Hauptthema der Dissertation ist die Analysis eines nichtlinearen, gekoppelten Systems partieller Differentialgleichungen (PDG), das in der Modellierung der Kristallzüchtung aus der Schmelze mit Magnetfeldern vorkommt. Die zu beschreibenden Phenomäne sind einerseits der im elektromagnetisch geheizten Schmelzofen erfolgende Wärmetransport (Wärmeleitung, -konvektion und -strahlung), und andererseits die Bewegung der Halbleiterschmelze unter dem Einfluss der thermischen Konvektion und der angewendeten elektromagnetischen Kräfte. Das Modell besteht aus den Navier-Stokeschen Gleichungen für eine inkompressible Newtonsche Flüssigkeit, aus der Wärmeleitungsgleichung und aus der elektrotechnischen Näherung des Maxwellschen Systems. Wir erörtern die schwache Formulierung dieses PDG Systems, und wir stellen ein Anfang-Randwertproblem auf, das die Komplexität der Anwendung widerspiegelt. Die Hauptfrage unserer Untersuchung ist die Wohlgestelltheit dieses Problems, sowohl im stationären als auch im zeitabhängigen Fall. Wir zeigen die Existenz schwacher Lösungen in geometrischen Situationen, in welchen unstetige Materialeigenschaften und nichtglatte Trennfläche auftreten dürfen, und für allgemeine Daten. In der Lösung zum zeitabhängigen Problem tritt ein Defektmaß auf, das ausser der Flüssigkeit im Rand der elektrisch leitenden Materialien konzentriert bleibt. Da eine globale Abschätzung der im Strahlungshohlraum ausgestrahlten Wärme auch fehlt, rührt ein Teil dieses Defektmaßes von der nichtlokalen Strahlung her. Die Eindeutigkeit der schwachen Lösung erhalten wir nur unter verstärkten Annahmen: die Kleinheit der gegebenen elektrischen Leistung im stationären Fall, und die Regularität der Lösung im zeitabhängigen Fall. Regularitätseigenschaften wie die Beschränktheit der Temperatur werden, wenn auch nur in vereinfachten Situationen, hergeleitet: glatte Materialtrennfläche und Temperaturunabhängige Koeffiziente im Fall einer stationären Analysis, und entkoppeltes, zeitharmonisches Maxwell für das transiente Problem. / The present PhD thesis is devoted to the analysis of a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE), that arises in the modeling of crystal growth from the melt in magnetic fields. The phenomena described by the model are mainly the heat-transfer processes (by conduction, convection and radiation) taking place in a high-temperatures furnace heated electromagnetically, and the motion of a semiconducting melted material subject to buoyancy and applied electromagnetic forces. The model consists of the Navier-Stokes equations for a newtonian incompressible liquid, coupled to the heat equation and the low-frequency approximation of Maxwell''s equations. We propose a mathematical setting for this PDE system, we derive its weak formulation, and we formulate an (initial) boundary value problem that in the mean reflects the complexity of the real-life application. The well-posedness of this (initial) boundary value problem is the mainmatter of the investigation. We prove the existence of weak solutions allowing for general geometrical situations (discontinuous coefficients, nonsmooth material interfaces) and data, the most important requirement being only that the injected electrical power remains finite. For the time-dependent problem, a defect measure appears in the solution, which apart from the fluid remains concentrated in the boundary of the electrical conductors. In the absence of a global estimate on the radiation emitted in the cavity, a part of the defect measure is due to the nonlocal radiation effects. The uniqueness of the weak solution is obtained only under reinforced assumptions: smallness of the input power in the stationary case, and regularity of the solution in the time-dependent case. Regularity properties, such as the boundedness of temperature are also derived, but only in simplified settings: smooth interfaces and temperature-independent coefficients in the case of a stationary analysis, and, additionally for the transient problem, decoupled time-harmonic Maxwell.

[pt] Os efeitos das variações laterais de um terreno irregular na propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas são considerados pela representação dos campos vetoriais em termo de dois potenciais escalares Hertzianos em coordenadas esféricas. A combinação da equação parabólica para esses potenciais com uma condição de contorno de impedância para o solo, seguida por uma transformação de variáveis, define um problema de condição de contorno caracterizado por equações exibindo coeficientes que dependem da função altura do terreno e de suas derivadas parciais. A solução do problema através do esquema de Crank-Nicolson leva a um sistema esparso de equações lineares que é resolvido por um método direto. O modelo numérico resultante é aplicado a terrenos irregulares, representando configurações tridimensionais hipotéticas. / [en] The effects from lateral variations of irregular terrain on the propagation of radio waves are considered by the representation of the vector fields in terms of two scalar Hertz potentials in spherical coordinates. The combination of three-dimensional parabolic equations for these potentials with an impedance boundary condition for the ground, followed by a transformation of variables, will define a boundary-condition problem characterized by equations displaying coefficients that depend on the terrain height function and its partial derivatives. The problem solution through the Crank-Nicolson scheme will lead to a sparse system of linear equations, which will be solved by a direct method. The resulting numerical model will be applied to irregular terrain, representing hypothetical three-dimensional configurations.

The interaction of the soil with the structure has been largely explored the assumption of material and geometrical linearity of the soil. Nevertheless, for moderate or strong seismic events, the maximum shear strain can easily reach the elastic limit of the soil behavior. Considering soil-structure interaction, the nonlinear effects may change the soil stiffness at the base of the structure and therefore energy dissipation into the soil. Consequently, ignoring the nonlinear characteristics of the dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI) this phenomenon could lead toerroneous predictions of structural response. The goal of this work is to implement a fully nonlinear constitutive model for soils into anumerical code in order to investigate the effect of soil nonlinearity on dynamic soil structureinteraction. Moreover, different issues are taken into account such as the effect of confining stress on the shear modulus of the soil, initial static condition, contact elements in the soil-structure interface, etc. During this work, a simple absorbing layer method based on a Rayleigh / Caughey damping formulation, which is often already available in existing. Finite Element softwares, is also presented. The stability conditions of the wave propagation problems are studied and it is shown that the linear and nonlinear behavior are very different when dealing with numerical dispersion. It is shown that the 10 points per wavelength rule, recommended in the literature for the elastic media is not sufficient for the nonlinear case. The implemented model is first numerically verified by comparing the results with other known numerical codes. Afterward, a parametric study is carried out for different types of structures and various soil profiles to characterize nonlinear effects. Different features of the DSSI are compared to the linear case : modification of the amplitude and frequency content of the waves propagated into the soil, fundamental frequency, energy dissipation in the soil and the response of the soil-structure system. Through these parametric studies we show that depending on the soil properties, frequency content of the soil response could change significantly due to the soil nonlinearity. The peaks of the transfer function between free field and outcropping responsesshift to lower frequencies and amplification happens at this frequency range. Amplificationreduction for the high frequencies and even deamplication may happen for high level inputmotions. These changes influence the structural response.We show that depending on the combination of the fundamental frequency of the structureand the the natural frequency of the soil, the effect of soil-structure interaction could be significant or negligible. However, the effect of structure weight and rocking of the superstructurecould change the results. Finally, the basin of Nice is used as an example of wave propagation ona heterogeneous nonlinear media and dynamic soil-structure interaction. The basin response isstrongly dependent on the combination of soil nonlinearity, topographic effects and impedancecontrast between soil layers. For the selected structures and soil profiles of this work, the performed numerical simulations show that the shift of the fundamental frequency is not a goodindex to discriminate linear from nonlinear soil behavior

This research investigates wave propagation in an elastic half-space with a quadratic nonlinearity in its stress-strain relationship. Different boundary conditions on the surface are considered that result in both one- and two-dimensional wave propagation problems. The goal of the research is to examine the generation of second-order frequency effects and static effects which may be used to determine the nonlinearity present in the material. This is accomplished by extracting the amplitudes of those effects in the frequency domain and analyzing their dependency on the third-order elastic constants (TOEC). For the one-dimensional problems, both analytical approximate solutions as well as numerical simulations are presented. For the two-dimensional problems, numerical solutions are presented whose dependency on the material's nonlinearity is compared to the one-dimensional problems. The numerical solutions are obtained by first formulating the problem as a hyperbolic system of conservation laws, which is then solved numerically using a semi-discrete central scheme. The numerical method is implemented using the package CentPack. In the one-dimensional cases, it is shown that the analytical and numerical solutions are in good agreement with each other, as well as how different boundary conditions may be used to measure the TOEC. In the two-dimensional cases, it is shown that there exist comparable dependencies of the second-order frequency effects and static effects on the TOEC. Finally, it is analytically and numerically investigated how multiple reflections in a plate can be used to simplify measurements of the material nonlinearity in an experiment.

Ce travail présente une étude théorique et expérimentale portant sur le concept de Moteur Hybride Pneumatique ( MHP). En première approche, un modèle 0D d’un MHP monocylindre, incluant un sous-modèle cinématique original pour l’actuateur entièrement variable muant la soupape de charge, est présenté puis exploité. La modélisation 1D de la dynamique des gaz dans chaque tubulure est traitée, incluant différents modèles de Condition Limite de Soupape (CLS), basées sur la méthode des caractéristiques et issues de la littérature. Il est montré que ces CLS ne sont pas adaptées à la modélisation d’un MHP : existence de chocs numériques, problème de non-convergence et mise en défaut face à des relevés expérimentaux. Un modèle original de CLS, évitant ces problèmes et demeurant basé sur la méthode des caractéristiques, est alors développé puis validé expérimentalement à la foi sur bancs d’essais moteurs et de dynamique des gaz à la soupape. Une étude expérimentale des échanges de chaleur convectifs, en mode pneumatique et sans combustion, est conduite et débouche alors sur une modification nécessaire de la corrélation standard de Woschni, afin de correctement décrire l’extinction du mouvement de tumble en fin de course de compression. Une exploitation de la plate-forme de simulation 1D de MHP monocylindre, incluant l’ensemble des éléments développés, est finalement conduite afin de déterminer les phasages optimums d’ouverture et de fermeture de la soupape de charge, pour différents mode et conditions opératoires. Cette étude, nécessaire à de futures simulations de cycles routier, confirme d’une part, la viabilité du concept et d’autre part, montre l’importance que revêt la prise en compte de la cinématique de l’actuateur soupape et de la dynamique des gaz dans la tubulure de charge. / This work presents an experimental and theoretical study on the concept of Pneumatic Hybrid Engine (PHE). In a first approach, a 0D model of a single cylinder PHE, including an original kinematic sub-model of the fully variable actuator that moves the charging valve, is presented and exploited. Then, the 1D modelling of the gaz dynamics inside each pipes is treated, including several valve boundary conditions (VBC), based on the method of characteristics and issued from literature. It is shown that these VBC are not suitable for a PHE modelling : numerical shocks, non-convergence and contraticted when compared to measurements. An original VBC, avoiding these problems and still based on the method of characteristics, is then developed and experimentally validated on both engine and valve gas dynamics tests benches. An experimental study on the convective heat transfer, in pneumatic mode without combustion, is conducted and leads to a necessary modification of the standard Woschni correlation in order to correctly describe the decay of the tumble motion near the end of the compression stroke. The 1D simulation platform, including all components developed, has finally been conducted in order to determine the optimum timings for the charging valve opening and closing, for different modes and operating conditions. This study, necessary for future driving cycle simulations, first confirms the viability of the PHE concept and second, shows the importance of taking into account the kinematic capability of the charing valve actuator and the gas dynamics inside the charging pipe.

Les propriétés thermiques exceptionnelles de l’hélium superfluide, ou He-II, sont mises à profit pour la réfrigération cryogénique d'installations de forte puissance, bien que les mécanismes physiques sous-jacents restent mal compris. L’He-II peut être décrit à l’échelle macroscopique comme la superposition de deux fluides en interaction : un fluide normal se comportant comme un liquide ordinaire, et un superfluide sans viscosité. En présence d’une source de chaleur, un contre-courant s’établit naturellement entre ces deux composantes. L’évacuation de la chaleur par ce contre-courant est limitée par l’apparition d’instabilités dans des conditions mal comprises ; la grande dispersion des données expérimentales ne permettant pas de discriminer les différents modèles théoriques. Cette thèse examine à l’aide de simulations numériques le rôle des conditions aux bords et du couplage mutuel entre les deux composantes de l’He-II dans le déclenchement des instabilités de contre-courant.Une approche originale de type Boltzmann sur réseau a été développée pour modéliser à l’échelle mésoscopique l'interaction entre les deux composantes de l’He-II. Un code reproduisant les écoulements de contre-courant en conduite 2d et 3d a été développé et validé. Les résultats obtenus indiquent des effets d’entrée de conduite amplifiés pour la composante superfluide, qui engendrent des pertes de charge anormalement élevées. Le mécanisme responsable de ces effets d’entrée a été étudié et il est montré qu'il peut fausser la détection du seuil de transition dans des conduites trop courtes ; ceci peut expliquer en partie la dispersion des données expérimentales.Pour illustrer la puissance de l'approche dans une géométrie complexe, le sillage d'un obstacle dans un écoulement de contre-courant a été simulé. La présence de zones de recirculation des deux côtés de l’obstacle, déjà observée expérimentalement, est retrouvée et expliquée par un mécanisme original de parois virtuelles. / The exceptional thermal properties of superfluid helium, or He-II, are exploited to the cryogenic refrigeration of high power installations, although the underlying physical mechanisms remain poorly understood. The He-II can be described macroscopically as the superposition of two fluids in interaction: a normal fluid behaves as an ordinary liquid, and a superfluid without viscosity. In the presence of a heat source, a counterflow established between these two components. The heat dissipation by this counterflow is limited by the occurrence of instabilities in misunderstood condition; the wide dispersion of experimental data does not allow to discriminate between the different theoretical models. This thesis examines using numerical simulations the role of boundary conditions and the mutual coupling between the two components of the He-II in triggering instabilities in counterflow.An innovative lattice Boltzmann type approach was developed to model the mesoscopic scale interaction between the two components of the He-II. A code reproducing counterflow in 2D and 3D conducts has been developed and validated. The results obtained indicate amplified entrance effects for superfluid component, which generate abnormally high pressure drops. The head of these entrance effects mechanism has been studied and it is shown that it can distort the detection of the transition threshold in too short pipes; This may partly explain the dispersion of experimental data.To illustrate the power of the approach in a complex geometry, the wake of an obstacle in a counterflow was simulated. The presence of recirculation areas on both sides of the obstacle, already observed experimentally, is found and explained by a new mechanism using "virtual walls".

On s'intéresse dans ce travail au problème de propagation acoustique dans des guides à parois traitées avec des matériaux absorbants à réaction localisée ou non localisée en présence d'écoulement. En effet, dans les systèmes industriels comme les turboréacteurs d'avions, les silencieux d'échappement et les systèmes de ventilation, le bruit est le plus souvent canalisé vers l'extérieur par des guides de géométries plus ou moins complexes. Une étude des guides d'ondes permet donc de prédire et de comprendre les phénomènes physiques tels que la réfraction, la convection, l'absorption et l'atténuation des ondes. Dans l'étude des guides d'ondes, on considère souvent qu'ils sont infiniment longs afin de s'affranchir de certains phénomènes (réflexion par exemple) à leurs extrémités. Résoudre le problème de propagation dans les guides infinis par la méthode des éléments finis nécessite de tronquer le domaine infini par des frontières artificielles sur lesquelles des conditions limites transparentes doivent être écrites. Dans ce travail, les conditions limites transparentes sont écrites sous forme d'un opérateur Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) basé sur une décomposition de la pression acoustique sur la base des modes propres du guide étudié tout en prenant en compte l'influence des paramètres comme l'écoulement et le traitement acoustique avec des matériaux absorbants. La propagation acoustique dans le guide est régie par un modèle scalaire basé sur l'équation de Helmholtz et les matériaux absorbants utilisés sont des matériaux absorbants d'impédance locale Z et des matériaux poreux. Nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier aux matériaux poreux ? squelette rigide que l'on modélise par un fluide équivalent car la propagation acoustique dans ces matériaux est aussi gouvernée par l'équation de Helmholtz comme dans un milieu fluide. Des résultats d'étude de la propagation acoustique dans des guides rectilignes uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement uniforme ont permis de valider la méthode développée pour tronquer les domaines infinis. L'étude a aussi été menée avec succés pour des guides non uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement potentiel. / Our concern in this work is the problem of acoustic propagation in guides lined with locally or non locally reacting materials with the presence of mean fluid flow. In several industrial systems such as aircraft jet engines, mufflers exhaust and ventilation systems, noise is mostly channeled outside by guides of more or less complex geometries. A study of waveguides makes it possible to predict and understand the physical phenomena such as refraction, convection, absorption and wave attenuation. In waveguides studies, guides are often considered infinitely long to get rid of some phenomena (reflection for example) at their ends. Solving the problem of acoustic propagation in infinite guides by finite element method requires to truncate the infinite domain by artificial boundaries on which transparent boundary conditions must be written. In this work, the transparent boundary conditions are written as a Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operators based on sound pressure decomposition on the eigenmodes basis of the studied guide by taking into account the influence of parameters such as flow and acoustic liners in the guide walls. Acoustic propagation in the guide is governed by a model based on the scalar Helmholtz equation and the used liners are locally reacting materials of local impedance Z and porous materials. In this study, we focused particularly rigid porous materials modelized by an equivalent fluid because the acoustic propagation in these materials is also governed by the Helmholtz equation as in a fluid medium. Results of studies of acoustic propagation in uniform straight lined guides with a uniform flow allowed to validate the method developed to truncate infinite domains. The study was also done successfully for non uniform lined guides with a potential mean flow.

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In this diploma thesis called Water column separation under the hydraulic turbine runner during unsteady operating regimes are solved the pressure pulsations of the reverse water hamer. In the thesis is deduced a mathematical relationship of elaboration the numerice model which is based on equations of continuity and equations of forces equilibrium. Numerical model is created in MS Excel uses for computation the numerical method Lax-Wendrof that allows consideration of variable sound speed as function of static pressure and allows variable lenght step in computation domain. Reverse water hammer is in the thesis solved with consideration of rotating flow behind shut-off valve, where we expect forming of vortex rope. This situation can be applied on the closing water turbine which has vertex rope under turbine runner. Specifically for this thesis was carried out the experiment of the reverse water hammer. Constants going into numerical solution are optimalized with using experiment and pressure pulsation are compared between numerical solution and experiment.