Mercury contamination of the North Fork Holston River below Saltville, Virginia has nearly extirpated most mussel populations. Because natural recovery of these populations has not occurred, this research combined field and laboratory assessments to determine the extent of ecological impairment in the river. In situ 60-day Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) growth studies in 2005 showed a positive correlation (p=0.03) between low clam growth and sediment mercury levels. Because of severe low flow conditions of the NFHR in late 2005 conductivity dissipation from a point source brine discharge downstream rarely reached background level (~345 µS/cm) and was observed as high as 690 µS/cm 640 m below the discharge site. In addition, conductivity doubled in the river section adjacent to the remediated Ponds 5 and 6 (rm 81.6 and 80.4). Such low flow conditions (mean flow < 50 ft3/sec) occur in the NFHR approximately every five years. This low flow situation also evidenced a thick white flocculent or floc observed to accumulate at the base of the two remediated ponds. Analysis of the flocculent determined it to be high in aluminum (1.9-38 mg/L) and iron (2.0-51.0 mg/L), well above US Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Criteria limits (0.0087 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively); riverine sediments collected below the accumulated floc also had high levels of calcium (240,000-380,000 mg/kg) and mercury(0.62-1.7 mg/kg). Acute tests with juveniles of Villosa iris and <24-hr old Ceriodaphnia dubia were used to measure the toxicity of the brine discharge, which had a conductivity of ~ 14,000 µS/cm. Results of these tests indicated C. dubia to be more sensitive than V. iris; however, chronic toxicity test results were similar for V. iris and C. dubia. The Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (LOAEC) for mussel survivorship after 28 days was 10,000 µS/cm, while the LOAEC for growth was 5,000 µS/cm. LOAECs for the C. dubia 7-day chronic were 25 % (survivorship) and 12.5 % (reproduction), while mean conductivity at these two concentrations was 4,054 and 2,211 µS/cm, respectively. Toxicity tests conducted with Pond 6 dyke cut discharges resulted in similar lethal concentrations for C. dubia and V. iris. Forty-eight hour LC50s of these discharges ranged from 12.07-15.95 % for C. dubia, and 17.36-18.95 % for V. iris. Dyke cut discharges also exhibited exceedingly high alkaline pH (11.5-12.2), which caused 100 % mortality to C. dubia in 15 min. The Pond 5 and 6 dyke discharges are the likely source for the flocculent accumulation at the base of the two remediated pond areas. The combined effect of mercury, aluminum and iron, along with periodic fluxes of high conductivity and alkaline pH during low flow conditions may contribute to low mussel recruitment downstream of Saltville, VA. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This investigation focused on the marine components of large direct seawater intake and brine discharge systems for seawater desalination plants, with the main aim to provide an overall design approach for these components. Due to its complexity, an overall and systematic design approach, addressing all the components (feedwater requirements, plant technology, marine structures and environmental issues) is required to ensure an optimum design. A literature review was done on the various desalination technologies, the main components of a seawater desalination plant, as well as the physical, hydraulic, operational and environmental issues regarding seawater extraction facilities, marine pipelines and discharge structures (diffuser). In order to obtain practical input to the development of an overall design approach, information regarding the marine structures of ten of the largest existing seawater desalination plants throughout the world were obtained and compared with each other and the available technologies. By way of example, the recently designed marine components of a new seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant in Namibia were reviewed and, as part of this thesis, alternative conceptual concepts which will include two additional components (sump and brine reservoir) were designed. The alternative design was compared with the actual design in order to determine the feasibility of the alternative in terms of operation and cost and subsequently provide input to the overall design recommendations. Furthermore, from the literature review it seems that there are still significant uncertainties regarding the required performance of a brine (dense) outfall and this required more attention in terms of environmental and hydraulic performance. Based on the Namibian plant, the diffuser configuration was analysed in terms of its hydraulic and environmental performance and subsequently some general guidance with specific respect to a brine diffuser was developed, which in turn formed part of the overall design approach for the marine components. Finally, the design approach for seawater intake structures, brine outfalls and the connecting marine pipelines is provided in the form of flow diagrams. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie ondersoek handel oor die mariene komponente van groot en direkte toevoer van seewater en die sout-uitvloeisisteme van ontsoutingsaanlegte van seewater. Die doel is om ‘n oorsigtelike ontwerpbenadering vir hierdie component te verskaf. As gevolg van die kompleksiteit, is ‘n oorsigtelike en sistimatiese benadering, wat al die komponente (vereistes vir toevoerwater, tehnologie by die aanleg, mariene omstandighede en omgewingsfaktore) in ag neem noodsaaklik om die beste ontwerp te verseker. ‘n Literêre oorsig is gedoen ten opsigte van die tegnologie van verskeie ontsoutingsmetodes, die hoofkomponente van ‘n seewater-ontsoutingsaanleg, asook die fisiese, hidrouliese, operasionele en omgewingskwessies rakende die fasiliteite om die seewater te onttrek, die mariene pyplyne en die strukture vir die afvloei. Ten einde die optimum ontwerp te ontwikkel, is inligting oor die tegnologie en strukture van tien van die grootste bestaande onsoutingsaanlegte in die wêreld bekom, bestudeer en vergelyk Hulle is met mekaar vergelyk, asook met beskikbare tegnologie. As ‘n voorbeeld is die nuut ontwerpte mariene komponente van die nuwe ontsoutingsaanleg in Namibië, waar ontsouting d.m.v. omgekeerde osmose gedoen word ondersoek en as deel van hierdie tesis, is ‘n alternatiewe konsep, wat twee bykomende komponente – ‘n opvangput en reservoir vir die afloop – ontwerp. Hierdie alternatiewe ontwerp is met die werklike aanleg vergelyk om die uitvoerbaarheid van die onderneming en die koste daaraan verbonde te toets. Dit is gebruik as aanbeveling vir die oorhoofse ontwerp. Uit die literêre oorsig blyk dit dar daar nog groot onsekerheid is oor die vereistes van die (digte) waterafloop en dat meer aandag aan die omgewings- en hidrouliese aspekte gegee moet word. Met die Namibiese aanleg as voorbeeld, is die struktuur van die spreiers t.o.v. hidrouliese werkverrigting en die omgewing ontleed. Voortspruitend daaruit is algemene riglyne vir ‘n spesifieke spreier vir afloopwater ontwikkel, wat op sy beurt weer deel vorm van die oorhoofse ontwerp vir mariene komponente. Laastens is die ontwerp vir die strukture vir seewater-invloei, die afloopwater en die mariene verbindingspyplyne as vloeidigramme aangetoon.

My thesis installation emerged from an interest in visualizing breath. The resulting work came to exist at the intersection between art, biology, and performance. The unicorn tapestries were used as a generative point of departure to explore the preservation and transformation of images through time, by time, and with time. Reproductions of the six tapestries were each etched into paper and then submerged into solutions of Phenol Red dye, Ferric Ferrocyanide (also known as Prussian Blue), and various forms of sodium chloride. Exhaled breath was used to encrust these images of the tapestries into physical objects which gradually crystallized and changed colors in response to viewers within the surrounding space. An invasive plant species native to Richmond, Virginia was utilized as a catalyst to re-absorb Carbonic acid from exhaled breath and convert the objects back to their original (or not so original) states. The final piece became the active remnants from an inquiry which quickly snowballed into so much more than I had initially planned. The following text is written as a supplemental reading to trace some of my influences at the periphery of the piece while mapping my thought processes.

Denna studie är utförd på uppdrag av DGL AB. Syftet var att utreda varför temperaturen inte sjunker till önskad nivå i två olika kylrum vilka används för nedkylning och förvaring av färdigförpackade livsmedel. Arbetet genomfördes med hjälp av förlustberäkningar samt temperaturmätningar för att kunna identifiera och uppskatta storlek samt procentuella skillnader på olika förlustfaktorer. Praktiska mätningar på plats utgjorde underlag för de resultat som redovisas i arbetet. Kyleffektbehov har beräknats och baserats på företagets maximala produktion av färdig vara per dygn. I resultaten framkom att kylmaskinens effekt var väl dimensionerad men att kylelementens kapacitet i kylrummen var för låg med tanke på mängden förluster. Studien resulterade i förslag på minskning av transmissionsförluster genom isolering av väggar och tak i respektive kylrum samt även isolering av kylvattentanken belägen i kylrum 2. Rengöring av kylelementens flänsar, komplettering eller byte till andra mer effektavgivande kylelement var ytterligare förslag på åtgärder. / This study is conducted on behalf of DGL AB. The purpose was to investigate why the temperature does not drop to the desired level in two different cooling storages whom are used for cooling and storing of prepackaged groceries. The project was carried out with the help of loss calculations and temperature measurements to identify and estimate size as well as percentage differences in different loss factors. The sites measurements outlined the basis for this project. The cooling effect requirement is calculated based on the company's actual maximum production amount per day. The results showed that the effect of the cooling unit is oversized, however the cooling radiators capacity was too low considering the amount of losses. The outcome of the study suggest a decrease in thermal transmission losses through isolation of walls and ceilings in each of the cooling storages as well as isolation of the cooling water tank located in cooling storage 2. Cleaning of the cooling radiators flanges, supplementing or replacing with other cooling radiators that has more power output was additional suggestions to the result.

Embora a indústria da carne utilize a marinação em larga escala, o comportamento da penetração da salmoura em bifes massageados de carne bovina é pouco conhecido. O músculo Biceps femoris tem sido considerado pouco macio e suculento e apresentado grande variação de maciez intermuscular. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da marinação com adição de proteína hidrolisada de soja sobre a estrutura muscular de porções distintas do Biceps femoris e suas implicações sobre a qualidade de carne. No Capítulo 2, 3 e 4, seis músculos bovinos foram submetidos aos tratamentos: CONTROLE (bifes não massageados), CS (bifes massageados com salmoura) e SPHS (bifes massageados com salmoura adicionada de proteína hidrolisada de soja). No capítulo 2, os músculos foram divididos em duas porções: Origem (PO) e Inserção (PI), e os tempos de massageamento foram 30 e 60 min. No capítulo 3 e 4, os músculos foram divididos em três porções: Origem (PO), Inserção 1 (PI1) e Inserção 2 (PI2), e os bifes destas porções foram armazenados por 1 e 12 dias após equalização da salmoura, exceto os bifes CONTROLE que foram armazenados somente por 1 dia. As análises realizadas foram: mensuração da penetração da salmoura, determinação do melhor tempo de massageamento, pH, rendimento (REND), colágeno total (CT), composição centesimal, perdas por gotejamento (PPG), perdas por cocção (PPC), força de cisalhamento (FC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análises microbiológicas e sensoriais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, onde cada músculo representou um bloco. A análise de mensuração da penetração da salmoura demonstrou que os bifes SPHS, massageados por maior tempo (60 min), obtiveram maior absorção e retenção de salmoura ao longo da profundidade dos bifes. A PI2 apresentou menor quantidade de CT em comparação às demais, para o CONTROLE. Já os bifes CS e SPHS da PO e PI1 obtiveram menores quantidades de CT em comparação aos bifes destes mesmos tratamentos da PI2. Os bifes massageados não sofreram efeito de tempo de armazenamento e foram mais macios, suculentos e melhor pontuados para impressão global em comparação ao CONTROLE. O pH dos bifes se elevou com os tratamentos CS e SPHS e pareceu influenciar sobre o REND das porções de forma que, a PO obteve menor pH e maior REND, enquanto a PI resultou em maior pH e menor REND. Menores PPG, PPC e FC foram observados para os bifes CS e SPHS e o período de 12 dias de armazenamento permitiu que as PPC e FC diminuíssem. Respostas similares entre a maciez sensorial e objetiva foram observadas nas porções do músculo de forma que, as PIs foram mais macias do que a PO. A analise MEV demonstrou inchaço das fibras e diminuição dos espaços interfibrilares nos bifes massageados CS e SPHS. / Although meat industry uses marination in large-scale, the brine penetration behavior in tumbled steaks from bovines is little known. The Biceps femoris muscle has been considered little tender and juicy, and presented large range of intramuscular tenderness. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of marination added of hydrolyzed soy protein on the muscular structure of different portions from the Biceps femoris and its implication on beef quality. In Chapter 2, 3 and 4, steaks from six bovine muscles were submitted to the treatments: CONTROL (no tumbling or addition of brine), WTB (with tumbling and addition of brine), and WTB/HSP (with tumbling and addition of brine plus hydrolyzed soy protein). In Chapter 2, the muscles were divided in two portions: Origin (OP) and Insertion (IP), and the tumbling times were 30 and 60 min. In Chapter 3 and 4, the muscles were divided in three portions: Origin (OP), Insertion 1 (IP1) and Insertion 2 (IP2), and their steaks were stored for 1 and 12 days after equalization of brine, except to the CONTROL steaks that were only stored for 1 day. The analyses performed were: monitoring of brine penetration, pH, yield (YIE), total collagen (TC), proximate composition, drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL), shear force (SF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microbiologic and sensory. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, where each muscle represented one block. The analysis of monitoring of the brine penetration showed that the WTB/HSP steaks, tumbled for largest time (60 min), had higher absorption and retention of brine along the depth of the steaks. The IP2 presented lower TC amount in relation to other portions, in CONTROL steaks. However, the WTB and WTB/HSP steaks from OP and IP1 had lower TC amount when compared to IP2, in these same treatments. The tumbled steaks were not affected by storing time and were tender, juicier and better scored for overall satisfaction with regard to CONTROL steaks. The pH of the steaks was elevated with the WTB and WTB/HSP treatments and appeared to influence the YIE of the portions, where OP had lower pH and higher YIE, while IP resulted in higher pH and lower YIE. Lower DL, CL and SF were observed for WTB and WTB/HSP steaks and the storing time of 12 days allowed that the CL and SF declined. Similar responses between sensory tenderness and SF were observed in the muscle portions, which IPs were tender than OP. The SEM analysis showed swelling of fibers and decrease of spaces between fibrils in tumbled WTB and WTB/HSP steaks

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-06-28T18:19:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Guilherme Sandaka.pdf: 7402657 bytes, checksum: 410f715a721fb0214f1845258d0b7410 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-28T18:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Guilherme Sandaka.pdf: 7402657 bytes, checksum: 410f715a721fb0214f1845258d0b7410 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O processo de dessalinização por ultrafiltração e osmose reversa tem como resíduo um concentrado salino. A caracterização deste rejeito e seu destino são objetos de estudos em pesquisas paralelas ao presente trabalho, o qual se integra à hipótese de polimento, tratamento, melhoria de qualidade e aproveitamento do rejeito com o emprego em Sistemas de Alagados Construídos – SAC – e posterior aplicação em irrigação. O SAC compreende um tanque de 100 litros, de conformação circular no qual se estabelece uma zona de raízes. Esta zona está sujeita à circulação do concentrado salino formando-se um circuito hidráulico de contato e transferência de massa. O entendimento do escoamento nesta região de transferência de massa, sua avaliação hidráulica e diagnóstico hidrodinâmico do tanque que foi utilizado são os objetos de estudo do presente trabalho que abrangeu a obtenção de dados de concentração de um traçador salino em tanque similar ao SAC, seu processamento computacional e sistematização para as avaliações requeridas. Foram obtidos dados de sinais elétricos a partir de eletrodos instalados no tanque de circulação e por meio da correlação sinal – condutividade – concentração foram definidos os meios de base para alimentação do processamento computacional que permitiu os resultados deste trabalho. Pôde-se averiguar diversas características nas configurações de escoamento testadas, entre elas o tempo de detenção real, ocorrências de curtos-circuitos, deposição densimétrica e a verificação da continuidade pela detecção de massa propagada. Com a hipótese da transferência de massa em função exponencial natural foram obtidas equações da concentração média para os diferentes níveis do tanque em função do tempo. Pode-se perceber nos gráficos obtidos no presente trabalho, a deposição densimétrica de traçador no fundo do tanque em todas as configurações testadas. Estes resultados são decorrentes de diferentes formas de operação hidráulica do SAC e permitiram concluir sobre os aspectos hidráulicos a serem considerados nas formas de operação, bem como nas interferências a serem implantadas na zona de raízes e na própria metodologia empregada neste sistema de averiguação de características hidráulicas e de transporte de massa. / Desalination process by ultra filtration and reverse osmosis generates a saline concentrate residue. In order to investigate a possible treatment for this residue and further use for irrigation, a parallel study is being conducted using wetlands. The wetland is built in a 100 L circular shaped tank, in which is established a root zone. The concentrate circulates in this zone creating a hydraulic circuit and a mass transfer zone. The investigation of the flow in this region, the wetland hydraulic evaluation and the hydrodynamic diagnosis of the tank that will be used are the objects of study in this dissertation. This research was conducted using a similar tank to the one that will be used for constructing the wetland. Data from a saline tracer that was released during the flow on this tank were taken in order to a computational processing and further diagnose. Data were obtained from electrical signals from electrodes installed in the circulation tank and using the signal conductivity-concentration correlation, the tools were defined for feeding the computational processing that allowed the results of this work. It was possible to verify the diverse flow characteristics on the flow configurations tested, such as the real detention time, the detection of short-circuit zones, densimetric deposition and the verification of the continuity by the propagated mass. It can be seen in the images obtained in the present work, the densimetric deposition of tracer on the bottom of the tank in all tested configurations. The results allowed to conclude on several aspects to be considered in the forms of operation, as well as in the interferences to be implanted in the zone of roots and in the own methodology used in this system of investigation of hydraulic characteristics and of mass transport. Key words: Hydrodynamic evaluation, Diffusion, Convection, Brine, Wetlands.

TOTAL a choisi la voie du stockage géologique de CO2 en Béarn pour les fumées issues du pilote d’oxycombustion qui sont injectées dans un réservoir déplété de gaz naturel. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de cette technologie nécessite une connaissance des processus physiques, physico-chimiques et des interactions entre les phases depuis le captage jusqu’au stockage, d’autant plus que le CO2 injecté n’est pas pur. Il peut contenir par exemple quelques pourcents d’oxygène. Nous étudions plus précisément l’impact de l’injection d’un mélange de gaz (CO2 + O2) sur les roches de réservoir et de couverture en présence de saumure. A cette fin, un pilote expérimental a été développé et instrumenté pour acquérir des données thermodynamiques (solubilités et masses volumiques) et cinétiques de dégradation des roches indispensables aux modélisations et simulations thermodynamiques et réactives du système triphasique (gaz-saumure-roches) dans les conditions de stockage (T < 150°C et P < 200 bar). / TOTAL has chosen the path of geological storage of CO2 in Béarn flue gases from driver oxycombustion which are injected into a depleted natural gas reservoir. However, the implementation of this technology requires knowledge of physical processes and physico-chemical interactions between the phases from capture to storage, especially as the injected CO2 flow is not pure. It may contain a few percent of oxygen. The impact of the injection of a gas mixture (CO2 + O2) on reservoir rock and in the presence of coverage of brine is studied. An experimental pilot was developed and instrumented to acquire thermodynamic data (solubility and density) and kinetics of degradation of solids essential for modeling and simulations of thermodynamic and reactive three-phase system (gas-brine-rock) in storage conditions (T <150°C and P <200 bar).

<p>The primary aim of these coal fired industries for co-disposing fly ash and brine was to use the fly ash as a sustainable salt sink. It is therefore important to study the interaction chemistry of the fly ash-brine systems to fully understand the leaching and mobility of the contaminant species, and to determine the possibility of capturing the salts from the brine solution when fly ash and brine are co-disposed. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this study, several leaching procedures such as batch reaction tests, long-term fly ash-brine interaction tests, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) tests, up-flow percolation tests and sequential extraction tests were employed. The geochemical modeling software was applied to predict the formation of secondary mineral phases controlling the release of species in the fly ash-brine systems. Several analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were applied to characterize the fresh fly ashes, solid residues recovered from the fly ash-brine interaction tests, the brine sample used in this study and the leachate samples in order to determine the chemical and mineralogical compositions and speciation of the waste materials.</p>

Recent work has described how gas exchange can occur through sea ice. First, carbon fluxes over sea ice surfaces have been measured. Second, sea ice brine has an elevated capacity over seawater to absorb CO2(g) due to its cold temperature and chemical equilibrium promoting carbon phase changes. Sea ice pCO2 profiles were collected using a new method of remotely sampling gas in situ via diffusive membranes placed within growing sea ice. Gas analysis was complimented by measurements of local meteorology and ice chemistry. The work was part of the CASES 2004 project. The observed elevation in sea ice pCO2 coupled with the mobility of the brine points to the role that brine plays in Arctic carbon transport. The gas transport links the Arctic atmosphere and ocean and indicates that a thinning and receding ice cover may not result in creating a negative feedback to the increasing atmospheric CO2(g) concentration. / October 2008

Pertinent abiotic and biotic factors and their interdependencies necessary to comprehend the ecology of saline systems are investigated and evaluated. A designed saline ecosystem is proposed as a constructive method to reduce waste volume. Landscape pattern is investigated as the vehicle for an evapotranspiration induced directional saline gradient. A demonstration site is used to explore conceptual design application of the idea of ecosystem pattern consisting of a linear sequence of ecotopes, each displaying its own ecological community in relation to salinity range and site context. Biota is relinquished to self-organization. Potential for research use of the ecosystem is illustrated.