As doenças cardiovasculares continuam sendo a primeira causa de morte no Brasil (32%) representando a terceira maior causa de internação hospitalar. Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos das últimas décadas, estudos epidemiológicos consideram o infarto agudo do miocárdio (AMI) uma das maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade, sendo a maioria, ligados a realização de terapias não adequadas, dos quais 50% das mortes ocorrem nas primeiras 2 horas do ocorrido e 14% morrem antes de receber atendimento médico. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a técnica de infusão transpericárdica de células mononucleares de medula óssea (CMMO) em suínos. Três suínos fêmeas, pesando 25Kg foram induzidas ao AMI, com auxilio de cateter balão colocado no 1° ramo diagonal da artéria coronária interventricular por 45 minutos, seguido por infusão de 1x108 CMMO marcadas com Hoechst® pela via transpericárdica. O grupo controle foi composto por 3 animais, os quais receberam infusão de 1x108 CMMO marcadas com Hoechst® através da mesma técnica. Os resultados revelaram distribuição homogênea das CMMO no miocárdio, concentrando-se especialmente na área infartada, enquanto que o grupo controle apresentou distribuição homogênea ao longo do miocárdio. Nós concluímos que a técnica transpericárdica é viável para infusão de CMMO em processos de isquemia cardíaca. / Cardiovascular illnesses continue to be the first cause of death in Brazil (32%), representing the third major reason of hospital internment. Although the therapeutics advances in the last decades, epidemiologic studies considered the acute myocardium infarct (AMI) to be one of the most causes of morbidity and mortality (30%), most of, related to the institution of non-adequate therapy, thereby 50% of deaths in the early two hours of the event and 14% dying before any medical assistance. Currently therapies include stent angioplasty, Thrombolytic medication and aortic-coronary venous grafting; while in experimental area the cellular therapy has been largely investigated being the cells infusion technique investigation the most enthusiastic issue. This study aimed to evaluate the transepicardic infusion technique of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in swine. Three female swine, averaging 25 kg, were induced to AMI, with the aid of a balloon catheter displaced on the first interventricular diagonal branch of the coronary artery for 45 minutes, following to the infusion of 1x108 BMMC stained with Hoescht® by the transepicardic technique. Sham operation was carried out in three animals (Control group), which received infusion of 1x108 BMMC stained with Hoescht® by the same technique. The results revealed an inhomogeneous distribution of the BMMC in the myocardium, being more concentrated in the infarcted area, while the control group presented a homogeneous distribution along the myocardium. We concluded the transpericardic technique would be acceptable to the infusion of BMMC in cardiac ischemic processes.

Grâce à leurs propriétés de différenciation, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) constituent aujourd’hui un outil en médecine régénérative. La moelle osseuse reste une des plus utilisées. Une diminution de la capacité de prolifération et de différenciation des CSM-MO, au cours des passages, a été montrée. En parallèle, certaines études montrent que l'impact de l'âge du donneur sur les propriétés de CSM-MO reste encore controversé. Le but de notre étude était de mieux comprendre l'effet de l'âge du donneur mais aussi des passages en culture sur la capacité de prolifération et de différenciation des CSM de moelle osseuse. Les échantillons ont été séparés en 4 groupes en fonction de l’âge des donneurs (<20 ans; 20-40 ans; 40-60 ans; >60 ans) et les analyses ont été réalisés lors de la culture de cellules pendant 5 passages. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la capacité de prolifération de CSM-MO obtenues à partir de donneurs jeunes est supérieure à celle de cellules des donneurs âgés. De plus, cette capacité de prolifération diminue en fonction des passages en culture. En parallèle, la capacité des cellules à former des colonies, mesurée par le test CFU-F, diminue légèrement en fonction de l’âge des donneurs mais de façon importante en fonction du passage. Enfin, la capacité de différenciation des CSM-MO vers les trois types cellulaires étudiés, diminue en fonction des passages de cellules mais également en fonction de l’âge des donneurs. Notre étude montre que les propriétés des CSM issues de moelle osseuse sont modifiées lors de l’amplification in vitro mais aussi en fonction de l’âge des donneurs / Today with their properties of differentiation into specific cells types, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be used in regenerative medicine. Bone marrow (BM) is the better characterized one. The researchers have proven that with increasing passage number in culture the proliferation and differentiation potential of MSC decrease. In parallel many researchers have showed the impact of donor age on MSC properties remains controversial. The aim of our study was to better understand the effect of donor age but also culture passages on the proliferation and differentiation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. The samples were separated into 4 groups depending on the donor age (<20 years; 20-40 years; 40-60 years; > 60 years) and The samples were cultured for 5 passages. The results obtained show that the MSC proliferative capacity obtained from young donors is greater than that of cells from older donors. In addition, the proliferative capacity decreases with increasing passage number in culture. In parallel, the ability of colony-forming unit-fibroblast, measured by the CFU-F assay, decreases slightly depending on the age of the donors but significantly depending on the passage. Finally, the MSC differentiation ability decreases according to the passage of the cells but also depending on the donor age. Our study shows that the properties of bone marrow derived MSC are modified not only during amplification in vitro but also in terms of donor age

Toxoplasma gondii é um agente disseminado com um ciclo de vida complexo que envolve gatos e hospedeiros de sangue quente, incluindo o homem. Componentes vacinais são imunógenos pobres e vacinas atenuadas causam doenças crônicas. Taquizoítos irradiados à 255Gy induzem uma imunidade similar a infecção, com proteção parcial, sem estudos sobre memória. Estudamos a produção de IgG in vitro por células do baço e medula óssea de camundongos imunizados com taquizoítos irradiados e infectados. A medula óssea contém um número maior de células específicas do que o baço. As células de memória são de alta afinidade, mas IgG sérica apresentaram baixa avidez. Há também anticorpos específicos IgA nas fezes. Todas as vacinas indutoras de proteção parcial contra o desafio, que foi mais evidente em alta patogenicidade da cepa ME-49. A proteção foi proporcional tanto à quantidade de anticorpos IgG no soro ou produzidos por células da medula óssea. Nossos dados mostram claramente que os anticorpos de alta afinidade estão relacionados com a sobrevida específica de memória celular. / Toxoplasma gondii is a disseminated agent with a complex life cycle involving cats and warm blood hosts, including man. Component vaccines are poor immunogens and attenuated vaccines cause chronic disease. 255Gy irradiated tachyzoites induce the same immunity as natural infection, with partial protection, without studies on immunological memory. We studied in vitro production of specific IgG by spleen and bone marrow cells of mice immunized with irradiated tachyzoites, comparing with chronically infected animals. Bone marrow contains larger numbers of specific cells than spleen. Memory cells were of high affinity, but serum presented low avidity IgG. We also show presence of specific IgA antibodies in stools. All immunizations induce partial protection against challenge, which was more evident in highly pathogenic ME-49 strain. The protection was proportional both to the amount of IgG antibodies in serum or produced by bone marrow cells. Our data clearly shows that high affinity antibodies are related to specific memory cell survival.

A terapia celular representa uma abordagem promissora para o tratamento de cardiopatia isquêmica, porém aspectos-chave dessa estratégia permanecem incertos. Neste trabalho avaliamos a eficiência da retenção cardíaca de células da medula óssea marcadas com tecnécio (99m Tc-CMO) transplantadas, de acordo com o tempo após o infarto (1, 2, 3 e 7 dias) e a via de administração dessas células (intravenosa [IV], intraventricular [IC], intracoronariana [ICO] e intramiocárdica [IM]), em ratos submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão cardíaca [I&R]. Após 24 horas, a retenção cardíaca de 99m Tc-CMO foi maior na via IM comparada com a média alcançada pelas demais (6,79% do total injetado vs. 0,53%). O uso de fibrina como veículo para a injeção de células incrementou a retenção em 2.5 vezes (17,12 vs. 6,84%) na via IM. Curiosamente, quando administradas após 7 dias, a retenção de células na via IM alcançou valores próximos dos observados com da matriz de fibrina injetadas 24 h após a I&R (16,55 vs. 17,12%), enquanto que para as demais vias as mudanças foram insignificantes. Nos animais em que as CMO foram administradas por via intramiocárdica 24 horas após a I&R, com ou sem fibrina, observou-se melhora significante do desempenho cardíaco frente ao estresse farmacológico com fenilefrina quando comparados aos controles. Em conjunto, os dados mostram a biodistribuição das células injetadas após a I&R por 4 diferentes vias e 4 intervalos de tempo pós-lesão e indicam que a via IM é a que produz maior retenção cardíaca. O uso do biopolímero de fibrina aumenta a retenção das células e a eficácia deste efeito sobre a função cardíaca e mortalidade dos animais em longo prazo, além de 30 dias pós I&R, merecerá ser investigada no futuro. / Cell therapy represents a promising approach for ischemic cardiac disease, but key aspects of this strategy remain unclear. We examined the effects of timing and route of administration of bone marrow cells (BMCs) after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I&R). 99mTc-labeled BMCs were injected by 4 different routes: intravenous (IV), left ventricular cavity (LV), left ventricular cavity with temporal aorta occlusion (LV+) and intramyocardial (IM). The injections were performed 1, 2, 3, or 7 days after infarction. Cardiac retention was higher following the IM route compared to the average values obtained by all other routes (6.79% of the total radioactivity injected vs. 0.53%). Use of a fibrin biopolymer as vehicle during IM injection led to a 2.5-fold increase in cardiac cell accumulation (17.12 vs. 6.84%). Interestingly, the retention of cells administered with culture medium at day 7 post-MI by the IM route was similar to that observed when cells were injected 24 h post-IM using fibrin (16.55 vs 17.12%), whereas no significant changes were observed for the other routes. Cell therapy 24 hs post MI by IM injection, with or without fibrin, resulted in comparable improvement in cardiac function under pharmacological stress compared to control animals. Together, we provide evidence for the biodistribution of 99mTc-labeled BMCs injected post MI by 4 different routes and times post-injury, which shows that the IM rout is the most effective for cardiac cell retention. The use of a fibrin biopolymer further increased cardiac cell retention and its potential long term benefits, beyond 30, on reducing mortality and improving cardiac function deserve to be explored in the future.

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is an Asfivirus and is the only member of the family Asfarviridae. It manifests as a disease that varies from acute to sub-acute or chronic forms. A true carrier state in domestic pigs is unknown but chronically affected individuals may carry and spread the virus for extended periods. African Swine Fever (ASF) is a socio-economically important disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality affecting the livelihood of many small to big scale farmers and seriously compromising international trade. Strategic measures to control this disease are by physical containment and culling in outbreak situations. There is no vaccine available. Nevertheless, every pork producer should ideally be actively involved in having biosecurity measures in place to avoid contamination and contacting their veterinary services in case of suspicion of ASF to have appropriate samples analysed. Official veterinary services must be equipped with proper diagnostic tools in order to provide a quick response. The sensitivity of currently available diagnostic tests at the Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute was analysed in order to report the best technique available. Sensitivity to ASF virus infection and therefore diagnostic potential of cell primary cultures as bone marrow macrophages, blood macrophages and alveolar macrophages was done via comparison of titre results from inoculations of ASFV SPEC 257 as control, and ASFV MOZ 1/98. In addition, molecular detection of specific DNA fragments within the viral genome were compared using five different PCRs. Bone marrow macrophage cultures and blood macrophage cultures were the most reliable cells whereas alveolar macrophages more often showed contamination. Results show that PPA PCR and real time PCR detected the highest diluted samples, thus the lowest concentration of virus, in both trials done with ASFV MOZ 1/98 and ASFV SPEC 257. In addition, animal trials were performed by inoculating domestic pigs with four different ASFV isolates of varying pathogenicity. These viruses were all from distinct geographic origins. Non-virulent ASFV OURT 3/88 and high virulent ASFV BENIN 1/97 were previously described and used as reference viruses. ASFV MOZ 1/98, suspected of having high virulence and ASFV MKUZE, which was thought to be of low virulence were included in this study to provide further information on the pathological and clinical outcome of the disease as well as measuring viral replication in various organs and blood. The study showed that ASFV MKUZE was of intermediate virulence, whilst ASFV MOZ 1/98 was highly virulent with a high mortality rate. Results confirmed the inadequacy of ASFV MKUZE to act as vaccine opposed to ASFV OURT 3/88. Following this, a potential vaccine by use of attenuated Portuguese ASFV OURT 3/88 tested against virulent heterologous challenge with a strain now known with certainty to cause acute ASF, the isolate ASFV MOZ 1/98 collected from a diseased pig in Mozambique. Domestic commercial pigs where submitted to either one or two vaccinations before challenge. Viral load in blood and tissue samples was higher in unvaccinated animals and higher in single vaccinated than in pigs vaccinated twice. However, acute ASF afflicted all groups with severe clinical signs and post-mortem lesions. Although it did not confer total immunity it was determined that pigs vaccinated with European attenuated ASFV OURT 3/88 acquired partial protection against challenge with virulent southern Africa ASFV MOZ 1/98. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / ab2015 / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

A leishmaniose visceral é uma infecção grave que leva a pancitopenia. Quando se trata de disfunções medulares decorrentes de infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum há poucas abordagens descrevendo as alterações na mielopoiese e os mecanismos que levam a pancitopenia na LV. Alguns estudos demonstram uma relação importante entre a pancitopenia e o fator de crescimento insulin-like growth fator-I (IGF-I), no entanto, o seu papel endógeno na hematopoiese ainda não está claro. Propomos estudar a influência desse fator na hematopoiese e sua relação com o desenvolvimento da pancitopenia em hamsteres infectados por via intra-peritoneal com 2x107 de amastigotas por L. (L.) infantum. Avaliamos em 90 e 120 dias pós-infecção a LDU (Leishman-Donovan units) no baço e fígado, quando observamos tendência à progressão da infecção. Aos 60 dias pós-infecção, os animais com LV desenvolveram a plaquetopenia como primeira alteração hematológica, e a partir dos 90 dias pós-infecção, a anemia, e a leucopenia com reduções significantes nos leucócitos totais, linfócitos e neutrófilos. Já aos 120 dias de infecção, os leucócitos totais diminuíram significantemente acompanhados por uma redução de linfócitos, monócitos e eosinófilos. A partir desses dados, focamos a análise da medula óssea nos hamsteres com 90 e 120 pós-infecção. No mielograma, vimos alterações somente nos hamsteres com LV aos 90 dias pós-infecção, com um aumento significante na proporção células mielóides imaturas: células mielóides maduras. Na biópsia da tíbia, houve um aumento significante da celularidade quando comparados com seu respectivo controle, apenas no período de 90 dias pós-infecção. Em adição, observamos uma proliferação e/ou infiltrado macrofágico significante nos hamsteres com LV, mas sem diferença estatística nos períodos de 90 e 120 dias pós-infecção. Na avaliação semi-quantitativa de fibras de reticulina, somente aos 90 dias pós-infecção, observamos aumento significante nos infectados comparados aos controles, caracterizando um quadro fibrótico. Foi medida a expressão de mRNA de IGF-I por PCR em tempo real, aos 90 e 120 dias pós-infecção, onde ocorreu um aumento significante da expressão de IGF-I nos animais infectados em relação aos controles aos 90 dias. Como expostos, os hamsteres com LV apresentam alterações hematológicas como anemia, leucopenia e plaquetopenia, e ainda alterações na medula óssea como aumento da celularidade, proliferação macrofágica e fibrose acompanhados por um aumento da expressão de IGF-I. Assim podemos concluir que nossos dados indicam que o hamster se constitui num bom modelo para o estudo da patogênese da pancitopenia e das alterações medulares decorrentes da infecção por L.(L.) infantum. Neste modelo, ocorre alteração da expressão de IGF-I durante a evolução da infecção com possível papel na patogenia da pancitopenia. / Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious infection that leads to pancytopenia. When it comes to spinal cord dysfunction resulting from infection Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum there are few approaches describing the changes in myelopoiesis and mechanisms that lead to pancytopenia in LV. Some studies have shown a significant relationship between pancytopenia and insulin-like growth factor-growth factor I (IGF-I), however, their endogenous role in hematopoiesis is still not clear. We propose to study the influence of this factor in hematopoiesis and its relationship to the development of pancytopenia in hamsters infected intraperitoneally with 2x107 amastigotes by L. (L.) infantum. Evaluated at 90 and 120 days post-infection the LDU (Leishman-Donovan units) in the spleen and liver, when we observed a tendency to progression of the infection. At 60 days post-infection, animals with LV developed thrombocytopenia as the first hematologic changes, and from 90 days post-infection, anemia, and leukopenia with significant reductions in total leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Already at 120 days of infection, total leukocytes decreased significantly accompanied by a decrease lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. From these data, we focus on the analysis of the bone marrow in hamsters with 90 and 120 post-infection. The myelogram changes seen only in hamsters with LV at 90 days post-infection, with a significant increase in the proportion immature myeloid cells: mature myeloid cells. Biopsy of the tibia, there was a significant increase in cellularity compared with their respective control, only 90 days post-infection. In addition, we observed a proliferation and / or infiltration significant macrophage in hamsters with LV, but no statistical difference in the periods of 90 and 120 days post-infection. In semi-quantitative assessment of reticulin fibers, only at 90 days post-infection, we observed a significant increase in infected compared to controls, featuring a fibrous framework. MRNA expression of IGF-I was measured by real-time PCR, at 90 and 120 days post-infection, where a significant increase in IGF-I expression in infected animals compared to controls at 90 days occurred. As set out, the present hamsters VL hematological disorders such as anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, as well as changes in bone marrow cellularity increased, macrophage proliferation and fibrosis accompanied by a reduction in IGF-I expression. Thus we can conclude that our data indicate that the hamster is a good model to study the pathogenesis of pancytopenia and marrow changes resulting from infection by L. (L.) Infantum. In this model, alteration of IGF-I expression during the course of infection with a possible role in the pathogenesis of pancytopenia.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23382号 / 医博第4751号 / 新制||医||1052(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 貴浩, 教授 滝田 順子, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) sont une population hétérogène de cellules myéloïdes immatures, regroupées en deux sous-populations : les monocytiques-MDSC (M-MDSC) et les polymorphonucléaires-MDSC (PMN-MDSC). Ces cellules ont des capacités immunosuppressives et peuvent exprimer le ligand PD-L1 induisant l’anergie des lymphocytes T qui expriment le marqueur PD-1. Au cours du sepsis, divers bouleversements immunologiques surviennent, et la fonction majeure des MDSC est probablement de réguler l’hyper-inflammation en participant à l’état d’immunodépression rencontré chez les patients. Ceux-ci ont alors un risque de développer des infections secondaires, et de réactiver des virus jusque-là en latence. Notre étude a pour objectifs de mettre en évidence l’origine des MDSC dans le sepsis, et d’approfondir leurs rôles dans l’état d’immunosuppression, notamment dans la réactivation du Torque Teno Virus (TTV). Nos résultats montrent tant ex vivo qu’in vitro, que dans le sepsis, les MDSC sont produites par la moelle osseuse, sous l’influence du G-CSF et de l’IL-6. Ces cellules exprimant PD-L1, sont augmentées dans le sang très tôt dans le sepsis et persistes au cours de l’hospitalisation. L’augmentation de la charge virale du TTV est observée dans le sang périphérique des patients, mais n’est pas corrélée à la fréquence des MDSC. Ces résultats suggèrent que lors d’un sepsis, l’orage cytokinique stimule la production de MDSC exprimant PD-L1 par la moelle osseuse, qui une fois en périphérie, vont participer à l’immunosuppression générale. / Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cell, and are regrouped in two subsets: the monocytic-MDSC (M-MDSC) and the polymorphonuclear-MDSC (PMN-MDSC). These cells have immunosuppressive capacities and mainly act on T cells. MDSC can express the ligand PD-L1 and induce PD-1 expressing-T cells exhaustion. During sepsis, several immunological changes occur, and MDSC probably downregulate the hyper-inflammatory state, contributing to the immunosuppression phase encountered in patients after a sepsis. Immunocompromised patients can develop secondary infections, and reactivate latent virus. The aims of our study were to highlight the origin of MDSC in sepsis, and to explore their roles in the immunosuppression state, especially in the Torque Teno Virus (TTV) reactivation. Our results show, both ex vivo and in vitro, that in sepsis, MDSC originate from bone marrow are induced by G-CSF and IL-6. These PD-L1 expressing-cells are increased in peripheral blood very early in sepsis, and persist during hospitalization. These MDSC are able to inhibit T cells in vitro. The increase of TTV viral load is observed in peripheral blood of patients but is not correlated with MDSC frequencies. These results suggest that during sepsis, the cytokine storm boosts PD-L1 expressing MDSC’s production by bone marrow, which contribute in peripheral blood to the immunosuppression

The subject of this study is the exploitation of marrow in European elk (Alces alces), at two Stone Age settlements in northern Sweden. The bone material presented in this study originate from Bellsås in Jämtland county, and Bastuloken in Västernorrland county. Only bones containing white marrow have been analysed: the mandibula, the long bones, and the first and second phalanges. This study aims to understand if, and how the extraction and use of bone marrow varied between the two sites. Is there a difference in which elements that were chosen for exploitation between the two sites? What can differences in the choice of elements for marrow extraction tell us about changes in local preferences and alterations in practises over time? Can the stone material from the two sites in combination with the bones give any clue to how the localities were used? The results of this study shows that the difference in marrow exploitation between the two sites lies mainly in the choice to exploit phalanges as a source for marrow at Bastuloken but not at Bellsås. The reasons for this are discussed and the conclusion is that cultural choices or preferences, rather than nutritional stress, are the cause for the choice to use these elements as a source for marrow. The bone and stone material in combination show that the two localities have been used in different ways.

Orientador: Elcio Marcantonio Junior / Resumo: Implantes com diferentes macro (CI-Implante Cilíndrico e HCI-Implante Cônico Híbrido) e microestruturas (NP-Jateamento+ataque ácido e AQ-Jateamento+ataque ácido+imersão em solução isotônica de cloreto de sódio 0,9 %) foram testados em áreas de osso nativo ou enxertadas prévia ou imediatamente com osso bovino desproteinizado associado ou não à medula óssea fresca (DBB e DBB/BM). Na primeira hipótese foi testado a estabilidade primária e o processo de osseointegração em implantes com diferentes macroestruturas (CI vs. HCI) na metáfise tibial de coelhos. 24 coelhos foram divididos em 3 períodos (2, 4 e 8 semanas). Cada animal recebeu bilateralmente 2 implantes de cada grupo. Todos os implantes foram avaliados quanto ao torque de inserção. Um dos implantes foi submetido ao torque de remoção e análise histológica e o outro foi utilizado para análise microtomográfica e histométrica (%BIC-Contato Osso-Implante). Os HCI apresentaram maior torque de inserção (32.93±10.61 Ncm vs. 27.99± 7.80Ncm) e maior %BIC no período de 8 semanas (79.08±11.31% vs. 59.72±11.29%) que CI. CI apresentaram maiores valores de torque de remoção que HCI no período de 8 semanas (91.05 ± 9.32 Ncm vs. 68.62 ± 13.70 Ncm). Não houve diferenças em relação aos dados microtomográficos. Na segunda e na terceira hipóteses, foi avaliado a influência de diferentes macros (CI vs. HCI) e microestruturas de implantes (NP vs. AQ) no processo de osseointegração em áreas previamente (metáfise tibial e seio maxilar) ou imediat... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor