Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-10-04T18:57:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ELAINE NEVES DA SILVA.pdf: 11951721 bytes, checksum: 1cfa7fdc74f6c5685facd01608645381 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T18:57:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELAINE NEVES DA SILVA.pdf: 11951721 bytes, checksum: 1cfa7fdc74f6c5685facd01608645381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-17 / Brazil has a legal device that distinguishes building rights from the right to property. Due to this device, the government is attributed the property over building rights, which can be sold to whoever wishes to buy it. It is called “outorga onerosa do direito de construer” (Portuguese for “issuance of building rights over payment”, OODC for short) and it has been largely used by the real estate sector on Negrão de Lima, a neighborhood in Goiânia, state of Goiás. This legal device allows construction of buildings taller than the average limit up to the maximum coefficient established by the city’s land-use planning and it has immensely transformed the local landscape. It has also transformed the neighborhood dramatically, making it more demographically dense in a short period of time, which has been an object of concern for many scholars of the area of urbanism. This social phenomenon and the scarcity of specific literature on the issue has led us to realize the urgency and the relevance of the theme, leading to a study that aims to show the implications of the aforementioned legal device in the production of urban space and the transformation of the local landscape. The qualitative research and the analytical study are based on the empiric knowledge of the place, documentation studies, and observations of how the soil has been occupied from 2006 to 2017. The latter was possible due to the analysis of aerial images of the region within this period, which makes it possible to compare the neighborhood’s situation before and after OODC. / A presente dissertação busca entender processos de adensamento urbano e o instrumento de outorga onerosa do direito de construir (OODC) que vem sendo amplamente utilizado no Setor Negrão de Lima, em Goiânia, assim transformando a paisagem do lugar em curto espaço de tempo, o que tem sido objeto de preocupação por parte de estudiosos do urbanismo. Na medida em que esse fenômeno e a escassez de literatura específica nos levaram a perceber a iminência e a importância de abordar esse tema, buscamos examinar as implicações do referido instrumento na produção do espaço urbano e na transformação da paisagem local. A pesquisa qualitativa e o estudo analítico baseiam-se no conhecimento empírico do lugar, na documentação pertinente e em observações da ocupação do solo, observações essas possibilitadas pela análise de fotos e imagens aéreas da região no período de 2006 a 2017, o que permite comparar a utilização da outorga onerosa, na situação atual e anterior do Setor Negrão de Lima.

Since the financial crisis in 2008 housing prices in the greater Stockholm region have beenrising by an average of 8 percent per year and therefor municipalities, developers andbuyers of new production housing have been able to make high profit. This has lead to astrong optimism and a high risk propensity among several parties. Since august 2017 thehousing market have turned and housing prices have declined. The reasons are believed tobe an overproduction of expensive new housing, media’s negative view on the newproduction market and tightened amortization requirements. The immediate effect was a biguncertainty regarding the market for new housing and cautious residential consumers. Thehousing developers reports low sales the first quarter of 2018 and some developers areforced to return land allocations to the municipalities.This degree project aims to describe the risk that occurs in the process of developing newhousing. It will be done through a qualitative interview study which aims to closer examinethe municipalities and developers view on the housing market, the risks that occur in thedeveloping process and their risk management strategies. The purpose of the report is alsoto identify the risks that are imposed on buyers of new housing, which is done throughinterviews with developers and new production brokers.The study shows that developers and municipalities are facing a difficult time when it comesto making agreements in today's uncertain housing market and the distrust between theparties can be derived from adverse selection. Due to the development monopoly manymunicipalities benefits a strong negotiation position. At the same time the participatingmunicipalities are in a difficult situation due to their agreement with the state and theStockholm County Council regarding 64 000 new homes by the year of 2030.The degree project emphasizes the possibility that by adjusting an existing price indexformula, land prices will be more closely linked to housing prices. The purpose of thisformula in a market fall is to allow a larger proportion of housing prices to be deducted fromthe land price for the developers and that in a market upturn the municipality will be able totake a larger cut of the higher housing prices. The ambition is that this will facilitatenegotiations between the municipality and the developer and make the developers moreresistant in a changing new production market. / Since the financial crisis in 2008 housing prices in the greater Stockholm region have beenrising by an average of 8 percent per year and therefor municipalities, developers andbuyers of new production housing have been able to make high profit. This has lead to astrong optimism and a high risk propensity among several parties. Since august 2017 thehousing market have turned and housing prices have declined. The reasons are believed tobe an overproduction of expensive new housing, media’s negative view on the newproduction market and tightened amortization requirements. The immediate effect was a biguncertainty regarding the market for new housing and cautious residential consumers. Thehousing developers reports low sales the first quarter of 2018 and some developers areforced to return land allocations to the municipalities.This degree project aims to describe the risk that occurs in the process of developing newhousing. It will be done through a qualitative interview study which aims to closer examinethe municipalities and developers view on the housing market, the risks that occur in thedeveloping process and their risk management strategies. The purpose of the report is alsoto identify the risks that are imposed on buyers of new housing, which is done throughinterviews with developers and new production brokers.The study shows that developers and municipalities are facing a difficult time when it comesto making agreements in today's uncertain housing market and the distrust between theparties can be derived from adverse selection. Due to the development monopoly manymunicipalities benefits a strong negotiation position. At the same time the participatingmunicipalities are in a difficult situation due to their agreement with the state and theStockholm County Council regarding 64 000 new homes by the year of 2030.The degree project emphasizes the possibility that by adjusting an existing price indexformula, land prices will be more closely linked to housing prices. The purpose of thisformula in a market fall is to allow a larger proportion of housing prices to be deducted fromthe land price for the developers and that in a market upturn the municipality will be able totake a larger cut of the higher housing prices. The ambition is that this will facilitatenegotiations between the municipality and the developer and make the developers moreresistant in a changing new production market.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosyannePG_TESE.pdf: 7779183 bytes, checksum: 77708178602e20b1afe971acf339e448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / The `Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - OODC` (Public Concession of Building Rights), instrument instituted by The City Statute in 2001, has as main objective the recovery of urban property, seeking for a fair distribution the urbanization benefits. The possibility of usage of the OODC instrument is linked to the maximum utilization coefficient, determined to specific areas in accordance to existing infrastructure conditions, further taking into account the formal real estate market, expansion axis and crowding. Being an instrument which establishes values to be paid for a better use of land, it maintains a narrow relation to the real estate, incentivizing or discouraging the crowding in specific areas. The present study investigates the relationship between the criteria for the making of the Public Concession of Building Rights instrument and the dynamics of the formal real estate market. It takes as empiric universe Parnamirim (RN), part of the Natal Metropolitan Area (RN), focusing on the application of the OODC in the period of 2008-2010. It seeks to better understand the necessary basis for the formulation of the instrument, about how it works and its relation to the formal real estate market. It aims to depict the formal real estate market by presenting the production of urban space in Parnamirim in terms of intensity and nature of the real estate, furthermore identifying the licensed properties through the application of the municipality instrument. For the conclusion, it is discussed the criteria for the formation of OODC, its relationship to the dynamics of the formal real estate market and its influencing possibilities in the processes of usage and occupation of land in the context of urban planning / O instrumento Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir (OODC), institu?do pelo Estatuto da Cidade em 2001, tem como objetivo principal a recupera??o das mais-valias urbanas, buscando a justa distribui??o dos benef?cios da urbaniza??o. A possibilidade de utiliza??o do instrumento OODC ? vinculada aos coeficientes de aproveitamento m?ximo (CAM), definidos para determinadas zonas de acordo com as condi??es de infraestrutura existentes, considerando-se ainda a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal, eixos de expans?o e adensamento. Sendo um instrumento que estabelece os valores a serem pagos para um maior aproveitamento do solo, ele mant?m uma estrita rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal, incentivando ou desestimulando o adensamento em ?reas espec?ficas. Este estudo investiga a rela??o entre os crit?rios de formula??o do instrumento Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir e a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal. Toma como universo emp?rico o munic?pio de Parnamirim (RN) integrante da Regi?o Metropolitana de Natal (RN), focalizando a aplica??o da OODC no per?odo 2008-2010. Busca ampliar o entendimento sobre a base necess?ria para a formula??o do instrumento, sobre seu funcionamento e sua rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal. Visa caracterizar o mercado imobili?rio formal, apresentando a produ??o do espa?o urbano de Parnamirim, em termos de intensidade e tipologia dos empreendimentos, al?m de identificar os empreendimentos imobili?rios licenciados atrav?s da aplica??o do instrumento no munic?pio. Como conclus?o discute os crit?rios de formula??o da OODC, sua rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal e suas possibilidades de indu??o dos processos de uso e ocupa??o do solo no contexto do planejamento urbano

Behovet av bostäder på marknaden är fortsatt högt, med ett stort antal nya bostäder som behöver byggas varje år för att möta det uppskattade behovet under perioden 2023-2030. Trots detta har marknaden de senaste åren blivit mer avvaktande, och prognoser visar att bostadsbyggandet kommer att ligga under det nödvändiga behovet åtminstone de närmaste tre åren. I den statliga utredningen ‘SOU 2018:67 Ett snabbare bostadsbyggande’ lyfts strategier för hur byggrätter kan utnyttjas mer effektivt, samtidigt som det konstateras att det finns brister i uppföljningen av dessa. Bristerna i uppföljningen försvårar uppskattning av det exakta antalet men det konstateras att de förekommer outnyttjade byggrätter. Denna problematik har inspirerat till denna rapport, som undersöker möjligheten att adressera outnyttjade byggrätter. Syftet med rapporten är att utreda om det finns byggrätter för flerbostadshus som inte har tagits i anspråk och att identifiera de underliggande orsakerna till detta. Dessutom presenteras effektiva strategier och åtgärder för att förbättra utnyttjandet av byggrätter, samt en mer detaljerad undersökning av hur uppföljningen går till på kommunal nivå. Rapporten fokuserar på Stockholms län, specifikt kommunerna Stockholm, Huddinge, Nacka, Upplands Väsby, Lidingö, Nynäshamn, Salem, Upplands-Bro och Vaxholm. De fastställda frågeställningarna undersöks i en teoretisk del genom litteraturöversikt, en empirisk del genom kartläggning av outnyttjade byggrätter samt en kvalitativ del genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommuner, fastighetsbolag och konsulter. Resultaten av studien belyser förekomsten av outnyttjade byggrätter och de bakomliggande orsakerna. Litteraturöversikten och intervjuerna visar att outnyttjade byggrätter inte anses vara ett stort problem, trots det rapporterar 24 av 26 kommuner i Stockholms län i årets bostadsmarknadsenkät ett underskott på bostäder. Det kartlagda dataurvalet visar att många byggrätter är felaktigt taxerade, vissa har fortfarande en genomförandetid kvar, och i andra fall pågår produktion på plats. De främsta orsakerna till outnyttjade byggrätter inkluderar marknadsmässiga och ekonomiska faktorer som påverkar projektens lönsamhet, vilket resulterar i att byggandet fördröjs då projektkalkylerna inte går ihop. Enligt den statliga utredningen 'SOU 2020:75 Bygg och bo till lägre kostnad...' är byggbolag vinstdrivande och prioriterar byggrätter med bättre lönsamhetsmarginaler. Andra vanliga orsaker är infrastrukturutbyggnad och etappvis utbyggnad av detaljplaner. Slutligen presenteras strategier och åtgärder för att effektivisera användningen av byggrätter. En vanligt förekommande strategi är att införa viten i avtal för att försöka påskynda exploatören. Vidare konstateras det att uppföljningen är otillräcklig och att mer enhetliga definitioner och metoder behövs för att underlätta denna process. Bättre uppföljning hade i sin tur kunnat underlätta för kommunerna i deras långsiktiga planering, vilket är avgörande för beslut kring investeringar och för att möta framtida bostadsbehov. / The demand for housing in the market remains high, with a significant number of new homes needing to be built annually to meet the estimated needs for the period 2023-2030. Despite this, the market has become more hesitant in recent years, and forecasts indicate that housing construction will fall short of the necessary levels at least for the next three years. The governmental investigation 'SOU 2018:67 Ett snabbare bostadsbyggande' highlights strategies for more efficient utilization of building rights, while also noting deficiencies in the monitoring of these, making it difficult to accurately estimate the number of unused building rights. This issue has inspired this report, which examines the possibility of addressing unused building rights. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether there are building rights for apartment buildings that have not been utilized and to identify the reasons for this. Additionally, effective strategies and measures to improve the utilization of building rights are presented, along with a more detailed examination of how the follow-up process is conducted at the municipal level. The report focuses on Stockholm County, specifically the municipalities of Stockholm, Huddinge, Nacka, Upplands Väsby, Lidingö, Nynäshamn, Salem, Upplands-Bro, and Vaxholm. The established research questions are examined in a theoretical part through a literature review, an empirical part through the mapping of unused building rights, and a qualitative part through semi-structured interviews with municipalities, real estate companies, and consultants. The results of the study highlight the presence of unused building rights and the underlying causes. The literature review and interviews indicate that unused building rights are not considered a major problem, despite the fact that 24 out of 26 municipalities in Stockholm County report a housing shortage in this year's ‘housing market survey’. The mapped data selection shows that many building rights are incorrectly assessed, some still have an implementation period remaining, and in other cases, production is ongoing on site. The main reasons for unused building rights include market and economic factors that affect project profitability, resulting in construction delays as project calculations do not add up. According to the governmental investigation 'SOU 2020:75 Bygg och bo till lägre kostnad...', construction companies are profit-driven and prioritize building rights with better profit margins. Other common reasons are infrastructure development and the phased development of detailed plans. Finally, strategies and measures to optimize the use of building rights are presented. A common strategy is to introduce penalties in agreements to expedite the developer. Furthermore, it is noted that the follow-up is insufficient and that more uniform definitions and methods are needed to facilitate this process. Improved follow-up could, in turn, assist municipalities in their long-term planning, which is crucial for investment decisions and to meet future housing needs.