An X band dual polarized slotted waveguide antenna array is designed with very high polarization purity for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Horizontally polarized radiators are designed using a novel non-inclined edge wall slots whereas the vertically polarized slots are implemented using broad wall slots opened on baffled single ridge rectangular waveguides. Electromagnetic model based on an infinite array unit cell approach is introduced to characterize the slots used in the array. 20 by 10 element planar array of these slots is manufactured and radiation fields are measured. The measurement results of this array are in very good accordance with the simulation results. The dual polarized antenna possesses a low sidelobe level of -35 dB and is able to scan a sector of &plusmn / 35 degrees in elevation. It also has a usable bandwidth of 600 MHz.

Design of antenna arrays for present day requirements has to take into account both mechanical and electrical aspects. Mechanical aspects demand the antennas to have low profile, non-protruding structures, structures compatible to aerodynamic require­ments and so on. Electrical aspects may introduce several constraints either due to. technical reasons or due to readability conditions in practice. Thus, arrays of modern requirements may not fall into the category of linear or planar arrays. Further, due to the nearby environment, the elements will generate complicated individual patterns. These issues necessitate the analysis and synthesis of antenna arrays which are arbi­trary as far as the orientation, position or the element pattern are concerned. Such arrays which may be called arbitrary arrays are being investigated in this thesis. These investigations have been discussed as different aspects as indicated below: Radiation Characteristics of Arbitrary Arrays Radiation fields of an arbitrarily oriented dipole are obtained. Such fields are plotted for typical cases. Further, methods for transforming the electromagnetic fields are discussed. Having obtained the field due to an arbitrary element, the fields due to an arbitrary array are obtained. Factors controlling the radiation fields, like, the curvature in the array and element pattern are investigated. Radiation patterns of circular and cylindrical arrays are plotted. Synthesis of a Side Lobe Topography Requirements of a narrow beam pattern generated by an antenna array are identified. A problem of synthesizing such a pattern using an arbitrary array is formulated. The envelope of the side lobe region which may be called, the side lobe topography (sit), is included in the computation of the covariance matrix. This problem which has been formulated as a problem of minimizing a quadratic function subjected to a system of linear constraints is solved by the method of Lagrangian multipliers. An iterative procedure is used to satisfy all the requirements of the pattern synthesis. The procedure has been validated by synthesizing linear arrays and is used to synthesize circular and parabolic arrays. Patterns with tapered sit, Taylor-like sit have been synthesized. Asymmetric patterns are also synthesized. Role of sit is brought out. Shaped Beam Synthesis Synthesis of shaped broad beams is discussed. Amplitude constraints are formulated. Phase distribution is linked with the phase centre. Quadratic problems thus formu­lated are solved by the Lagrangian method of undetermined multipliers. An iterative procedure is made use of to synthesize flat topped beams as well as cosecant squared-patterns using linear arrays as well as circular arrays. Reasonable excitation dynamic has been obtained. Optimum phase centres obtained by trial and error are made use of. Effects of the Frequency and Excitation on the Synthesized Patterns In general, synthesized patterns can be sensitive towards any specific parameter either excitation or to frequency or any such parameter. Several methods can be used to observe these issues. In this thesis, these effects are also studied. Using a specific array configuration, to synthesize a specified radiation pattern, frequency is changed by 10% from the design frequency and the pattern is computed. Similarly, excitation phase distribution is rounded to the nearest available phase distribution using a digital phase shifter (say 8 bit) and the resulting pattern is computed. Further, excitation dynamic is also controlled by boosting the amplitudes of the array elements which are less than the permissible (i.e. the maximum excitation/allowed dynamic). Effects of these variations are also recorded. It appears that reasonable patterns can be obtained, in spite of significant variations in these parameters in most of the cases. Reconfigurable Arbitrary Arrays It would be very useful if a single array configuration can be used for different ap- plications. This may be either for the different phases of a single application or for different applications that may be required at different times. Attempts are made to synthesize a variety of patterns from a single array. Such arrays which may be called as reconfigurable arrays can be of much use. Obviously, the excitations are different for different patterns. Both narrow beams, as well as shaped broad beams, with different side lobe topographies have been synthesized using a single array.

Achieving the Dream is a national initiative focused on helping more community college students succeed, particularly students of color and low-income students. Achieving the Dream’s student-centered model of institutional improvement focuses on eliminating gaps and raising student achievement by helping institutions build a culture of evidence through institutional transformation. This interpretive case study employed a mixed methods approach and utilized a sequential explanatory strategy to gather detailed information related to the research questions. The study examined, from an insider’s perspective, the progress made by an Achieving the Dream college in implementing practices that reflect the principles of the Achieving the Dream model of institutional improvement. The four principles of the model are: committed leadership, use of evidence to improve programs and services, broad engagement, and systemic institutional improvement. The study was conducted in two phases and involved a quantitative survey of all college employees and semi- structured, individual interviews with members of the college’s Achieving the Dream team. The quantitative and qualitative data were given equal weighting in the study and were integrated to the extent that the qualitative data collected provided supportive insights into the findings derived from the quantitative analysis. This study found the college made progress in implementing the practices reflected by the Achieving the Dream model. The study findings also provide insights into underlying factors that existed at the college related to its implementation of the initiative. The findings will supplement current knowledge about the efficacy of change models designed to help community colleges build a student-centered model of institutional improvement and the knowledge gained should not only benefit the college, but also provide useful information to other institutions involved in this initiative. / text

Sun-exposed broad leaved deciduous trees have a great species diversity of epiphytic lichens. In Europe, these trees have decreased dramatically in number as wooded pastures have become overgrown with trees and bushes, and broad leaved deciduous stands have been replaced by planted coniferous trees. These are the main reasons for many lichens depending on deciduous trees being red-listed. Epiphytic lichens in overgrown areas could benefit from conservation thinning, but few studies have been performed on how this type of cutting affects the lichens. In a previous study, the presence of red-listed epiphytic lichens in a broad leaved deciduous forest was examined. After the study, thinning of trees and bushes was made. Here we study the effects of this thinning on Lobaria pulmonaria. We tested possible factors that may affect the growth of L. pulmonaria, and if there were any differences in incidence and vitality of the lichen between managed and unmanaged stands. Since Dutch elm disease and ash dieback are well spread in the area, we wanted to see if they also affected the growth of L. pulmonaria. There were no differences in incidence and growth between managed and unmanaged stands. The results were unexpected since other studies show that, for instance, increased sun exposure often has a great effect on the growth of lichens. Many elms and ashes were dead or dying and had a significant negative effect on the change of number of lobes and the lobe surface. The diseases of the trees can thus be assumed to be the greatest cause of why the lichens in the managed stand did not benefit from thinning.

The global move towards human rights, the publication of King 11 reports and the post democratic legislations coerced the South African mining industry to diversify its workforce. The Employment Equity Act was the major driving force behind this, aimed at eliminating discrimination in the workplace and implementing Affirmative Action measures so that the workforce would reflect the economically active population. The question remains as to whether it could achieve a representative workforce, since the Commission of Employment Enquiry reports (2009-2010) and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (second quarter, 2010) indicated that progress is very slow throughout all the industries. The mining industry is still predominantly White-controlled and emphasis is being placed on stimulating Black empowerment in the industry. Since the early 1990s the industry has seen significant restructuring and changes, including the phasing out of the traditional mining houses and the incorporation of the designated groups (females and Blacks) in ownership and management. However, rising gold prices and pressures on the global economy have forced the industry to embark on measures which impacted badly on the employment equity, leading to measures such as downsizing both the operations and staff, limiting training, centralising and outsourcing through contractual work. Migrant labour still plays an integral part. In order to analyse the application of Employment Equity Act and workplace diversity in the mining industry, a literature review was conducted to conceptualise the major constructs, and a survey through a close-ended questionnaire was administered to establish the progress made in this regard. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: section A was a biographical/demographic analysis focussing on the personal attributes ranging from gender, age, race, education and job grade. Section B and C were in the form of five-point likert scale to analyse the extent of understanding and knowledge, as well as attitudes and behaviour of the respondents respectively. The results were compared to secondary data in the form of reports collected from the senior metallurgy human resource manager. The convenience sample was taken from a sample of employees staying in the mining complex known as the 'Quarters', which comprised 345 houses, of which a response rate was 54%. Findings from the primary data indicated some progress in changing the organisational culture, with the majority of the respondents giving positive perceptions towards gender, disability and language used, while they identified the following as barriers (negative perceptions): lack of commitment by management; unfair labour practices in recruitment, promotions, training and development; insufficient knowledge about EEA and diversity; racial discrimination; and negative turnover intentions. They believed that diversity could improve productivity. The secondary data revealed that there was slow progress in attaining the numerical targets, especially in the D-band upwards (senior and top management levels). The females and people with disability were under-represented in all categories. The majority of employees in the skilled (C-band), semi-skilled and unskilled (B1-B7) were terminating their services. It is suggested that training of personnel about EEA and diversity be considered to get their active support and to prepare them for the change from the status-quo, extensive development of management on labour relations and good practices, as well as formation of committees to steer and monitor the adherence to policies. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The global move towards human rights, the publication of King 11 reports and the post democratic legislations coerced the South African mining industry to diversify its workforce. The Employment Equity Act was the major driving force behind this, aimed at eliminating discrimination in the workplace and implementing Affirmative Action measures so that the workforce would reflect the economically active population. The question remains as to whether it could achieve a representative workforce, since the Commission of Employment Enquiry reports (2009-2010) and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (second quarter, 2010) indicated that progress is very slow throughout all the industries. The mining industry is still predominantly White-controlled and emphasis is being placed on stimulating Black empowerment in the industry. Since the early 1990s the industry has seen significant restructuring and changes, including the phasing out of the traditional mining houses and the incorporation of the designated groups (females and Blacks) in ownership and management. However, rising gold prices and pressures on the global economy have forced the industry to embark on measures which impacted badly on the employment equity, leading to measures such as downsizing both the operations and staff, limiting training, centralising and outsourcing through contractual work. Migrant labour still plays an integral part. In order to analyse the application of Employment Equity Act and workplace diversity in the mining industry, a literature review was conducted to conceptualise the major constructs, and a survey through a close-ended questionnaire was administered to establish the progress made in this regard. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: section A was a biographical/demographic analysis focussing on the personal attributes ranging from gender, age, race, education and job grade. Section B and C were in the form of five-point likert scale to analyse the extent of understanding and knowledge, as well as attitudes and behaviour of the respondents respectively. The results were compared to secondary data in the form of reports collected from the senior metallurgy human resource manager. The convenience sample was taken from a sample of employees staying in the mining complex known as the 'Quarters', which comprised 345 houses, of which a response rate was 54%. Findings from the primary data indicated some progress in changing the organisational culture, with the majority of the respondents giving positive perceptions towards gender, disability and language used, while they identified the following as barriers (negative perceptions): lack of commitment by management; unfair labour practices in recruitment, promotions, training and development; insufficient knowledge about EEA and diversity; racial discrimination; and negative turnover intentions. They believed that diversity could improve productivity. The secondary data revealed that there was slow progress in attaining the numerical targets, especially in the D-band upwards (senior and top management levels). The females and people with disability were under-represented in all categories. The majority of employees in the skilled (C-band), semi-skilled and unskilled (B1-B7) were terminating their services. It is suggested that training of personnel about EEA and diversity be considered to get their active support and to prepare them for the change from the status-quo, extensive development of management on labour relations and good practices, as well as formation of committees to steer and monitor the adherence to policies. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 850834 bytes, checksum: bd6553275d3a6a074c8150b38ec44f71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are polyphagous and cosmopolitan crop pests which are of great importance for causing serious damage to several crops. In conventional systems, control of such pests has been made by using synthetic acaricides and insecticides. However, using solely agrochemicals may not offer a proper control, and it may sort resistant individuals, besides causing inconveniences to the environment and man health. The use of alternative products instead of agrochemicals for pest control has been increasing, notably due to the increased organic production. Aiming to minimize the effects caused by agrochemicals, plant extracts are being used as an alternative to food production. Vegetable extracts are more compatible with the other management practices, in addition to allow the survivor and better performance of natural enemies. Therefore, here we evaluated the toxicity of chili pepper seeds (Capsicum frutescens L.), corianderseeds (Coriandrum sativum) and marigold extracts (Calendula officinalis L.), chosen among six plant species, after preliminary tests of sub-lethal effects, on the broad mite, on the two-spotted spider mite, on the green peach aphid and on the generalist predator, Chrysoperla externa. Initially, laboratory experiments were performed to assess the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the three extracts on those arthropods. After that, we evaluated, in greenhouse, the efficiency of the vegetable extracts to control the population growth of the herbivorous. The information achieved in these assessments was divided in two chapters. On chapter 1, we evaluated the toxicity of the vegetable extracts on the broad mite and on the two-spotted spider mite. On chapter 2, we assessed the toxicity of the vegetable extracts on the green peach aphid and on its predator, C. externa. In the laboratory, the chili peper and coriander seed hydroalcoholicextracts, in concentration higher than 10 mg/mL, decreased the instantaneous population growth rate of the broad mite, lead to repellency of the adults and caused no-preference for oviposition on substrates treated with the extracts. The marigold extract did not decreased the instantaneous population growth rate of the broad mite, but it caused repellency of the adults and no-preference for oviposition on the substrate treated with the extract, except for the concentration of 50 mg/mL. As for the two-spotted spider mite, all the extracts caused decrease in the instantaneous population growth rate, without, however, achieving the population stability. In greenhouse, the chili pepper and coriander hydroalcoholic extracts, in a concentration of 100 mg/mL and marigold extract in a concentration of 50 mg/mL did not extinguish the populations of broad mite and two-spotted spider mites. Nevertheless, population growth of the broad mite was lower in plants sprayed with marigold extract; for the two spotted spider mite population, growth was lower in plants sprayed with coriander seed extract. All extracts, in all tested concentrations, showed repellency for the green peach aphid. In the evaluation of instantaneous population growth rate of the green peach aphid, only the chili pepper extract induced population decrease. In the greenhouse, none extract reduced the green peach aphid population, nevertheless, the coriander extract retarded its growth. Hydroalcoholic extracts of chili pepper seeds, coriander seed and marigold in the concentration of 10 mg/mL were selective for the predator C. externa. In general, the chili pepper, coriander and marigold hydroalcoholic extracts are promising for the control of the arthropods studied here, however, it is necessary to test higher concentrations to reduce broad mite, two-spotted spider mite and green peach aphid populations. New essays testing the concentrations that stops population growth need to be carried out, as well as the assessment of the selectivity of such concentrations for the predator C. externa. / O ácaro-branco, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), o ácaro‑rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), e o pulgão-verde, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), são pragas polífagas, cosmopolitas e de grande importância por causarem sérios prejuízos à produção agrícola. Nos cultivos convencionais, o controle destas pragas tem sido feito com o uso de acaricidas e inseticidas sintéticos. No entanto, o uso exclusivo de agrotóxicos pode não oferecer um controle satisfatório, selecionando indivíduos resistentes e causando inconvenientes ambientais e ao homem. O uso de produtos alternativos em substituição aos agrotóxicos para o controle de pragas tem se acentuado especialmente em decorrência do crescimento da produção orgânica no país. Visando à minimização dos efeitos provocados pelos agrotóxicos, o uso de extratos de plantas se apresenta como alternativa na produção de alimentos. Extratos vegetais são mais compatíveis com as demais práticas de manejo, além de permitirem a sobrevivência e o maior desempenho dos inimigos naturais. Diante disso, neste trabalho, avaliou-se a toxicidade dos extratos de pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens L.), coentro (Coriandrum sativum) e calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.), escolhidos entre seis plantas, após testes preliminares de efeitos sub-letais, sobre o ácaro-branco, ácarorajado, pulgão-verde e o predador generalista Chrysoperla externa. Inicialmente, realizaram-se experimentos em laboratório para verificar os efeitos letais e sub-letais dos extratos acima citados sobre os artrópodes. Posteriormente, avaliou-se, em casa de vegetação, a eficiência de cada extrato vegetal no controle do crescimento populacional do ácaro-branco, ácaro-rajado e pulgão-verde. As informações obtidas foram divididas em dois capítulos. No capítulo 1, avaliou-se a toxicidade dos extratos vegetais sobre o ácaro-branco e o ácaro-rajado. No capítulo 2, avaliou-se a toxicidade dos extratos vegetais sobre o pulgão-verde e seu predador C. externa. Em laboratório, verificou-se que os extratos hidroalcoólicos de sementes de pimenta malagueta e de coentro, em concentração maior que 10 mg/mL, reduziram a taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional do ácaro-branco, provocaram a repelência dos adultos e causaram a não preferência de oviposição em substratos tratados com os extratos. O extrato de calêndula não reduziu a taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional do ácaro-branco, mas causou repelência aos adultos e não preferência de oviposição nos substratos tratados com o extrato, exceto na concentração de 50 mg/mL. Já, para o ácaro-rajado, todos os extratos causaram repelência e decréscimo da taxa instantânea de crescimento sem, no entanto, atingir a estabilidade populacional. Em casa de vegetação, os extratos hidroalcoólicos de pimenta malagueta e coentro na concentração de 100 mg/mL e calêndula, a uma concentração de 50 mg/mL, não extinguiram a população do ácaro-rajado e do ácaro-branco. Contudo, o crescimento populacional do ácaro-branco foi menor nas plantas pulverizadas com o extrato de calêndula e do ácaro-rajado, nas plantas pulverizadas com extrato de coentro. Todos os extratos, em todas as concentrações, mostraram repelência ao pulgão-verde. Na avaliação da taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional do pulgão, o único extrato que causou declínio da população foi o de pimenta malagueta. Em casa de vegetação, nenhum extrato reduziu a população do pulgão, porém o extrato de coentro retardou o crescimento do pulgão-verde. Extratos hidroalcoólicos de pimenta, coentro e calêndula na concentração de 10 mg/mL foram seletivos ao predador C. externa. Em geral, os extratos hidroalcoólicos de pimenta malagueta, coentro e calêndula são promissores no controle dos artrópodes estudados, no entanto é necessário testar concentrações maiores para reduzir a população do ácaro-branco, ácaro-rajado e pulgão. Novos experimentos com concentrações que cause a paralização do crescimento populacional desses artrópodes devem ser conduzidos com possibilidade de obter redução populacional dos ácaros, do afídeo e para a avaliação da seletividade ao predador C. externa.

Abstract Globalization and transition from an industrial society to an information society have contributed to change the labour market. This means that other skills are required from employees and citizens, more than ever before, which explains the challenge that upper secondary school teachers are facing, trying to define what skills and abilities students with intellectual disability will need in the future. Entrepreneurship in education has been displayed by several participants in the education system, in response to how students can be prepared to match the demands of globalization and a changeable environment. However, it seems complicated to get a consensus about the concept and even the teaching methods, as entrepreneurship in education can be interpreted in different ways. The overall aim of the study is to explore the meanings of the concepts of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competences, based on some teachers' perspectives, in upper secondary education for pupils with intellectual disability.  A further aim is to illustrate what opportunities and challenges that upper secondary school teachers describe, that work with entrepreneurship in education for pupils with intellectual disability, can imply. The study is qualitative, with didactics and entrepreneurship as theoretical starting points. Data has been collected through semi structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The result shows that the teachers mainly work on the basis of a broad definition of entrepreneurship, and confirm that there seems to be a confusion, about what entrepreneurship in education can mean. Entrepreneurship in education for pupils with intellectual disability appears as a relatively unexplored phenomenon, which highlights a need, as entrepreneurship is one of five perspectives that education in upper secondary school will be penetrated by.  My study increases the knowledge, of how some teachers, perceive entrepreneurship in upper secondary education for pupils with intellectual disability and can be seen as a contribution of knowledge, to participants in the same area of context.   Keywords Entrepreneurship, Broad perspective, upper secondary education for pupils with intellectual disability, interview study / Sammanfattning Globalisering och övergången från ett industrisamhälle till ett informationssamhälle, har bidragit till att arbetsmarknaden har förändras. Detta innebär att det krävs andra kompetenser, av arbetstagare och samhällsmedborgare nu, än det gjorde förr. Föregående aktualiserar den utmaning, som speciallärare/lärare på gymnasiesärskolan, ställs inför med hänsyn till att definiera vilka kunskaper och förmågor elever kommer att behöva i framtiden. Entreprenörskap i utbildning lyfts fram, av flera aktörer inom utbildningsväsendet, som svaret på hur elever kan förberedas för att matcha de krav som globalisering och en ombytlig miljö innebär. Dock, så verkar det komplicerat att få en samsyn kring begreppet och tillika då undervisningsmetoder, eftersom entreprenörskap i utbildning går att tolka på olika sätt. Det övergripande syftet med studien är att utforska innebörder av begreppen entreprenörskap och entreprenöriella kompetenser utifrån några lärares perspektiv på gymnasiesärskolans nationella program. Ytterligare ett syfte är att åskådliggöra de möjligheter och utmaningar, som gymnasiesärskolelärarna beskriver att arbete med entreprenörskap i utbildning kan innebära.  Studien är kvalitativ, med didaktik och entreprenörskap som teoretiska utgångspunkter. Data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserats med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar, att lärarna främst arbetar utifrån en bred definition av entreprenörskap, samt bekräftar att det verkar råda en begreppsförvirring kring vad entreprenörskap i utbildning kan innebära. Entreprenörskap i utbildning, utifrån kontexten gymnasiesärskola, framstår som ett relativt obeforskat fenomen, vilket aktualiserar ett behov, eftersom entreprenörskap är ett av fem perspektiv som utbildningen i gymnasiesärskolan ska genomsyras av. Studien bidrar med kunskap, utifrån hur några lärare i gymnasiesärskolan, uppfattar entreprenörskap i utbildning, vilket kan ses som ett kunskapsbidrag till aktörer inom kontexten gymnasiesärskola.   Nyckelord Entreprenörskap, Bred definition, gymnasiesärskola, intervjustudie

This thesis is dedicated to educational programs in Bečov Botanic Garden. The aim of this thesis was to extend the current offer to other botanical themes. Dendrological themes were selected for new educational programs. In total, three new educational programs were created. The first one is dealing with conifers, the second with cones of conifers and the third with broad-leaved species. All new programs include worksheets and methodological instruction for lectures and teachers. Tutorial tools (determination key, scale, educational box) were also created for the cone educational program.