“Comemorar efemérides” não é apenas uma expressão legítima utilizada para fazer referência à celebração de uma festa nacional. Desde o final do século XIX, ao menos em língua portuguesa, os dois termos têm sido associados como sinônimos. A presente tese representa um esforço em compreender o desenvolvimento de dois conceitos – comemorações e efemérides – na longa duração. Os encontros e desvios entre as práticas associadas a um e a outro serão pontuados através da seleção de episódios intelectuais, seguidos pelo exame de debates que os tocavam na periferia de suas articulações. Na primeira parte, dedicada às comemorações, montei uma revisão desse bem conhecido tópico de estudos endereçada a uma única hipótese, a saber: o “ofício” comemorativo pode ser entendido como uma forma de comunicação e transmissão geracional de valores. Inspirado pelas fontes, argumento que os eventuais pontos de encontro entre o par de objetos propostos nesta tese são análogos às interrelações entre a “ordem do tempo” e a “ordem da natureza”, entre o tempo dos homens e o movimento das estrelas. Neste drama conceitual, se pudermos assim chamá-lo, faríamos perceber como a superação dos antigos modelos cosmológicos não se esquivou em guardar, para assumir termo caro a Pomian, uma lógica cronosófica. Se eu for bem sucedido, esse argumento deverá se expressar na segunda parte. As efemérides, como tábuas do movimento dos corpos celestes, vieram sofrer uma lenta transição rumo ao registro dos feitos humanos. Bebendo em fontes antigas e nas práticas de emulação, personagens bem conhecidos da primeira modernidade associaram o termo primeiro aos diários pessoais, depois ao jornalismo e, nos séculos seguintes, à história literária, religiosa e política. Na França, as éphémérides emergem da revolução já como um subgênero historiográfico. No Brasil da segunda metade do século XIX, listas de efemérides encontram lugar comum junto às comemorações dentro dos debates do IHGB. É no horizonte do projeto de nação que busco observar a união dos paralelos. Esse horizonte – como um ponto de chegada – vai aparecer ao final de cada secção da tese, observado a partir da celebração do quadricentenário da descoberta de Cabral. / “Comemorar efemérides” is a Portuguese phrase that despite its academic ring, is often used in the mainstream press. It translates roughly as 'the commemoration of an auspicious occasion’ and is used in reference to the public marking of nationally significant events. By the end of the nineteenth century, the two terms of this phrase came to be synonymous in Portuguese. This thesis represents an effort to understand the development of these two terms – efemérides and comemorações – over the longue durée. The long-term similarities in the practical and public uses of these terms are explored by tracing their discursive deployments and examining the debates that surrounded such public uses. The first section, dedicated to commemorations, frames the analysis of this much discussed topic with the following hypothesis: the act of commemoration is a form of moral utterance between generations; it is the rehearsal and transmission of collective values. Drawing on historical sources, I argue that the eventual points of contact between these terms can be seen as analogs to the discursive exchange and conflict between the classical and peripatetic notions of the “order of time” and the “order of nature”. In this conceptual drama, one sees how the sublation of old cosmological perspectives nevertheless still contains what I shall call – following Pomian – a chronosophy. This analysis leads to the second part of the thesis. Efemérides, originally tables of the movements of the celestial bodies – also known as almanacs – underwent a slow transition from the celestial to the earthly, from the charting of the stars to the recording of human deeds. Drawing on classical texts, well-informed readers of early modernity would have associated those writings in the first instance with diaries, then with journalism and, in the following centuries, with political history. Emerging from the French Revolution as a historiographical subgenre, lists of Efemérides shared a common function with commemorations as nation-building practices that described the horizon of a project to create national identity. This horizon, as a meeting point of moral utterance and political project is explored at the end of both sections of the thesis, as it is observed in the quadricentenial celebration of Cabral’s Discovery of Brazil. It is at this horizon that the parallel developments of comemorações and efemérides promise to meet.

“Comemorar efemérides” não é apenas uma expressão legítima utilizada para fazer referência à celebração de uma festa nacional. Desde o final do século XIX, ao menos em língua portuguesa, os dois termos têm sido associados como sinônimos. A presente tese representa um esforço em compreender o desenvolvimento de dois conceitos – comemorações e efemérides – na longa duração. Os encontros e desvios entre as práticas associadas a um e a outro serão pontuados através da seleção de episódios intelectuais, seguidos pelo exame de debates que os tocavam na periferia de suas articulações. Na primeira parte, dedicada às comemorações, montei uma revisão desse bem conhecido tópico de estudos endereçada a uma única hipótese, a saber: o “ofício” comemorativo pode ser entendido como uma forma de comunicação e transmissão geracional de valores. Inspirado pelas fontes, argumento que os eventuais pontos de encontro entre o par de objetos propostos nesta tese são análogos às interrelações entre a “ordem do tempo” e a “ordem da natureza”, entre o tempo dos homens e o movimento das estrelas. Neste drama conceitual, se pudermos assim chamá-lo, faríamos perceber como a superação dos antigos modelos cosmológicos não se esquivou em guardar, para assumir termo caro a Pomian, uma lógica cronosófica. Se eu for bem sucedido, esse argumento deverá se expressar na segunda parte. As efemérides, como tábuas do movimento dos corpos celestes, vieram sofrer uma lenta transição rumo ao registro dos feitos humanos. Bebendo em fontes antigas e nas práticas de emulação, personagens bem conhecidos da primeira modernidade associaram o termo primeiro aos diários pessoais, depois ao jornalismo e, nos séculos seguintes, à história literária, religiosa e política. Na França, as éphémérides emergem da revolução já como um subgênero historiográfico. No Brasil da segunda metade do século XIX, listas de efemérides encontram lugar comum junto às comemorações dentro dos debates do IHGB. É no horizonte do projeto de nação que busco observar a união dos paralelos. Esse horizonte – como um ponto de chegada – vai aparecer ao final de cada secção da tese, observado a partir da celebração do quadricentenário da descoberta de Cabral. / “Comemorar efemérides” is a Portuguese phrase that despite its academic ring, is often used in the mainstream press. It translates roughly as 'the commemoration of an auspicious occasion’ and is used in reference to the public marking of nationally significant events. By the end of the nineteenth century, the two terms of this phrase came to be synonymous in Portuguese. This thesis represents an effort to understand the development of these two terms – efemérides and comemorações – over the longue durée. The long-term similarities in the practical and public uses of these terms are explored by tracing their discursive deployments and examining the debates that surrounded such public uses. The first section, dedicated to commemorations, frames the analysis of this much discussed topic with the following hypothesis: the act of commemoration is a form of moral utterance between generations; it is the rehearsal and transmission of collective values. Drawing on historical sources, I argue that the eventual points of contact between these terms can be seen as analogs to the discursive exchange and conflict between the classical and peripatetic notions of the “order of time” and the “order of nature”. In this conceptual drama, one sees how the sublation of old cosmological perspectives nevertheless still contains what I shall call – following Pomian – a chronosophy. This analysis leads to the second part of the thesis. Efemérides, originally tables of the movements of the celestial bodies – also known as almanacs – underwent a slow transition from the celestial to the earthly, from the charting of the stars to the recording of human deeds. Drawing on classical texts, well-informed readers of early modernity would have associated those writings in the first instance with diaries, then with journalism and, in the following centuries, with political history. Emerging from the French Revolution as a historiographical subgenre, lists of Efemérides shared a common function with commemorations as nation-building practices that described the horizon of a project to create national identity. This horizon, as a meeting point of moral utterance and political project is explored at the end of both sections of the thesis, as it is observed in the quadricentenial celebration of Cabral’s Discovery of Brazil. It is at this horizon that the parallel developments of comemorações and efemérides promise to meet.

“Comemorar efemérides” não é apenas uma expressão legítima utilizada para fazer referência à celebração de uma festa nacional. Desde o final do século XIX, ao menos em língua portuguesa, os dois termos têm sido associados como sinônimos. A presente tese representa um esforço em compreender o desenvolvimento de dois conceitos – comemorações e efemérides – na longa duração. Os encontros e desvios entre as práticas associadas a um e a outro serão pontuados através da seleção de episódios intelectuais, seguidos pelo exame de debates que os tocavam na periferia de suas articulações. Na primeira parte, dedicada às comemorações, montei uma revisão desse bem conhecido tópico de estudos endereçada a uma única hipótese, a saber: o “ofício” comemorativo pode ser entendido como uma forma de comunicação e transmissão geracional de valores. Inspirado pelas fontes, argumento que os eventuais pontos de encontro entre o par de objetos propostos nesta tese são análogos às interrelações entre a “ordem do tempo” e a “ordem da natureza”, entre o tempo dos homens e o movimento das estrelas. Neste drama conceitual, se pudermos assim chamá-lo, faríamos perceber como a superação dos antigos modelos cosmológicos não se esquivou em guardar, para assumir termo caro a Pomian, uma lógica cronosófica. Se eu for bem sucedido, esse argumento deverá se expressar na segunda parte. As efemérides, como tábuas do movimento dos corpos celestes, vieram sofrer uma lenta transição rumo ao registro dos feitos humanos. Bebendo em fontes antigas e nas práticas de emulação, personagens bem conhecidos da primeira modernidade associaram o termo primeiro aos diários pessoais, depois ao jornalismo e, nos séculos seguintes, à história literária, religiosa e política. Na França, as éphémérides emergem da revolução já como um subgênero historiográfico. No Brasil da segunda metade do século XIX, listas de efemérides encontram lugar comum junto às comemorações dentro dos debates do IHGB. É no horizonte do projeto de nação que busco observar a união dos paralelos. Esse horizonte – como um ponto de chegada – vai aparecer ao final de cada secção da tese, observado a partir da celebração do quadricentenário da descoberta de Cabral. / “Comemorar efemérides” is a Portuguese phrase that despite its academic ring, is often used in the mainstream press. It translates roughly as 'the commemoration of an auspicious occasion’ and is used in reference to the public marking of nationally significant events. By the end of the nineteenth century, the two terms of this phrase came to be synonymous in Portuguese. This thesis represents an effort to understand the development of these two terms – efemérides and comemorações – over the longue durée. The long-term similarities in the practical and public uses of these terms are explored by tracing their discursive deployments and examining the debates that surrounded such public uses. The first section, dedicated to commemorations, frames the analysis of this much discussed topic with the following hypothesis: the act of commemoration is a form of moral utterance between generations; it is the rehearsal and transmission of collective values. Drawing on historical sources, I argue that the eventual points of contact between these terms can be seen as analogs to the discursive exchange and conflict between the classical and peripatetic notions of the “order of time” and the “order of nature”. In this conceptual drama, one sees how the sublation of old cosmological perspectives nevertheless still contains what I shall call – following Pomian – a chronosophy. This analysis leads to the second part of the thesis. Efemérides, originally tables of the movements of the celestial bodies – also known as almanacs – underwent a slow transition from the celestial to the earthly, from the charting of the stars to the recording of human deeds. Drawing on classical texts, well-informed readers of early modernity would have associated those writings in the first instance with diaries, then with journalism and, in the following centuries, with political history. Emerging from the French Revolution as a historiographical subgenre, lists of Efemérides shared a common function with commemorations as nation-building practices that described the horizon of a project to create national identity. This horizon, as a meeting point of moral utterance and political project is explored at the end of both sections of the thesis, as it is observed in the quadricentenial celebration of Cabral’s Discovery of Brazil. It is at this horizon that the parallel developments of comemorações and efemérides promise to meet.

Den här rapporten redovisar resultatet av en fallstudie på projektet Göingegården som genomförs i regi av Derome Mark & Bostad. Syftet med rapporten är att kartlägga arbetsprocessen och därefter belysa var det finns felkällor och störst förbättringsmöjligheter, av vilken anledning samt vilka konsekvenser som dessa får. Rapporten belyser och åskådliggör vilka åtgärder och lösningar som bör användas och dessa åtgärder utvärderas ur ett LEAN perspektiv med fokus på tid och kostnad som effekter. För att kunna nå dit har en stor del av arbetet inriktats sig mot att förstå hur processen fungerar, hur arbetet ser ut på Derome samt synliggöra vilka avvikningar som finns och hur dessa utspelar sig i det långa loppet. Arbetet med eftersökning och felsökning består av främst av möten, intervjuer och eftersökningar om hur arbetet sker på andra företag i samma bransch. Dessa avvikelser analyserades och deras härkomst, varför de uppkommer, undersöktes och fokus låg på att hitta förbättringspunkter som är återkommande och inte bara engångsproblem. Att grundstenarna och visionerna som finns i LEAN är tätt sammanknutna med de åtgärdsförslag som redovisas i rapporten ser vi som en klar utgångspunkt. Resultatet av rapporten visar på att inom projekteringsdelen av projektet finns det brister och de flesta av dessa brister härleds komma från omodern teknik. Byggbranschen genomgår för närvarande en modernisering gällande teknik och arbetsmetoder och det gäller för främst mellanstora företag som Derome att hänga med i utvecklingen och inte hamna bakom. De förslag som lagts fram i rapporten som åtgärder är just relativt ny men beprövad teknik som utgår från ett LEAN-tänk och som var för sig löser flertalet av uppkomna problem. Åtgärderna för att förbättra processen kräver ledningens engagemang, utbildning av personal och investeringar i olika former. Vi ser att fördelarna på olika plan klart överväger den belastning och kostnad som krävs. / This report present the results of a case study on the project Göingegården rendered on directed by Derome Mark & Bostad. The report aims to identify the work process, and then highlight where there are sources of error and the greatest opportunities for improvement, for what reason and what consequences these may be. The report highlights and illustrates the measures and practices that should be used and these measures assessed from a Lean perspective, focusing on time and cost effects. In order to achieve this, a large part of the work focused towards understanding how the process works, how the work is done at Derome and visualize the deviations that exist and how they play out in the long run. The efforts to search and troubleshoot consist mainly of meetings, interviews and studies of how work is done at other companies in the same industry. These deviations are analyzed and their origins, why it occurs, sought and the focus was on finding improvement points that are recurrent and not just one-off problem. The fundamentals and visions found in LEAN are closely interwoven with the action proposed by the report, and that is a clear basis for the report. The results of the report show that the planning phase of the project, there are weaknesses and most of these defects are derived and come from outdated technology. The construction industry is currently undergoing a modernization regarding technologies and work methods and it is most relevant for medium large companies such as Derome to keep up with developments and not fall behind. The proposals put forward in the report is actions that is just relatively new but proven technology that is based on a LEAN mindset and each of which solves most of the resulting improvement points or defects. Measures to improve the process require management commitment, staff education and investment in various forms, but we see that the benefits at different levels clearly outweigh the burden and expense required.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22266号 / 理博第4580号 / 新制||理||1658(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田上 高広, 教授 山路 敦, 教授 生形 貴男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

There are multiple laws to consider during reconstructions. In practice, some of these laws are challenging to combine, which inevitably sometimes leads to deviation. BBR 29 and PBL (2010:900) requires accessibility adaptation during reconstructions and that some exceptions are allowed during specific circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to examine accessibility adaptation throughout Boverket’s building process and the priorities made when conflicting regulations give contrary outcomes. What are the challenges and what exceptions to the rules are acceptable? More precisely, this paper will examine accessibility adaptation of culturally valued buildings, since it is not unusual that these laws collide. The study includes a literature study, qualitative interviews and a case study. Based on the data, it is clear that each project is unique and has individual characteristics and challenges. Thus, it is not possible to draw general conclusions. However, the practical examples emerging in the data, as well as the case study, indicate some patterns. The majority of the accessibility adaptation is done during the third stage of the building process. Many deviations are necessary due to discovering challenges too late or due to unforeseen practical implications during the development of accessibility solutions. If experts are involved earlier, as well as continuously consulting during the entire process, less deviations could be necessary. This is supported by the case study where an expert was included much earlier, before final decisions on accessibility solutions were made, and the collaboration continued throughout the full project. The constant access to expertise and added time for accessibility solutions, resulted in creative solutions in favor of accessibility adaptation. Few deviations were made. The study indicates that when buildings with a cultural value must be protected, it often makes it difficult for accessibility adaptation in practice. In these cases, the deviation is more often made from accessibility rather than cultural value preservation. / Det finns flera styrande lagkrav vid en ombyggnation. Dock kan det hända att tillämpningen av vissa lagkrav i praktiken är utmanande att kombinera vilket kan leda till att avsteg måste göras. BBR 29 och PBL (2010:900) är exempel på lagar och föreskrifter som ställer krav på tillgänglighetsanpassning vid ombyggnation och det får endast göras avsteg från dessa under vissa omständigheter. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tillgänglighetskraven värderas i byggprocessen mot andra lagkrav, där de båda ger motstridiga utfall för att kunna ta reda på vilket som prioriteras och vilket som görs avsteg ifrån. Mer specifikt har det för studien valts att undersöka hur tillgänglighetsarbetet går till i byggprocessen vid en ombyggnation av en kulturmärkt byggnad. Studien avgränsas till Skåne och funktionsnedsättning i form av nedsatt rörelseförmåga då detta kräver en större insats för byggnadstekniska lösningar. Frågeställningarna är formulerade för att ta reda på hur tillgänglighetsarbetet går till vid en ombyggnation av en kulturmärkt byggnad då två områdens lagkrav ska kombineras. Det undersöks hur tillgänglighetsarbetet i byggprocessens olika skeden utförs, vilka de vanligaste utmaningarna är och hur de hanteras samt vilka som är de mest förekommande avstegen. Studien genomförs med hjälp av litteraturstudier inom området för tillgänglighet, kvalitativa intervjuer med sakkunniga TIL samt en deskriptiv fallstudie av ombyggnationen av det Gamla polishuset på Davidshall i Malmö. Av insamlad data framgår det att tillgänglighetsarbetet är unikt och individuellt för varje projekt, därav är det inte möjligt att göra generella slutsatser. Praktiska exempel från intervjuerna samt fallstudien tyder dock på några samband. Merparten av tillgänglighetsarbetet sker under projekteringsskedet i byggprocessen. Utmaningarna varierar beroende på projektets karaktär och många avsteg förekommer då utmaningarna upptäcks för sent eller för att tillgänglighetsanpassningar i praktiken stött på oförutsedda hinder. Att koppla in sakkunnig TIL i ett tidigt skede, samt utöka deras involverande kontinuerligt genom byggprocessen, skulle kunna minska avstegen från tillgänglighet som behöver göras. Detta framgår också i fallstudien där sakkunnig TIL har varit inkopplad från början i projekteringsskedet vid framtagandet av system- och bygglovshandlingar. Kommunikation mellan sakkunnig TIL och antikvarie har löpt parallellt genom projekteringen samt produktionen i fallstudien. Detta har i sin tur resulterat i att det funnits tid och kunskap till att hitta kreativa lösningar som är till fördel för tillgängligheten och att få avsteg har gjorts vid ombyggnationen. Med bra planering, kreativitet och samarbete kan utmaningar och avsteg från tillgängligheten minskas och fler lösningar hittas. Studien tyder på att när det finns ett förvanskningsförbud som gör att tillgänglighetsanpassning rent praktiskt inte är möjligt att genomföra, görs avsteg från tillgängligheten snarare än från kulturvärdet. Det är vidare fortfarande otydligt hur och vilka avsteg som får göras i praktiken. En stor del av beslutet om vilka lagkrav som avsteg görs från är upp till beslutande myndighet, där det beror på var och utav vem beslutet tas. Utöver att tydlighet i tillgänglighetsarbetet i byggprocessen kan minska behovet av att göra avsteg, kan en tydligare prioriteringsordning mellan lagkraven underlätta det praktiska arbetet.

Systembolaget är ett statligt företag som har i uppdrag att reglera alkoholkonsumtionen i Sverige. I detta ska de informera samhället om alkoholens risker, vilket förmedlas genom deras varumärke. Vi fann ett intresse att undersöka hur konsumenterna uppfattar Systembolaget som varumärke i förhållande till detta uppdrag för att på så vis ge en förklaring till imagen, och genom detta skapa en djupare förståelse för Systembolagets varumärkesidentitet. För att ge svar åt studiens syfte är en kvalitativ fallstudie använd som metod. Vidare undersöktes konsumenternas uppfattningar genom intervjumetodik. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av en fenomenografisk ansats, vilket vidare har satts i förhållande till en analysmodell som framkom ur tidigare forskning. Det teoretiska ramverket grundar sig i de senare årens forskning som menar att konsumenterna kan ses som medskapare av varumärket. Därav är teorin anpassat i enlighet med denna forskning och centrerat kring förståelsen att konsumenternas uppfattningar, det vill säga imagen, även påverkar varumärkesidentiten. Resultatet visar på motstridigheter kring Systembolagets varumärkesimage. Respondenterna har generellt positiva upplevelser i kontakt med Systembolaget, men uppfattningarna är starkt präglade av associationer kopplade till företagets statliga uppdrag. Vi finner en stark koppling mellan de olika aspekter som ingår i vår analysmodell, vilken har till syfte att undersöka de olika delarna av imagen. Det finns ett tydligt förhållande dem emellan, och i enlighet med tidigare forskning kan vi se att de påverkar och påverkas av varandra. / Systembolaget is a state owned company with the assignment to control alcohol consumption in Sweden. As a part of this, they shall inform society about the risks of alcohol, which is mediated through their brand. We found an interest to research and analyze how consumers perceive Systembolaget as a brand in relation to this assignment, and thereby create a deeper understanding of their brand image and thus their brand identity. In order to answer the purpose of the study, we have conducted a qualitative case study. Furthermore, we have examined the consumer perceptions through an interview methodology. The empirical data were analyzed using phenomenographic methodology, which lastly has been compared to an analysis model that emerged from previous research. The theoretical framework is based on the later years of research which states that consumers can be seen as co-creators of the brand. Hence, the theory is adapted in accordance with this research and centered on the understanding that consumer perceptions, i.e. the image, also affects brand identity. The result shows inconsistencies in the brand image of Systembolaget. The respondents generally have positive experiences in contact with the brand, but the perceptions are strongly influenced by associations linked to the company's state assignment. We find a strong link between the different aspects included in our analysis model, which aims to analyze the various parts of the brand image. There is a clear coherence between the aspects, and in line with previous research, we can see that they both affect and are affected by each other.

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to find out whether or not it is beneficial for a municipality to design building projects in-house in an early stage. The goal for the final thesis is to analyze pros and cons of wide in-house competence within the municipal building process, and how its perceived to impact the process and end result. The goal is answered using three main questions: What is the economical difference between a project executed in Nässjö municipality compared to a similar project in another municipality? How do key participants within the projects experience the process? How do the tenants in the projects feel about the result in regard to its area of use? Method: The method being used for this project consists partly of a qualitative section with semi structured interviews, and partly of document analysis using economic data from two projects. Findings: The result of the study is that it can both be beneficial and not, depending on a few factors. If these factors are met, in-house competence in the design stage can be seen as beneficial for a municipality. If few, or none, of the factors are met there is no specific reason or advantage for a municipality to have in-house competence. The factors are: The size of the municipality Property stock Basis for projects The municipality’s resources Contracting form How the municipality wants to develop knowledge in the staff and invest inwide or narrow competences. Implications: For a municipality to benefit from working with in-house competence,they should follow the factors presented in the result. The conclusion is that a municipality should work in a way that works for them, and not based on what is more beneficial. Limitations: This final thesis is limited to only two municipalities with only one project form each. The report is also limited to the design stage, and the interviews did not include contractors.

O emprego de processos construtivos inovadores sem o domínio da tecnologia apropriada e sem a observância de requisitos mínimos de desempenho, conduz de maneira geral, a edifícios com sérios problemas patológicos. Por estas razões, a Alvenaria Estrutural, que tem sido empregada com prioridade na construção de edifícios habitacionais, nos últimos anos no Brasil, tem apresentado aqueles problemas com indesejável extensão e gravidade. Este trabalho procura estabelecer a tecnologia mais adequada para a construção de edifícios em Alvenaria Estrutural Não Armada, em especial, para a que utiliza o bloco sílico-calcário. Procura-se também salientar os aspectos ainda não suficientemente conhecidos e que necessitam, por isto, ser pesquisados. São apresentadas as principais características dos materiais empregados. O elemento construtivo essencial do processo - a parede resistente - é sistemicamente analisado sob diferentes abordagens. Como complemento, a análise é extendida para o edifício. No estudo, é enfatizado o mais comum e menos compreendido problema patológico da alvenaria sílico-calcária: as fissuras por retração na secagem. A tecnologia construtiva apropriada é estritamente condicionada pela necessidade de que seja evitada a ocorrência destas fissuras. Em resumo, este trabalho objetiva colaborar para o projeto e a construção de edifícios competentes e duráveis, o que, infelizmente, não tem sido a regra, quando processos inovadores são empregados. / Pathological buildings problems certainly occur when innovative constructive processes are employed without knowing their own technology and without getting to minimum performance requirements. Based on these reasons, the engineered masonry which has been mainly employed on housing constructions in Brazil during the last years, shows up severs pathological problems. This study aims to describe the most appropriate known technology for unreinforced engineered brickworks, mainly for that one employing calcium silicate bricks. Therefore, the important parameters which are not yet suitably known are pointed out, thus requiring further research. The materials main characteristics are introduced. The bearing wall which is the most important constructing element is systemically analised under different approaches. Coming at the end the concepts are extended to the whole building itself. Emphasis is given in this study to drying shrinkage cracking as the most usual problem in calcium silicate brickworks and to its mechanisms not yet fully understood. The correct building technology avoids the cracking problems by using the mentioned materials and processes. Summarising , this study intends to cooperate for the correct and durable housing buildings which unfortunately are not usual nowadays when innovative constructive processes are applied.

Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objeto central a questão do provimento da habitação social para a população do campo através de organizações coletivas, em projetos que buscam além da construção de casas. Para tanto, parte da análise de um projeto de grande complexidade, denominado Projeto Sepé Tiaraju - Construção das Casas , no qual foi experimentado um processo participativo, desde a escolha da habitação, a organização para a construção e a gestão das obras. Com o desenrolar das construções, no entanto, toda a organização idealizada inicialmente se perdeu, e foi substituída pelos mais variados conflitos, e por diversas paralisações de obra. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a organização coletiva das famílias do assentamento rural Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, na construção de 67 habitações, partindo do pressuposto de que existiram diferentes racionalidades que influenciaram e interferiram na organização coletiva no processo de construção das habitações, as quais se referem às características das famílias que compuseram o grupo; à atuação da assessoria técnica; às características do programa de financiamento; e às características de um canteiro de obras em meio rural. A estratégia da pesquisa está baseada em duas metodologias, a pesquisa-ação e o estudo de caso, e se desenvolve a partir da descrição do histórico de construção das casas. A importância da pesquisa está em apontar as distorções decorrentes de projetos como este, os quais, esbarrando em interesses divergentes, e num programa habitacional rígido, acabam por promover processos bastante desgastantes para os todos os envolvidos, comprometendo os seus resultados esperados. / This search work has as its central object the provision of social housing to rural population across collective organizations, in projects that claim for re sults beyond housing construction. For both, it sets off from a complex project called \"Sepé Tiaraju Project - house building\", in which was experienced a participatory process, from the choice of the house, the organization to the construction, until the managements of the construction. With the progress of the constructions, however, the entire organization that was initially conceived was lost, and it was replaced by many conflicts and several work stoppages. In this context, this dissertation has as its objective to analyze the families\' collective organization of the rural settlement Sepé Tiaraju, Serra Azul - SP, in the process of building 67 houses. The search work has as its presupposition that different rationalities have influenced and interfered in the process building across the collective organization, which refer to the characteristics of families that composed the group; the performance of technical assistance; the characteristics of the financing program; and the characteristics of a construction site in rural areas. The research strategy is based on two methodologies, the \"action research\" and the \"case study research\", and it develops from the description of the historical house construction. The importance of the research is to point out the distortions arising from projects like this, which, running into conflicting interests, and a rigid housing program, ends up promoting a very stressful process for all involved, and affecting their results.