The main goal of this diploma thesis was to summarize crimes against health in accordance to Chapter I Title II of the Criminal Code. Firstly I focused on history of the crimes against health. As these crimes were present during the whole human being, my goal was to describe the main historical milestones from the beggining of the Czech state until the publication of the present Criminal Code. In another chapter I described crimes against health from the criminological point of view. I defined individual types of offenders of these crimes, their motivation, causation why are they commiting crimes and last but not least the possible way how to prevent these crimes. Third chapter contains description of the main elements in crimes against health. There are four obligatory signs of every criminal offence. The object, the subjective point, the objective point and the perpetrator. Main part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the particular crimes according to Chapter I Title II of the Criminal Code. I devided this part systematicly into two chapters - intentional crimes and crimes caused by negligance. Chapter about the crimes caused by negligance describes more detailed crimes against health caused by road accidents, doctors and sportsman. There is an extensive practise of the courts in this...

In The Handmaid’s Tale, Bodily Harm, and Alias Grace, Atwood demonstrates that the connection between language, translation, and the female body is evident in the ways in which language is used to control the female body. Atwood posits that language systems assume the female body is fixed; however, language is inherently unstable. Consequently, if the female body is inscribed by language, the female body is not fixed just as a text is not fixed. Atwood writes the female body as a translation of masculinist text in order to resist the tradition of constructing the female body reductively through masculinist language. Through the attempts of her female characters to represent themselves (rather than being represented) in her work, Atwood illustrates that ?authentic? linguistic representation of the female body is impossible because language is a patriarchal construction which defines limitations on female voice and articulates the female body in masculinist terms.

Das Ziel deiser Diplomarbeit ist mit den Einzelansprüchen den Schadensersatz bei Körperverletzung und Tötung in der tschechischen und deutschen Rechtsordnung zu beschreiben. Die Diplomarbeit ist in vier Kapitel eingeteilt. Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit den Grundlagen des Gesundheitsschutzes aus der Sicht des tschechischen und deutschen Staatsrecht und deren Verankerung in den internationalen Menschenrechtsabkommen. Die Aufmerksamkeit ist auch auf die Verankerung der Grundprinzipien in dem tschechischen und deutschen bürgerlichen Recht gelegt. Das Kapitel beschäftigt sich weiter mit dem Gesundheitsschutz durch das bürgerliche Recht. Das zwite Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Haftung, besonders mit den theoretischen Ausgangspunkte der Haftung und Voraussetzungen für die bürgerliche Haftungsbeziehung in der tschechischen und deutschen Rechtsordnung. Die Aufmerksamkeit ist besonders auf die Rechtswidrigkeit, die Kausalität, der Schaden, das Verschulden geleget und die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Rechtsordungen. Das dritte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit dem Ersatz des materiellen und immateriellen Schadens und mit der Hilfe der Einzelansprüchen beschreibt den Art und den Umfang der Schadensersatzpflicht in der Tschechische Republik. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist gewidmet dem Erlöschen der...

The diploma thesis focuses on the approximation of law of compensation for bodily harm and death, and evaluation of its development especially in connection with the recodification of private law. The main objective of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview with emphasis on the most significant changes that occurred in connection with the recodification, and its evaluation. The first chapter deals with theoretical basis of the duty to provide compensation for harm, since the formation of such a duty is a prerequisite for granting compensation. Besides the reasons that lead to the formation of the duty, individual pre-conditions of the duty are discussed as well. These pre-conditions are unlawful act, formation of the damage, causality and fault. The second chapter deals with the concept of harm which replaced the previously more often used term damage. In addition, the second chapter also includes a general introduction to the compensation for bodily harm and death, which is related to the following chapters. The third chapter is a key point of the whole thesis, as the recodification of private law influenced the most compensation of non-pecuniary damage for bodily harm and death. The principle of full compensation for suffered harm, hence the expiation of such harm according to the...

This thesis deals with the conception of compensation for bodily harm arisen from industrial injuries or occupational diseases. Recently, it was decided bodily harm of employees continues to be compensate by the employer under his objective liability for damages. The main aim of the thesis is to describe current legislation in the Labour Code and to compare it with the general bodily harm compensation legislation in the Civil Code. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. The first chapter defines the concept of bodily harm and its specifics. The second chapter brings brief insight into the field of the international law, especially focuses on the conventions of the International Labour Organization which provides minimum standards of the compensation for industrial injuries and occupational diseases. In the third chapter follows short excursion into the European law, focused primarily on providing compensation to the migrant workers within the European Union. The fourth chapter describes historical development of compensation for bodily harm arisen from industrial injuries or occupational diseases in legislation since the Industrial Revolution until recent past. Fifth chapter is already fully focused on the main issue of this thesis - analysis of the current legislation of compensation for bodily...

Les réseaux sociaux et les mediums de télécommunication ont donné naissance à une abondance de propos menaçants par lesquels sont véhiculés des messages de haine qui sont possiblement annonciateurs d’une violence future (Laforest & al., 2017). À ce jour, les études ne permettent pas de décrire le contexte dans lequel les menaces proférées par un medium technologique s’insèrent. Elles ne permettent pas non plus de comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les sentences de tels comportements. À partir d’une approche méthodologique mixte et d’un échantillon de 93 décisions judiciaires canadiennes, l’objectif principal de ce mémoire consiste, dans un premier temps, à décrire les facteurs circonstanciels entourant les menaces de mort et de lésions corporelles à l’ère numérique. En général, les résultats montrent que les menaces qui ont donné lieu à une décision écrite présentent un risque considérable de se concrétiser. De plus, nous avons découvert que même si dans certaines situations ce sont des témoins qui ont dénoncé les menaces aux autorités, ce sont principalement les victimes elles-mêmes qui dénoncent le plus souvent leur assaillant, craignant pour leur sécurité et celle de leurs proches. Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchions à comprendre la réponse juridique canadienne pour de telles infractions. Plus précisément, un test de régression logistique a été élaboré afin de comprendre les facteurs contextuels qui influencent le recours à une sentence d’emprisonnement. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que parmi les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer de telles sentences, quatre se sont avérés significatifs : (1) un lien conjugal avec la victime, (2) l’utilisation des médias sociaux, (3) la consommation d’alcool ou de drogues et (4) la gravité de la menace. Finalement, à partir de nos analyses, nous pouvons conclure que de nombreux enjeux subsistent dans le processus de détermination de la peine pour les menaces proférées par un medium technologique. En effet, plusieurs éléments peuvent interférer dans l’analyse du juge, notamment la crédibilité de la victime et l’intention criminelle de l’accusé. / Social networks and telecommunications tools have risen an abundance of threatening words through which violent messages are conveyed. They are possibly predictors of future violence (Laforest & al., 2017). To date, studies do not allow us to describe the context in which the threats uttered by a technological medium occur. They also do not allow us to understand the factors that influence the sentences of such behaviors. Based on a mixed methodological approach and a sample of 93 Canadian court decisions, the main objective of this study consists, firstly, in describing the circumstances factors surrounding threats of death and bodily harm in the digital age. Overall, the results show that threats that resulted in a written decision have a significant risk of materializing. Furthermore, we discovered that although in some situations it was witnesses who reported the threats to the authorities, it was mainly the victims themselves who most often reported their assailant, fearing for their safety and that of their loved ones. Second, we sought to understand the Canadian legal responses for such offences. More specifically, a logistic regression test was developed to understand the contextual factors that influence the use of a prison sentence. The results of this analysis show that among the factors likely to influence such sentences, four were found to be significant: (1) a marital relationship with the victim, (2) the use of social media to make the threat, (3) the use of alcohol or drugs and finally (4) the seriousness of the threat. Finally, based on our analyses, we can conclude that that many issues remain in the sentencing process for threats made by a technological medium. Indeed, several elements can interfere in the judge’s analysis, in particular the credibility of the victim and the criminal intentions of the accused.

This research focused on the personal experiences of both male and female victims of violent crimes. The aim of this research was to explore how indigenous Black South Africans understand and deal with victimisation. An African epistemology was used to help gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of the participants. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling strategy. Five participants were selected for this study. Data was collected using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Based on the transcribed data, themes were extracted and analysed using content analysis. The results indicate that participants attributed varying meanings to their victimisation. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

This research focused on the personal experiences of both male and female victims of violent crimes. The aim of this research was to explore how indigenous Black South Africans understand and deal with victimisation. An African epistemology was used to help gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of the participants. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling strategy. Five participants were selected for this study. Data was collected using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Based on the transcribed data, themes were extracted and analysed using content analysis. The results indicate that participants attributed varying meanings to their victimisation. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

ABSTRACT! ! ! In the present thesis, I focus on the comprehensive legal framework for the legal instrument of compensation for non-pecuniary harm that was sustained by secondary victim(s), i.e., a person or persons not affected directly who are close relatives to primary victims, differing from primary victims whose interest is secured by article 2958 of the Civil Code (designated as smart money and compensation for aggravation of social position). It is these secondary (indirect) victims who sustain non-material harm through mental suffering that is a natural reaction to the death or grave injury of the primary victim who is their close relative. They are also provided for by law by means of the special provision of article 2959 of the Civil Code, which allows them to seek adequate pecuniary settlement from the offender, aimed at mitigating the pain upon either the loss of a close relative or their permanent and irreversible grave impairment that requires permanent care. ! ! First of all, I produced a thorough analysis of the specific legal instrument in its current legal arrangement; then, I compared this arrangement to that of the 1964 edition of the Civil Code. In particular, I defined legal reasons for the inception of this pecuniary compensation, particular the criteria for objective assessments,...

Le retentissement psychologique d’événements sources de responsabilité, quels qu’ils soient – acte de terrorisme, perte d’un être cher, harcèlement moral… – est spécifique du fait de ses caractères protéiforme et invisible. Tout d’abord, le premier d’entre eux tient au fait qu’en matière psychologique tant les atteintes que les souffrances en résultant sont diverses. Ainsi, d’un point de vue lésionnel, certains événements vont s’avérer plus traumatisants que d’autres, principalement ceux au cours desquels le sujet a été confronté à sa propre mort. Concernant la souffrance, un sujet peut tout aussi bien souffrir émotionnellement d’une altération de sa propre intégrité – par exemple physique avec le diagnostic d’une pathologie grave – que d’un tort affectant celle d’un proche (e.g. décès, handicap). Un retentissement qualifié d’invisible ensuite, puisqu’il apparaît bien plus aisé d’identifier une atteinte à l’intégrité physique qu’une atteinte à l’intégrité psychique. De plus, certaines atteintes psychologiques sont totalement insaisissables en raison de leur caractère éminemment diffus. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir comment le droit de la responsabilité civile va appréhender la victime de ce retentissement psychologique. Sa prise en charge ne pourra être que particulière du fait de l’interaction inévitable entre les sphères juridique et psychologique.Afin de le découvrir sera proposée, dans un premier temps, une conceptualisation de la victime psychologique se fondant sur la réalité psychopathologique. Deux grandes distinctions nourrissent cette réflexion. L’une est de nature juridique ; il s’agit de la distinction du dommage et du préjudice. L’autre est d’origine psychopathologique ; elle oppose le choc émotionnel au traumatisme psychique. Leur entrecroisement permettra d’élaborer différents cas de manifestation de la souffrance psychologique et de dessiner les contours de la qualité de victime. Dans un second temps, au titre de l’indemnisation de la victime psychologique, tant l’appréciation que l’évaluation de ses préjudices seront examinées. Les répercussions du traumatisme psychique voire du choc émotionnel vont parfois être si importantes que l’indemnisation ne pourra se cantonner à la seule souffrance éprouvée. Des conséquences de nature différente, par exemple patrimoniales, devront être prises en considération. À cette fin, une typologie des préjudices de la victime sous analyse mérite d’être mise en place. Des règles d’indemnisation distinctes seront érigées en fonction du préjudice subi. Un préjudice présumé, notamment à partir d’un dommage, ne pourra logiquement être compensé de la même façon que des préjudices non présumables, c’est-à-dire soumis à expertise. En somme, le système d’indemnisation à instaurer se devra d’être en phase avec le système de révélation de la souffrance qui aura été précédemment établi.Ainsi, cette étude se propose de construire un réel statut fondateur de la victime psychologique. Une fois cette notion cardinale intégralement conceptualisée, un régime d’indemnisation s’en inférant sera rationnellement avancé. / The psychological impact of the events, which are the source of responsibility, be they acts of terrorism, loss of a loved one, psychological harassment, is specific to characteristics both protean and invisible. The first among them is due to the fact that in psychological matter injuries and the resulting suffering are both varied. As such, from the injury point of view, certain events will prove to be more traumatizing than others. Principally those during which the subject has been faced with his own death. Concerning suffering, a subject can as well emotionally suffer a change in his own integrity – for example the physical one with a diagnosis of a serious illness – that of a sort damage which affects that of a loved one (e.g. death or handicap). Then, the impact is considered invisible. It appears much more simple indeed, to identify harm to physical integrity as a harm to psychic integrity. More so, certain psychological harms are totally imperceptible by reason of their eminently diffuse characteristic. The object of this demonstration is therefore to know how civil liability law will comprehend the victim of such a psychological impact. Its comprehension will be particular given the inevitable interaction between the judicial and psychological spheres.In order to better understand this, we will first propose a conceptualization of the psychological victim that blends into psychopathological reality. Two major distinctions feed this thought. One is legal nature, which relates to the distinction between prejudice and harm. The other is psychopathological in nature which opposes emotional shock and psychic trauma. Their intertwining allows us to elaborate different cases of manifestation of psychological suffering and define the contours of the qualities of the victim. Secondly, regarding compensation for a psychological victim, both the appreciation and the evaluation of these prejudices will be examined. The repercussions of psychic trauma, or even emotional shock can sometimes be so grave that compensation cannot restrict itself only to the experienced suffering. Consequences of different natures, for example patrimonial ones, must be taken into consideration. To this end, a division of the prejudices of the psychological victim should be put in place. Distinct rules of compensation will be established based on the prejudice endured. A prejudice presumed, originating notably from a harm, cannot logically be compensated in the same fashion as non-presumable prejudices that require a forensic assessment. In short, the system of compensation must be in phase with the system of disclosure of suffering that has been previously established. As a result, this study proposes to construct a true founding status of a psychological victim. Once this principal notion has been completely conceptualized, we can use it to create a rational compensation scheme.