京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第17773号 / 理博第3896号 / 新制||理||1562(附属図書館) / 30580 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 時任 宣博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18094号 / 理博第3972号 / 新制||理||1573(附属図書館) / 30952 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 時任 宣博, 教授 大須賀 篤弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

L'activation catalytique d'alcools vers la formation déshydrative de liaisons chimiques sans pré-activation est devenue un intérêt de recherche majeur au cours des deux dernières décennies. Dans cette thèse, l’effet synergique particulier des acides forts en tant que catalyseurs dans l’hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) comme solvant de diverses classes de carbocations instables dans la chimie de Friedel-Crafts a été étudié. Il a été constaté que pour la première fois, les réactions de Friedel-Crafts d'alcools benzyliques primaires fortement désactivés, catalysées par un acide, se déroulaient facilement, en raison des phénomènes d'agrégation induits par l'acide dans HFIP. Une stratégie similaire a été utilisée pour l'activation d'alcools propargyliques, comme nouvelle voie d'accès sélectif aux allènes et indènes portant la fonction CF3, à partir des mêmes composés de départ. De plus, ce système catalytique a été appliqué avec succès pour les réactions de Friedel-Crafts de cyclopropanes de type non activés et donneur-accepteur. Enfin, il a été découvert que le HFIP pouvait atténuer le réarrangement de carbocation classique dans les alkylations de Friedel-Crafts, permettant l’accès aux produits avec chaînes alkyle linéaires en une seule étape à partir d’alcools aliphatiques linéaires. / The catalytic activation of alcohols towards dehydrative bond formation in the absence of pre-activation has become a major research interest over the past two decades. In this thesis, the peculiar synergistic effect of strong acids as catalysts in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as solvent on various classes of unstable carbocations in Friedel-Crafts chemistry was investigated. It was found that for the first time, Brønsted acid catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reactions of highly electronically deactivated primary benzylic alcohols proceeded smoothly due to the acid-induced aggregation phenomena in HFIP. A similar strategy was used for the activation of propargylic alcohols as a new route to selectively access CF3-substituted allenes and indenes from the same starting compounds. Furthermore, this catalytic system was succesfully applied for Friedel-Crafts reactions of unactivated and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. Finally, it was discovered that HFIP can mitigate against classical carbocation rearrangement in Friedel-Crafts alkylations, allowing access to linear alkyl chain products in a single step from linear alkyl alcohols.

Depuis les années 2000 le domaine de l’organocatalyse asymétrique est en plein développement comme le montre le nombre croissant de publications sur le sujet. Durant cet essor un grand nombre d’organocatalyseurs a été développé, ils se classent en quatre catégories : les catalyseurs de transfert de phase, les bases de Lewis, les bases de Brønsted et les acides de Brønsted. Appartenant à cette dernière catégorie, les acides phosphoriques chiraux font partie des acides de Brønsted les plus populaire. Leurs premières utilisations en organocatalyse asymétrique remontent à 2004 où des acides phosphoriques dérivés du BINOL furent utilisés par Terada et Akiyama pour catalyser des réactions de Mannich de manière hautement énantiosélective. Depuis le champ d’application des acides phosphoriques s’est considérablement étendu et aujourd’hui environ 90 réactions différentes peuvent être catalysées efficacement par ces acides. En parallèle de ce développement des équipes ont commencé à apporter des modifications structurales aux acides phosphoriques dans le but d’étendre encore leur champ d’application. L’une des approches consiste à modifier le squelette carboné afin de modifier l’organisation spatiale de l’encombrement stérique chiral autour du phosphore. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit décrit l’élaboration et l’utilisation en catalyse d’une nouvelle famille d’acides phosphoriques à chiralité planaire basée sur un motif [3,3]paracyclophane. L’étude commence par la modélisation par calculs DFT de différents paracyclophanes dans le but d’évaluer la tension de cycle et la barrière de rotation imprimer à la structure en fonction de l’espaceur utilisé. Trois espaceurs sont sélectionnés pour des essais en synthèse : le -CH2-NTs-CH2-, le 1,8-naphtalènediyle et le 1,1’-ferrocènediyle. Les synthèses de trois bisphénols comportant les motifs précédents sont réalisées. Les bisphénol comportant les espaceurs -CH2-NTs-CH2-, le 1,8-naphtalènediyle n’ont pas pu être transformés en acides phosphoriques. En revanche il a été possible d’obtenir une nouvelle famille d’acides phosphoriques à chiralité planaire comportant le motif 1,1’-ferrocènediyle.Par la suite une méthode de synthèse permettant la variation facile des substituants aromatiques a été mise en place ainsi qu’une méthode de séparation de diastéréoisomères à l’aide d’un auxiliaire chiral afin d’obtenir des acides phosphoriques énantiopurs. Une famille de 6 acides phosphoriques a ainsi pu être synthétisée. Ces nouveaux acides ont ensuite été testés en organocatalyse asymétrique. La réaction de réduction par des esters de Hantzsch de quinoléines substituées en position 2 a servi de réaction test. Après sélection du meilleur acide, une étude sur l’influence de l’ester de Hantzsch a été menée conduisant à une forte augmentation de l’énantiosélectivité de la réaction. Enfin le champ d’application de la réaction a été explorer et des excès énantiomériques atteignant 92% ont pu être atteints. D’autres modifications structurales peuvent être apportées à cette nouvelle structure comme par exemple le remplacement du motif 1,1’-ferrocènediyle par le motif 1,8-dibromobiphénylènyl. Une influence non négligeable de l’espaceur sur les performances du catalyseur a pu être ainsi observée.L’étude a montré le potentiel de cette nouvelle famille d’acide phosphorique en organocatalyse asymétrique. Cette nouvelle famille va donc pouvoir être utilisée pour développer de nouvelle réaction énantiosélectives et ce dans le domaine de l’organocatalyse ou bien dans celui de la catalyse organométallique en utilisant le phosphate comme contre-ion chiral. / During the first decade of the century the organocatalysis has known an intense development shown by the increasing number of publications on the subject. This development led to the apparition of a wide number of different organocatalysts. These catalysts can be sorted in three categories: the phase transfer catalysts, the Lewis bases, the Brønsted bases and the Brønsted acids. One of the most used types of organocatalysts belonging to the latter category are the chiral phosphoric acids (CPA). The first use of these CPAs as organocatalysts was published in 2004 by Terada and Akiyama. They independently reported two Mannich-type reactions catalysed by BINOL-derived CPAs with high levels of enatioselectivity. Since then CPAs appeared as versatile catalysts and to this date more than 90 different reactions can be catalysed in a highly énantiosélective manner by these acids. Meanwhile some researchers began to modify the original BINOL-based phosphoric acids so as to broaden their scope. One possible approach consists in changing the chiral backbone to change the spatial organisation of the chiral environment. The work reported in this manuscript describe the design, the synthesis and the use in organocatalysis of a new planar chiral phosphoric acids based on a [3,3]paracyclophanes scaffold. This study begins with the DFT modelling of a series of paracyclophanes in order to evaluate the ring strain and rotation barrier induced by the nature of different tethering units. Three tethers have been selected for synthesis trials: the -CH2-NTs-CH2-, the 1,8-naphtalenediyl and the 1,1’-ferrocenediyl. Three different bisphenols each one embedding one of the three tethers mentioned above have been synthesised. It was not possible to turn the -CH2-NTs-CH2- and the 1,8-naphtalenediyl-based bisphenols into the corresponding phosphoric acids. But the 1,1’-ferrocenediyl-based bisphenol was successfully cyclised into the desired planar chiral phosphoric acid. Subsequently a synthetic pathway allowing an easy variation of the aryl substituents has been developed together with the use of a chiral auxiliary to obtain the planar CPAs in an enantiopure way. By this method 6 different CPAs have been synthesised. The efficiency in asymmetric organocatalysis of these new planar CPAs was investigated. The reduction of 2-substituted quinolines by Hantzsch esters was used as a benchmark reaction. After having identified the best CPA, the role of the Hantzsch ester has been investigated leading to an important improvement of the enantioselectivity of the reaction. Eventually, the scope of the reaction has been explored and e.e.’s up to 92% have been reached. Some other structural modifications of the structure can be made such as the replacement of the 1,1’-ferrocenediyl unit by a 1,8-dibromobiphenylenyl. A non-negligible influence of the tether has been observed on the catalyst behaviour. The study has demonstrated the potential of this new class of organocatalyst in asymmetric catalysis. These planar CPAs will then be used in the developpement of new énantiosélective reaction in the domain of organocatalysis or in the domain of organometallic catalysis by using the phosphate as a chiral counter-ion

Transition metal catalysis has emerged as one of the most versatile methods for the selective formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. In particular, oxidative carbon–carbon bond forming reactions have been widely studied due to their atom economic feature. This thesis has been focused on the development of new palladium(II)-catalyzed carbocyclization reactions under oxidative conditions. The first part of the thesis describes the palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization-borylation and -arylation of enallenes. In these reactions, the (σ-alkyl)palladium(II) intermediate, which was shown previously to undergo β-hydride elimination, could be trapped in situ by organoboron reagents (B2pin2 and arylboronic acids) to form new carbon–boron and carbon–carbon bonds. Through these two protocols, a range of borylated and arylated carbocycles were obtained as single diastereomers in high yields. The second part deals with a palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative diarylative carbocyclization of enynes. The reaction was proposed to start with a syn-arylpalladation of an alkyne, followed by insertion of the coordinated alkene. Subsequent arylation afforded a series of valuable diarylated tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran products. The final part of the thesis advances the previously developed palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization-borylation of enallenes in an enantioselective manner. C2-symmetric chiral phosphoric acids were used as the novel co-catalyst to trigger the enantioselective formation of intramolecular carbon–carbon bonds. By using this chiral anion strategy, a number of enallenes were converted to the borylated carbocycles with high to excellent enantioselectivity. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Biomass valorization is an interesting alternative to fossil resources, which is frequently performed via heterogeneous catalysis. Designing new catalysts is a challenging task that can be significantly accelerated in silico. However, biomass molecules are often complex and highly oxygenated, hence rendering calculations more difficult and time consuming. Among these compounds, polyols are particularly important. We developed linear relations of the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) type from the DFT study of C-H or O-H bond dissociation elementary steps for a family of monoalcohol molecules on metallic catalysts (Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt). Such relations aim at predicting activation energies from reaction energies. The accuracy of the obtained linear energy models is better than 0.10 eV on the sampling set. Then, the relations were applied for the prediction of the dehydrogenation elementary steps of glycerol, chosen as a prototype of polyalcohols, with an accuracy better than 0.10 eV and with a systematic error around ±0.10 eV for Rh. Keeping in mind that the main difference between glycerol and monoalcohols comes from intramolecular H-bonds present in the former, we designed linear relations for water-assisted dehydrogenation of monoalcohols. These new relations allowed us to improve the prediction on glycerol and to eliminate the systematic deviation in the case of OH bond breaking. Even if in this study we focused on glycerol dehydrogenation, similar methods may be applied to other polyols with other chemical reactions, and considerably speed up the computational design of solid catalysts. This work paves the way for the development of novel numerical techniques to address the issue of biomass conversion.

Ce travail de recherche portant sur la compréhension des premières étapes de synthèse des zéolithes s'inscrit dans le cadre général de développements efficients de nouveaux catalyseurs performants. De nombreuses incertitudes demeurent quant aux mécanismes moléculaires de leur formation, en particulier lors de la nucléation en conditions de synthèse hydrothermale. Dans ce contexte, une méthodologie globale a été proposée afin d'évaluer l'impact des variables de synthèse sur la formation des espèces siliciques. La réalisation de ce travail a nécessité l'usage de différentes méthodes théoriques, combinant des calculs ab initio DFT et des simulations kMC. Un nouveau module kMC nommé Réacdiff a ainsi été développé et validé avec le modèle Lodka. L'extension des chemins réactionnels vers des espèces plus complexes a été effectuée et le recours à des modèles théoriques du type Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) a été indispensable afin de les estimer rapidement. Un nouveau modèle des étapes réactionnelles d'oligomérisation a été proposé et a permis de tester l'effet crucial des agents organiques structurants (AS). Ces travaux ont permis de donner un nouveau regard sur la compréhension de la condensation des espèces siliciques durant les premières étapes de la synthèse des zéolithes. / This research work on the understanding of the early stages of zeolites synthesis fits withinthe general framework of the technological lock on the lower cost of new efficient catalysts synthesisoptimization. Many uncertainties remain with respect to the molecular mechanisms of their formation,in particular during nucleation in hydrothermal synthesis conditions. In this context, a comprehensivemethodology was proposed to assess the impact of synthesis variables in the formation of silicicspecies. This objective has required the use of different theoretical methods, combining ab initio DFTcalculations and kMC simulations. The creation of a new kMC module named Reacdiff has beendeveloped and validated with the Lodka model. The extension of reaction pathways to more complexspecies was carried out with the essential use of theoretical models like Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi(BEP) to quickly estimate. A new anionic model of the reaction steps of oligomerization has beenproposed and has allowed testing the crucial effect of organic templates. These thesis works gave anew understanding on the condensation of silicic species in early stages of zeolite synthesis.

Il s'agissait dans ce travail de préparer des composés fluorés de structure de type HTB ou hollandite au sein desquels la présence d'autres anions tels que OH- ou encore O2- viennent se substituer au fluor. Du point de vue structural, les réseaux présentent des canaux selon une seule direction de l'espace. La compétition entre fluoration et hydroxylation a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée, notamment par spectroscopie infra-rouge visant à expliquer la stabilité thermique de ces composés à anions mixtes. Enfin, l'acidité de surface, ainsi modifiée par rapport aux oxydes classiques, a été étudiée. Nous avons voulu dans ce travail mieux comprendre par une approche « chimie du solide », les propriétés de morphologie, de stabilité thermique et d'acidité des hydroxyfluorures et oxyhydroxyfluorures. La préparation et la caractérisation de nouveaux oxyhydroxyfluorures de fer et de chrome de structure hollandite a été présentée. Des études par diffraction neutronique couplées à une analyse par spectroscopie infra-rouge et la comparaison avec les hydroxyfluorures de type bronze de tungstène hexagonal nous ont permis de mieux appréhender leurs propriété physico-chimiques. Nos résultats nous ont permis de mettre en avant les rôles joués par les cations, les anions et la structure cristalline sur les différentes propriétés et notamment l'importance d'un nouveau paramètre, /r, caractéristique du cation, qui permet d'expliquer à la force des sites acides et la stabilité thermique de ces composés à structure ouverte. L'eau de constitution ainsi que la taux et la nature des groupements hydroxyles sont des paramètres clefs qui conditionnent la stabilité thermique et les propriétés acido-basiques du matériau final. Ce travail montre également l'influence des cations et du mode de synthèse sur ces caractéristiques.

Le N-acétylcolchinol est un composé hémi-synthétique connu pour inhiber la polymérisation de la tubuline en microtubules. Il a montré une activité prometteuse en tant qu'agent ciblant la vascularisation tumorale, cependant, sa cardiotoxicité a conduit à l'arrêt des essais cliniques en phase I. Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse et l'évaluation biologique de nouveaux allocolchicinoïdes, composés analogues du N-acétylcolchinol. Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle voie de synthèse permettant l'accès, de façon racémique, au squelette dibenzoxépine de ces molécules a été mise au point. Elle comprend notamment trois étapes clés, un couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura, une addition de Grignard et une cyclodéshydratation effectuée en présence d'un acide de Brønsted. Par la suite, trois séries d'allocolchicinoïdes de structures variées, que ce soit au niveau du cycle médian oxépine ou des substituants présents sur les noyaux benzéniques, ont été synthétisées. L'activité sur tubuline de la plupart de ces molécules a été évaluée, ce qui a conduit à une rationalisation des relations structure-activité.

Brønsted and Lewis acid sites located within microporous solids catalyze a variety of chemical transformations of oxygenates and hydrocarbons. Such reactions occur in condensed phases in envisioned biomass and shale gas upgrading routes, motivating deeper fundamental understanding of the reactivity-determining interactions among active sites, reactants, and solvents. The crystalline structures of zeolites, which consist of SiO₄ tetrahedra with isomorphously-substituted M⁴⁺ (e.g., Sn⁴⁺, Ti⁴⁺) as Lewis acid sites, or Al³⁺ with charge-compensating extraframework H⁺ as Brønsted acid sites, provide a reasonably well-defined platform to study these interactions within confining voids of molecular dimension. In this work, gas-phase probe reactions that afford independent control of solvent coverages are developed and used to interpret measured rate data in terms of rate and equilibrium constants for elementary steps, which reflect the structure and stability of kinetically relevant transition states and reactive intermediates. The foundational role of quantitative kinetic information enables building molecular insights into the mechanistic and active site requirements of catalytic reactions, when combined with complementary tools including synthetic approaches to prepare active sites and surrounding environments of diverse and intended structure, quantitative methods to characterize and titrate active sites and functional groups in confining environments, and theoretical modeling of putative active site structures and plausible reaction coordinates.<br><div><br></div><div>Bimolecular ethanol dehydration to diethyl ether was developed as a gas-phase catalytic probe reaction for Lewis acid zeolites. A detailed mechanistic understanding of the identities of reactive intermediates and transition states on Sn-Beta zeolites was constructed by combining experimental kinetic measurements with density functional theory treatments. Microkinetic modeling demonstrated that Sn active site configurations undergo equilibrated interconversion during catalysis (404 K, 0.5–35 kPa C₂H₅OH, 0.1–50 kPa H₂O) from hydrolyzed-open configurations ((HO)-Sn-(OSi≡)₃---HO-Si) to predominantly closed configurations (Sn-(OSi≡)₄), and identified the most abundant productive (ethanol-ethanol dimer) and inhibitory (ethanol-water dimer) reactive intermediates and kinetically relevant transition state (S_N2 at closed sites). Mechanism-based interpretations of bimolecular ethanol dehydration turnover rates (per Lewis acidic Sn, quantified by CD₃CN IR) enabled measuring chemically significant differences between samples synthesized to contain high or low densities of residual Si-OH defects (quantified by CD₃CN IR) within microporous environments that confine Sn active sites. Hydrogen-bonding interactions with Si-OH groups located in the vicinity of Sn active sites in high-defect Sn-Beta zeolites stabilize both reactive and inhibitory intermediates, leading to differences in reactivity within polar and non-polar micropores that reflect solely the different coverages of intermediates at active sites. The ability of confining microporous voids to discriminate among reactive intermediates and transition states on the basis of polarity thus provides a strategy to mitigate inhibition by water and to influence turnover rates by designing secondary environments of different polarity via synthetic and post-synthetic techniques. </div><div><br></div><div>Despite the expectation from theory that Sn active sites adopt the same closed configurations after high-temperature (823 K) oxidation treatments, distinct Sn sites can be experimentally identified and quantified by the ν(C≡N) infrared peaks of coordinated CD₃CN molecules, and a subset of these sites are correlated with first-order rate constants of aqueous-phase glucose-fructose isomerization (373 K). In contrast, <i>in situ</i> titration of active sites by pyridine during gas-phase ethanol dehydration catalysis (404 K) on a suite of Sn-zeolites of different topology (Beta, MFI, BEC) quantified the dominant active site to correspond to a different subset of Sn sites than those dominant in glucose-fructose isomerization. An extensive series of synthetic and post-synthetic routes to prepare Sn-zeolites containing Sn sites hosted within diverse local coordination environments identified a subset of Sn sites located in defective environments such as grain boundaries, which are more pronounced in Beta crystallites comprised of intergrowths of two polymorphs than in zeolite frameworks with un-faulted crystal structures. Sn sites in such environments adopt defect-open configurations ((HO)-Sn-(OSi≡)₃) with proximal Si-OH groups that do not permit condensation to closed configurations, which resolves debated spectroscopic assignments to hydrolyzed-open site configurations. Defect-open Sn sites are dominant in glucose-fructose isomerization because their proximal Si-OH groups stabilize kinetically relevant hydride shift transition states, while closed framework Sn sites are dominant in alcohol dehydration because they stabilize S_N2 transition states via Sn site opening in the kinetically relevant step and re-closing as part of the catalytic cycle. The structural diversity of real zeolite materials, whose defects distinguish them from idealized crystal structures and allows hosting Lewis acid sites with distinct local configurations, endows them with the ability to effectively catalyze a broad range of oxygenate reactions.</div><div><br></div><div>During aqueous-phase catalysis, high extra-crystalline water chemical potentials lead to intra-pore stabilization of H₂O molecules, clusters, and extended hydrogen-bonded networks that interact with adsorbed intermediates and transition states at Lewis acid sites. Glucose-fructose isomerization turnover rates (373 K, per defect-open Sn, quantified by CD₃CN IR) are higher when Sn sites are confined within low-defect, non-polar zeolite frameworks that effectively prevent extended water networks from forming; however, increasing exposure to hot (373 K) liquid water generates Si-OH groups via hydrolysis of siloxane bridges and leads to lower turnover rates commensurate with those of high-defect, polar frameworks. Detailed kinetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical studies of polar and non-polar titanosilicate zeolite analogs indicate that extended water networks entropically destabilize glucose-fructose isomerization transition states relative to their bound precursors, rather than influence the competitive adsorption of water and glucose at active sites. Infrared spectra support the stabilization of extended hydrogen-bonded water networks by Si-OH defects located within Si- and Ti-Beta zeolites, consistent with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations that predict formation of distinct thermodynamically stable clustered and extended water phases within Beta zeolites depending on the external water chemical potential and the nature of their chemical functionality (closed vs. hydrolyzed-open Lewis acid site, or silanol nest defect). The structure of water confined within microporous solids is determined by the type and density of intracrystalline polar binding sites, leading to higher reactivity in aqueous media when hydrogen-bonded networks are excluded from hydrophobic micropores.</div><div><br></div><div>Aluminosilicate zeolites adsorb water to form (H₃O⁺)(H₂O)_n clusters that mediate liquid-phase Brønsted acid catalysis, but their relative contributions to the solvation of reactive intermediates and transition states remain unclear. Bimolecular ethanol dehydration turnover rates (per H⁺, quantified by NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption and <i>in situ</i> titrations with 2,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butylpyridine) and transmission infrared spectra measured on Brønsted acid zeolites under conditions approaching intrapore H₂O condensation (373 K, 0.02–75 kPa H₂O) reveal the formation of clustered, solvated (C₂H₅OH)(H⁺)(H₂O)_n intermediates, which are stabilized to greater extents than bimolecular dehydration transition states by extended hydrogen-bonded water networks. Turnover rates deviate sharply below those predicted by kinetic regimes in the absence of extended condensed water networks because non-ideal thermodynamic formalisms are required to account for the different solvation of transition states and MARI. The condensation of liquid-like phases within micropores that stabilize reaction intermediates and transition states to different extents is a general phenomenon for Brønsted acid-catalyzed alcohol dehydration within zeolites of different topology (CHA, AEI, TON, FAU), which governs the initial formation and structure of clustered hydronium-reactant and water-protonated transition state complexes. Systematic control of liquid-phase structures within confined spaces by gas-phase measurements around the point of intrapore condensation enables more detailed mechanistic and structural insights than those afforded by either kinetic measurements in the liquid phase, or structural characterizations of aqueous systems in the absence of reactants.</div>