complementary to face-to-face teaching, in order to achieve learning objectives. The general objective of this research is to present the conception, operationalization and implications of two educational approaches mediated by digital technologies, blended learning and adaptive learning. The thesis was structured in the multipaper format containing three independent studies that safeguard thematic unit and theoretical alignment, thus maintaining an interrelation. The adoption of an alternative model for writing the thesis responds to the demand for the research object, which is plural, diffuse and multifaceted. The first study, a systematic survey of the literature from the academic production in the area of Informatics in Education, sought to identify the conceptions and characteristics of hybrid and adaptive models that aim at personalization of learning. The second study is the report of an online training experience for teachers that sought to explore the concepts of blended and adaptive learning, as well as to mobilize mechanisms for its operationalization. The third study aimed to verify, from the teachers perception of the degree programs and the curriculum analysis of their courses, if the initial teacher training is in line with the emerging educational approaches mentioned above, as well as their intertwining with specific and complementary public educational policies, which aim to promote the incorporation of digital technologies into education. This work has also an introduction, where the theoretical and conceptual framework of the three studies is presented, as well as a conclusive synthesis, presenting an integrated discussion of the results. The research results show the need for greater interaction between professionals in the areas of Informatics and Education in the development of environments and systems that support personalized learning, which implies in the accomplishment of more experimental research and, mainly, in the reconfiguration of the teacher training in order to effectively prepare teachers to play their role, which is no longer a transmitter of knowledge but a mediator in the learning process, re-signifying its modus operandi based on the principles of curatorship, design and orientation.

The knowledge-driven, network society is founded upon technology. Educators need to implement technology effectively into the three main pillars of education, namely teaching, learning and assessment. This would assist students to become independent, confident and motivated life-long, self-directed learners that can use technology effectively in an educational environment. It would also ensure that graduates are able to become change agents, transferring their knowledge, skills and values to others in their communities. Alternative assessment methods that are technology driven could enable both educators and students to become more effective in a network society. This study advocates the use of alternative assessment methods by using technology driven assessment tools for possible replacement of traditional, paper based and "one size fits all" assessment methods within the subject field of Theology. Document analysis was used in a broad sense to evaluate technology-based multimedia documents. Ten documents were identified and evaluated as possible alternatives for traditional assessment methods. Inter-rater reliability ensured that the investigation provided constant estimates and results. The SECTIONS model used for this evaluation provided opportunities to include criteria important for higher education, the use of technology and subject relevant information to ensure that the evaluation was done with a specific purpose and scope in mind; to find technology-based tools that can substitute traditional assessment tools in order to enhance effective education to students. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Open and Distance Learning)

Die Arbeit bildet die fachwissenschaftlich gestützte Erziehung von Deutsch-als-Fremdsprachelehrkräften zur Medienmündigkeit ab. Dafür werden Vorstudien zu einem umfassenden Konzept zusammengefügt. Es werden drei Fachbereiche vernetzt: Lehrerbildung, Medienpädagogik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Der Konzeption abgeleitet ist eine mögliche Didaktik für neuere Technologien, die mit einem von der Autorin selbst erstellten Kursbaustein veranschaulicht wird.

The knowledge-driven, network society is founded upon technology. Educators need to implement technology effectively into the three main pillars of education, namely teaching, learning and assessment. This would assist students to become independent, confident and motivated life-long, self-directed learners that can use technology effectively in an educational environment. It would also ensure that graduates are able to become change agents, transferring their knowledge, skills and values to others in their communities. Alternative assessment methods that are technology driven could enable both educators and students to become more effective in a network society. This study advocates the use of alternative assessment methods by using technology driven assessment tools for possible replacement of traditional, paper based and "one size fits all" assessment methods within the subject field of Theology. Document analysis was used in a broad sense to evaluate technology-based multimedia documents. Ten documents were identified and evaluated as possible alternatives for traditional assessment methods. Inter-rater reliability ensured that the investigation provided constant estimates and results. The SECTIONS model used for this evaluation provided opportunities to include criteria important for higher education, the use of technology and subject relevant information to ensure that the evaluation was done with a specific purpose and scope in mind; to find technology-based tools that can substitute traditional assessment tools in order to enhance effective education to students. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Open and Distance Learning)

This study was conceptualised within a social-constructivist ontological orientation and, further, uses an interpretive epistemological lens to extract information from the participants who are coming from different life worlds. This thesis, Effective assessment in open distance and e-learning: using the Signature Courses at the University of South Africa as a model for future practice, investigated how emerging information communication technologies (ICTs) can be used to transform, enhance and influence student assessment practices in Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) contexts. The ultimate objective of the study was to establish assessment guidelines for effective student assessment in distance education using technology as an enabler. To achieve the objectives of this study, a mixed methods research methodology was adopted in which Unisa lecturers’ and first-year students’ experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the use of ICT as a tool to enhance and influence student assessment were sought. Despite some limitations, the study was able to reveal that technology has the potential to influence student-lecturer, and student-peer interaction thereby bridging the isolation gap that normally exists between them. Further, these potential benefits also include the identification of teaching strengths and weaknesses, the indication of areas where instructional change or modification is needed, and the application of more effective means of interacting with students. A key function of this study, therefore, is to help the lecturers involved in higher learning assessment to use technology effectively and efficiently to enhance assessment practices as a means of maintaining both the academic standards and enhancing the quality of the student learning experience. In addition, the study has shown that technology has the potential to enhance and influence student learning and motivation. Furthermore, this study made theoretical and practical contributions to the literature on information communication technology implementation on lecturers’ and students’ pedagogical and technological readiness to online learning and assessment in open distance and e-learning. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Die Arbeit bildet die fachwissenschaftlich gestützte Erziehung von Deutsch-als-Fremdsprachelehrkräften zur Medienmündigkeit ab. Dafür werden Vorstudien zu einem umfassenden Konzept zusammengefügt. Es werden drei Fachbereiche vernetzt: Lehrerbildung, Medienpädagogik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Der Konzeption abgeleitet ist eine mögliche Didaktik für neuere Technologien, die mit einem von der Autorin selbst erstellten Kursbaustein veranschaulicht wird.:1. Einführung 2. Forschungsstand 2.1. Aus- und Fortbildung von Deutschlehrkräften 2.1.1. Historische Aspekte 2.1.2. Situierung im Germanistik- und Lehramtsstudium 2.1.3. Situierung der Lehrerfortbildung 2.1.4. Neue Ansprüche und Konzepte der Lehrerfortbildung 2.2. Medienpädagogik 2.2.1. Mediensozialisation 2.2.2. Medienbildung 2.2.3. Medienkompetenz 2.2.4. Neue Medien 2.2.5. Mediendidaktik 2.2.6. Lernen & Lehren mit neuen Medien 2.3. Deutsch als Fremdsprache 2.3.1. Medienwissenschaft 2.3.2. Sprachlehr- und -lernforschung 2.3.3. Medien im Unterricht 2.4. Schlussfolgerungen 3. Rahmenanalyse und Begründung der zu erstellenden Kurskonzeption 3.1. Zielgruppenanalyse & Einordnung 3.2. Ergebnisanalyse vergleichbarer Studien und Kurse 3.2.1. Lektürebericht 3.2.2. Auswertung eines landeskundlichen Seminares 3.2.3. Überlegungen zu einem medienpädagogischen Seminar 3.2.4. Überlegungen zu einer Online-Lehrerfortbildung des Goethe-Instituts 3.3. Standards, Kriterien und zu beantwortende Fragen zu Kurs & Medien 4. Konzeption eines medienpädagogischen Kurses für Deutschlehrkräfte 4.1. Kursziel: Kompetenzen Kursteilnehmender 4.1.1. Auf inhaltlicher Ebene 4.1.2. Auf Ebene der Technologien 4.1.3. Auf Ebene didaktischer Konzepte 4.1.4. Auf Ebene der Medienkompetenz 4.1.5. Zusammenfassende Lernzielformulierung 4.2. Kursform: Blended Learning 4.2.1. Struktur & Didaktik 4.2.2. Lehr- und Lernvereinbarungen 4.2.3. Überprüfung des Lernerfolges 4.2.4. Qualitätsmanagement 4.3. Kursinhalt: Konkrete Technologien & Konzepte 4.3.1. Lernplattformen & Blogs 4.3.2. Podcasts 4.3.3. Digital Games 5. Grundlegung einer Didaktik für Neue Technologien 5.1. Kommentiertes Modell 5.2. Beispielablauf eines Kursbausteins 5.3. Eignung & Varianten 6. Schlussbemerkungen Anhang: Liste der Seminarweblogs zu „Landeskunde und neue Medien“ Abbildungsverzeichnis Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis

Not only is Quantum Mechanics (QM) conceptually rich, it is also a theory that physics students have found abstract and technically formidable. Nevertheless, compared to other classical topics of physics, university students’ understanding of QM has received minimal attention in the physics education literature. The principal purpose of this study was to characterize the variation in the ways that undergraduate physics students depict the basic concepts of QM and to extrapolate the results to scaffold possible changes to instructional practices at the university that provided the context for the study. In so doing, an adaptation of a developmental phenomenographic perspective was chosen. Empirically, the study was approached through in-depth interviews with 35 physics students from two Ethiopian governmental universities after they had been exposed to the traditional QM course for one-third of a semester. Interview responses were analyzed using phenomenographic approach where a picture of students’ depictions was established for each quantum concept by expounding the given responses. For each basic quantum concept addressed, the structure of the description categories was separately constructed, and overall, it was found that naive, quasi-classical ontology and/or variants of classical ways of visualization are dominant in students’ responses. For example, it was found that students’ depictions of the photon concept could be described with three distinct categories of description, which are (a) classical intuitive description, (b) mixed model description and (c) quasi-quantum model description. Similarly, the findings revealed that it is possible to establish three qualitatively different categories of description to picture students’ depictions of matter waves, namely, (a) classical and trajectory-based description, (b) an intricate blend of classical and quantum description and (c) incipient quantum model description. Likewise, it was found that students’ depictions of uncertainty principle can be described as: (a) uncertainty as classical ignorance, (b) uncertainty as measurement disturbance and (c) uncertainty as a quasi-quantum principle. With regard to learning QM, the categories of description made clear several issues: most students did not have enough knowledge to depict the basic concepts of QM properly; they were influenced by the perspective of classical physics and their perceptions in making explanations about QM; and they also applied mixed ideas, one based on their classical model and the other from newly introduced QM. These results are also supported by the findings of previous studies in similar domains. Findings from the study were used to guide the design of multiple representations-based instructions and interactive learning tutorials on the conceptual aspects of QM that has been shown to address specific difficulties identified in the study. Theoretical and practical implications of the study, as well as potential future considerations are drawn. / Mathematics, Science and Technology Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)

This study was motivated by a desire to address the challenges of introductory programming courses. Ethiopian universities teach such courses in large classes (80+ students) and students complain about the difficulty of the courses and teaching variation of instructors. The study was set to explore optimum course and learning environment design approaches. The research question raised was: how can a blended learning approach be used to improve large class teaching of programming? In an action design research approach, the study was initiated with redesigning two consecutive courses and a supportive blended learning environment on the basis of existing learning theories and educational design frameworks. Two cycles of action research were conducted for a dual goal of refinement and evaluation of the intervention. The action research was conducted during the 2012/13 academic year with 240 students at the beginning. A predominantly quantitative first cycle of action research produced a mixed outcome. The students’ marks from assessment activities were fairly close to results from two other international universities. A pre- and post-implementation survey of students’ approach to learning showed a slight class level change towards the deep learning approach. Conversely, some students were found at-risk (not progressing well) and certain technologies, particularly program visualisation tools, were found underutilised. The second action research cycle aimed to explain the result from the first round. A grounded action research evaluation of data from focus group discussions, interviews and participants’ memos identified plausible factors for meaningful programming learning in a large class. These factors were use of collaborative and pair programming; alignment of learning and assignment activities; integrated use of e-learning; and use of large class strategies like student mentors and team teaching. A critical realist interpretation of the result of the action research suggested that students can learn programming in large classes, 200+ in this study, with a course and learning environment design that keeps them engaged in learning and assessment activities. The study concludes that improved learning of programming can be possible with the use of students as mentors and changed role-dynamics of instructors, which presupposes adaptation of suitable pedagogical approaches and use of technologies. / School of Computing / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Systems)

Cette recherche part du constat de l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies qui se généralise dans l’enseignement universitaire (tant sur campus qu’en enseignement à distance), et traite cette question sous trois aspects institutionnel, pédagogique et technologique. La recherche a été menée à travers quinze universités canadiennes où nous avons interrogé vingt-quatre universitaires, nommément des responsables de centres de pédagogie universitaire et des experts sur la question de l’intégration des technologies à l’enseignement universitaire. Pour le volet institutionnel, nous avons eu recours à un cadre théorique qui met en relief le changement de structure et de fonctionnement des universités à l’ère d’Internet, suivant le modèle théorique de l’Open System Communications Net de Kershaw et Safford (1998, 2001). Les résultats, à l’aune de ce modèle, confirment que les universités conventionnelles sont dans une phase de transformation due à l’utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC). De plus, les cours hybrides, la bimodalité, des universités entièrement à distance visant une clientèle estudiantine au-delà des frontières régionales et nationales, des universités associant plusieurs modèles, des universités fonctionnant à base d’intelligence artificielle, sont les modèles principaux qui ont la forte possibilité de s’imposer dans le paysage universitaire nord-américain au cours des prochaines décennies. Enfin, à la lumière du modèle théorique, nous avons exploré le rôle de l’université, ainsi en transformation, au sein de la société tout comme les rapports éventuels entre les institutions universitaires. S’agissant de l’aspect pédagogique, nous avons utilisé une perspective théorique fondée sur le modèle du Community of Inquiry (CoI) de Garrison, Anderson et Archer (2000), revu par Vaughan et Garrison (2005) et Garrison et Arbaugh (2007) qui prône notamment une nouvelle culture de travail à l’université fondée sur trois niveaux de présence. Les résultats indiquent l’importance d’éléments relatifs à la présence d’enseignement, à la présence cognitive et à la présence sociale, comme le suggère le modèle. Cependant, la récurrence -dans les trois niveaux de présence- de certains indicateurs, suggérés par les répondants, tels que l’échange d’information, la discussion et la collaboration, nous ont amenés à conclure à la non-étanchéité du modèle du CoI. De plus, certaines catégories, de par leur fréquence d’apparition dans les propos des interviewés, mériteraient d’avoir une considération plus grande dans les exigences pédagogiques que requiert le nouveau contexte prévalant dans les universités conventionnelles. C’est le cas par exemple de la catégorie « cohésion de groupe ». Enfin, dans le troisième volet de la recherche relatif à la dimension technologique, nous nous sommes inspirés du modèle théorique d’Olapiriyakul et Scher (2006) qui postule que l’infrastructure dans l’enseignement doit être à la fois une technologie pédagogique et une technologie d’apprentissage pour les étudiants (instructional technology and student learning technology). Partant de cette approche, le volet technologique de notre recherche a consisté à identifier les fonctionnalités exigées de la technologie pour induire une évolution institutionnelle et pédagogique. Les résultats à cet égard ont indiqué que les raisons pour lesquelles les universités choisissent d’intégrer les TIC à l’enseignement ne sont pas toujours d’ordre pédagogique, ce qui explique que la technologie elle-même ne revête pas forcément les qualités a priori requises pour une évolution pédagogique et institutionnelle. De ce constat, les technologies appropriées pour une réelle évolution pédagogique et institutionnelle des universités ont été identifiées. / This research is regarding the increasing use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Higher Education, within conventional universities as well as open and distance education, and focuses on its institutional, educational and technological implications for campus-based and distance programs. The research was undertaken throughout fifteen Canadian universities in which twenty-four directors and experts, working in teaching and learning centres, were interviewed. For the institutional aspect, the research relied on the Kershaw & Safford's Open System Communications Net (1998, 2001) theoretical framework that considers the universities' structural and function change in the digital era. The research results confirm that conventional universities are in a period of transformation due to the use of digital technologies; and, that blended learning courses, bimodality, virtual universities, universities using diverse models and universities operating with artificial intelligence, will be the models with high-growth probability during the next decades in North America. Regarding the educational aspect, the research used a theoretical perspective pertaining to Garrison, Anderson & Archer Community of Inquiry Framework (2000) reviewed by Vaughan & Garrison (2005) and Garrison & Arbaugh (2007) that advocates a cultural change in University work, based on three levels of presence. The research results indicate the importance of elements related to teaching presence, cognitive presence and social presence, as the model suggests. However, the recurrence- at the three levels of presence- of some indicators the interviewees mentioned led to conclude that the CoI model has some interchangeable indicators within its categories. Furthermore, some categories frequently mentioned by the respondents should require a greater consideration. That is the case of the “Group Cohesion” category. Finally, with respect to the technology employed, the theoretical framework used Olapiriyakul & Scher's Content Design and Development Model (2006) that postulates that the technological infrastructure for university teaching must be both instructional technology and student learning technology. The research results reveal that educational reasons are not necessarily the ones for which universities make the decision to apply ICT to teaching; and, because of that, the technology used may not have been chosen for its learning benefits. This observation led to the interviewees describing opportunities for the development of the next generation of learning technologies applicable to conventional universities.

L’intégration des nouvelles technologies en enseignement supérieur ne devrait pas être vue comme un simple effet de mode, mais plutôt comme un cadre de réflexion sur les orientations nouvelles à donner à l’Université du 21ème siècle, en termes de culture institutionnelle, de ressources organisationnelles et d’opérationnalisation d’objectifs de recherche et d’enseignement (Duderstadt et al, 2002 ; Guri-Rosenblit, 2005). En effet, l’émergence d’une nouvelle tendance de formation post-secondaire, qu’est l’intégration des solutions virtuelles au présentiel, n’est pas sans incidences sur les pratiques enseignantes. Or, la littérature n’offre pas de modèles descriptifs satisfaisants permettant de mieux saisir la pertinence des liens entre l’enseignement en contexte d’apprentissage hybride et le développement professionnel des enseignants universitaires. Aussi avons-nous procédé par des observations participantes de deux cours en sciences de la gestion à HEC Montréal, dans les programmes de certificat de premier cycle ainsi que par des entretiens d’explicitation et d’autoconfrontation, pendant toute la session d’automne 2014, pour respectivement recueillir des données sur les pratiques réelles d’un maître d’enseignement, en sociologie du travail, et d’une chargée de cours, en gestion de projets. Notre analyse du corpus, par catégorisations conceptualisantes, a permis la production d’énoncés nomologiques rendant compte de la dynamique de relations entre ces deux phénomènes. Sur le plan scientifique, elle a apporté un éclairage nouveau sur les processus de construction identitaire professionnelle en pédagogie universitaire, en regard des mutations technologiques, socioculturelles et économiques que subissent l’Université, en général, et les pratiques enseignantes et étudiantes, en particulier. L’approche inductive utilisée a donc permis de définir la structure des interactions des deux phénomènes, selon la perspective des deux enseignants, et d’élaborer des modèles d’intervention enracinés dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes. Aussi sur le plan social, ces modèles sont-ils l’expression d’une grammaire de la pensée et de l’action, ancrée dans les valeurs des enseignants eux-mêmes. Nous avons pris en compte le paradigme de la tâche réelle, versus celui de la tâche prescrite, en termes de mise en œuvre concrète des processus pédagogiques, pour rendre les résultats de cette recherche signifiants pour la pratique. Les modèles, qui ont émergé de notre configuration de la pensée dialogique des participants, peuvent être intégrés à la formation des enseignants universitaires en contexte de bimodalisation de l’Université. / The integration of new technologies in higher education should not be seen as a mere fad, but rather a framework for redesigning the new orientations to be given to the University of the 21st century, in terms of institutional culture, organizational resources and achieving the objectives of research and teaching programs. Indeed, the emergence of a new trend of higher education, that is blended learning, has impacts on the pedagogical practices. Yet, there are no satisfactory models in the literature that describes the link pertaining to the relationship between teaching in the context of blended learning and faculty development. Throughout the whole semester of fall 2014, we collected data, by the means of participant observations and self-confrontation interviews, on the teaching activities of one full-time lecturer, in sociology of work, and one part-time lecturer, in project management, with one undergraduate class of each lecturer in the programs of certificate at HEC Montreal. The data analysis, using the conceptual categorizations, brought about theoretical statements underpinning the dynamics of the relationships between the phenomena of blended learning and faculty development. Scientifically, our research has shed a new light on the processes of professional identity construction in faculty development, regarding the technological, sociocultural and economic changes that the University, in general, and, especially, the teaching and learning practices undergo. Our inductive approach has helped to elucidate the structure of the interactions of the two phenomena, from the point of view of the two lecturers, and to construct models of pedagogical practices rooted in their daily teachings. Therefore, socially, these models translate a grammar of thought and action, anchored in the very values of the lecturers. We took into consideration the paradigm of the actual task, versus that of the prescribed task, in terms of implementation of the pedagogical processes, so that the results of this study be meaningful to the practice. The emerging models, from our redesign of the dialogical thinking processes of the two lecturers, can be used for the training of the faculty integrating online solutions to face-face instructions.